Abstract: A plasma display device including a chassis base, a plasma display panel coupled with a panel mounting surface of the chassis base, and reinforcing members that are integrally formed with the chassis base so as to project from a surface of the chassis base. The reinforcing members may be composed of bracket members, and the reinforcing members may project toward an opposite side of the panel mounting surface of the chassis base.

Abstract: A plasma display panel having discharge electrodes of a particular arrangement and structure is disclosed. In one aspect, the plasma display panel includes a front substrate; a rear substrate facing the front substrate; a dielectric wall disposed between the front and rear substrates and defining discharge cells with the front and rear substrates; an X electrode embedded within the dielectric wall and disposed to span a first corner of the discharge cell; a Y electrode embedded within the dielectric wall and disposed to span a second corner of the discharge cell that is opposite the first corner; an address electrode embedded within the dielectric layer and disposed in a direction crossing the Y electrode; and red, green, and blue phosphor layers applied in the discharge cells. Since the Y electrode and the address electrode are positioned to be adjacent to each other, the distance between the electrodes is reduced, and low voltage operation and high speed addressing can be achieved.

Abstract: A flexible barrier assembly having a flexible visible light-transmissive substrate having a Tg greater than or equal to that of heat-stabilized polyethylene terephthalate (“HSPET”) overcoated with a first polymer layer having a Tg greater than or equal to that of HSPET and further overcoated with at least two visible light-transmissive inorganic barrier layers separated by at least one second polymer layer having a Tg greater than or equal to that of HSPET can be used to mount, cover, encapsulate or form moisture- and oxygen-sensitive articles such as organic light emitting devices and light valves.

Abstract: Barrier ribs to reduce reflection of external light and to minimize brightness losses and a Plasma Display Panel (PDP) including such barrier ribs include a black pigment having a concentration which increases in a direction of light emitted outward from inside of the PDP to effectively reduce reflection of external light.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic electroluminescent device including: a panel; a partition that defines a plurality of hollows arranged in an anisotropic form in a plan view on the panel; a luminescent portion formed by individually coating a coating solution containing an electroluminescent material on each of the plurality of hollows and drying out the coating liquid coated on the hollows; and a drain means that is formed in the partition to drain part of the coating liquid coated on the hollow so that a surface of the luminescent portion can be flattened.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display device having spacers and a manufacturing method thereof. The organic light emitting display device according to the present invention includes a first substrate divided into a pixel region and a non-pixel region surrounding the pixel region; a plurality of organic light emitting diodes having each pixel formed on the first substrate and provided onto the pixel region; a second substrate for encapsulating the pixel region; and a spacer arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate, provided in at least on region between pixels as a non-light emission region and containing a desiccant.

Abstract: Provided herein is a plasma display panel. The plasma display panel comprises a front substrate, a rear substrate opposite to the front substrate and having address electrodes formed thereon, a lattice-shaped partition wall formed between the front substrate and the rear substrate, a phosphor applied to a discharge space partitioned by the partition wall, and a plurality of scanning electrodes and common electrodes formed in intersection regions of the partition wall and extending perpendicular to the front substrate. The plasma display panel has a sufficient aperture ratio, and thus has enhanced light emitting efficiency. The scanning electrodes and the common electrodes formed in the intersection regions of the partition walls have a vertical construction, thereby effectively preventing the phosphor from being damaged by the plasma. Discharge uniformly occurs at the outer periphery of the discharge cell, thereby inducing effective excitation of the phosphor.

Abstract: A spacer for an electron emission display and an electron emission display containing the spacer. The spacer includes an insulating member having a predetermined shape, and at least one inner electrode laterally inserted into the insulating member. A portion of the inner electrode is exposed to an outer side of the insulating member. The electron emission display includes: an electron emission substrate having an electron emission region containing an electron emission device thereon; an image-forming substrate having an image forming region adapted to light from electrons emitted by the electron emission device; and at least one spacer for spacing apart the electron emission substrate from the image-forming substrate. At least one inner electrode is inserted into the spacer, and at least a portion of the inner spacer is exposed to the exterior of the spacer.

Abstract: To prevent an irregular shift of an electron beam emitted from an adjacent electron emitting device when preventing electrification of a spacer covered with a resistance film by using the spacer. A spacer 3 is set along a row-directional wiring 5 connected to a plurality of electron emitting devices 8 of a first substrate and a resistance film 14 formed on the surface of the spacer 3 is brought into contact with and electrically connected to a conductive member 11 such as a metal backing on a second substrate 2 and the row-directional wiring 5 on the first substrate while the shape of the contact face between the resistance film 14 and the row-directional wiring 5 or the resistance film 14 and the conductive member 11 has a concave shape or convex shape to be almost symmetric with respect to the center line of the spacer 3.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) device, comprising: a substrate; one or more OLEDs formed on the substrate comprising a first electrode formed over the substrate, one or more layers of organic material, one of which is light emitting, formed over the first electrode, and a second electrode formed over the one or more layers of organic material; a cover provided over the one or more OLEDs and spaced apart from the one or more OLEDs to form a gap; and separately pre-formed elastic compressible spacer elements located in the gap between the cover and the one or more OLEDs.

Abstract: A barrier rib structure of plasma display panel is disclosed. The barrier rib structure includes a plurality of vertical barrier ribs arranged in parallel, a plurality of first horizontal barrier ribs connected to one side of the vertical barrier ribs, and a plurality of second horizontal barrier ribs connected to the other side of the vertical barrier ribs, in which the first horizontal barrier ribs are disposed alternately with corresponding second horizontal barrier ribs for forming a plurality of double blockade structures. Additionally, a gas passage and a plurality of electrical discharge spaces are formed between the double blockade structures.

Abstract: In a spacer having concave/convex portions to prevent short-time charging in a flat type image forming apparatus in which an electron source substrate and an anode substrate are arranged so as to face each other through the spacer, the charging upon long-time driving due to the concave/convex portions is suppressed. In the spacer in which the surface of an insulating substrate having a rough surface is coated with a high resistance film, the high resistance film has double layers of a low resistance region locating on the substrate side and a high resistance region locating on the front surface side, and a thickness (t) of high resistance film on the slant surface of each of the concave/convex portions and a thickness (s) of high resistance region are set to (t?dp+??s) for the primary electron penetration length (dp) and the ionization electron diffusion length (?).

Abstract: In order to prevent a spacer from being charged by using a plate shaped spacer covered with a high resistance film, the present invention is aimed at preventing irregular displacements of electron beams emitted from adjacent electron-emitting devices and suppressing displacements of impinging positions of the electron beams emitted from the adjacent electron-emitting devices even with a slight displacement of an installation position of the spacer. The spacer is disposed along a row directional wiring. The high resistance film is allowed to come into contact with a metal back and the row directional wiring to achieve electrical connection therebetween. Contact portions between the high resistance film of the spacer and the row directional wiring are provided at predetermined intervals.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprises first and second substrates, a support frame arranged between the first and second substrates, and surrounding a space between the first and second substrates, electron emitting devices arranged on the first substrate facing the space, and an image forming member arranged on the second substrate. A spacer is disposed in the space between the first and second substrates, and a conductive film is arranged on the second substrate to surround the image forming member. The conductive film is supplied with a potential lower than that applied to the image forming member, and the spacer has a length greater than that of the image forming member. Each longitudinal end of the spacer is arranged between the inner periphery of the support frame and a respective plane through which a corresponding end of the conductive film extends perpendicularly to a principal surface of the second substrate.

Abstract: There is provided a spacer for an image display apparatus having a base material and a film configuration in which a first film having a structure that silver particles are dispersed in aluminum oxynitride and a second film containing tungsten, germanium and nitrogen are layered on the base material in this order.

Abstract: An alignment mark for a plasma display panel (PDP). The alignment mark comprises a first and a second alignment patterns installed on a front and a rear substrate respectively. The second alignment pattern on the non-display area is simultaneously formed with the rib barrier formation on the display area of the rear substrate, wherein the second alignment pattern is hexagonal-honeycomb. The first alignment pattern on the front substrate is simultaneously formed with the non-transparent material fabrication, such as a bus electrode or black matrix fabrication, and corresponds to a space within the second alignment pattern. The first alignment pattern comprises at least one line segment, parallel to at least one side of the hexagonal honeycomb pattern on the rear substrate with a predetermined distance therebetween.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes an air-tight container and components provided in the air-tight container. The components include an image display member, a spacer on a surface of which a first electrode is provided, a first electroconductive member which is electrically connected to the first electrode and fixed to the spacer, and a second electroconductive member which is fixed to the first electroconductive member by a weld joining and provided outside an image display area in the air-tight container. The second electroconductive member is defined with a predetermined potential.

Abstract: A thermal electron emission backlight device comprises: a first substrate and a second substrate disposed in parallel and separated by a predetermined distance from each other; a first anode electrode and a second anode electrode facing the first anode electrode, the first and second anode electrodes being formed on inner surfaces of the first substrate and the second substrate, respectively; cathode electrodes disposed at predetermined intervals and in parallel with each other between the first substrate and the second substrate; a phosphor layer formed on the second anode electrode; and a plurality of spacers disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate so as to maintain the predetermined distance therebetween. When a predetermined voltage is applied to the cathode electrodes, thermal electrons are emitted from the cathode electrodes.

Abstract: An image display device is constructed to prevent warping of a face substrate and a back substrate, can ensure the hermetic bonding of a support body, which is interposed between both substrates and is constituted of a combined body formed of a plurality of members, can easily from a large screen of the display device, and can enhance a hermetic property maintaining function. For this purpose, the support body, which is interposed between the face substrate and the back substrate and surrounds a display region, is formed of a projected parallel assembled body formed by combining a plurality of rod-like members having joining portions that cross each other at an approximately right angle. Projecting portions, which are constituted of distal end portions of the rod-like members, extend outwardly and are provided on a side of the support body outside of the display region.

Abstract: To allow an image display device which includes a plurality of distance holding members (spacers) which are arranged in the inside of a display region to acquire a prolonged lifetime, high brightness and high reliability while preventing charging of the spacers, a conductive film is arranged on a bottom surface of the spacer and the conductive film is covered with an adhesive material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a rear plate of a plasma display panel. In the rear plate, barrier ribs are formed by etching a baked barrier rib layer, so that the completed barrier ribs have no deformation and the electrodes can be exactly located at central portions between the barrier ribs. In a PDP having a front plate to a rear plate attached to each other, the PDP shows improvements in both optical characteristics, such as average brightness, color temperature, and contrast, and electric characteristics, such as voltage margin, power consumption, and efficiency.

Abstract: A plasma display panel is disclosed, which prevents luminance from being reduced, prevents error discharge from occurring due to crosstalk, and improves exhaust ability. Auxiliary barriers or projections are formed in a boundary portion between respective cells in a stripe type barrier structure. Alternatively, a predetermined groove is formed in a predetermined position of a dielectric layer in a lattice shaped barrier structure. In addition to these barriers, second barriers are formed at a greater width or at constant intervals. Thus, exhaust ability can be improved, and error discharge due to crosstalk can be prevented from occurring. Also, luminance in corner portions of the cell can be improved, and contrast can be improved even if a black matrix is not formed.

Abstract: Constituent elements of a glass frit for fixing spacers propagate along the spacers and migrate to electron emitters to deteriorate the electron emitters, and thereby silhouetting shadows of the spacers on a screen are suppressed. In an image display which is equipped with a rear substrate provided on its inner surface with electron emitters, a front substrate facing the rear substrate, provided on its inner surface with a phosphor pattern having an array corresponding to the electron emitters, and having an outer surface serving as a display surface, and in which a gap between the substrates is held by glass-made spacers, propagation along the spacers and migration to the side of the electron emitters of the constituent elements of the glass frit for fixing spacers is prevented by fixing oxide crystal particles on the spacer surface, or by fixing at least a part of the spacer to the front panel by an adhesive layer comprising a conductive glass a part of which is crystallized.

Abstract: A display device is disclosed that can prevent pressing of a substrate and exposure of D-IC to the outside. The display includes a display panel, a driving circuit on one side of a rear surface of the display panel, the driving circuit driving the display panel, and a case receiving the display panel and the driving circuit. The case includes a slit having a predetermined space to expose the driving circuit, and both ends of the slit include a spacer supporting a lower portion of the display panel.

Abstract: A displacement prevention member of a flat display includes attachment surfaces respectively attached to inner surfaces of first and second substrates forming an airtight vessel of the flat display; and a bending part between the attachment surfaces. The bending part is bent in one direction on a plane perpendicular to the pressing direction of pressure applied in the perpendicular direction to inner surfaces of the substrates.

Abstract: A charged particle apparatus, with multiple electrically conducting semispheric grid electrodes, the grid electrodes mounted in a dielectric mounting ring, with hidden areas or regions to maintain electrical isolation between the grid electrodes as sputter deposits form on the grid electrodes and mounting ring. The grid electrodes are mounted to the mounting ring with slots and fastening pins that allow sliding thermal expansion and contraction between the grid electrodes and mounting ring while substantially maintaining alignment of grid openings and spacing between the grid electrodes. Asymmetric fastening pins facilitate the sliding thermal expansion while restraining the grid electrodes. Electrical contactors supply and maintain electrical potentials of the grid electrodes with spring loaded sliding contacts, without substantially affecting the thermal characteristics of the grid electrodes.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes first and second substrates that face each other, a barrier rib structure that is disposed between the first and second substrates to divide a plurality of discharge cells, first and second electrodes that are formed to surround the discharge cells and that extend in a first direction. The first and second electrodes are buried in the barrier rib structure. Address electrodes are formed in a second direction crossing the first direction to correspond to the respective discharge cells, and phosphor layers are formed in the respective discharge cells, such that the discharge cells are divided into red, green, blue, and white discharge cells.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a spacer having a small absolute value of the temperature coefficient of resistance, the spacer being excellent in suppressing a thermal runaway, the spacer being excellent in voltage endurance so as not to cause an abnormal discharge even if a high voltage of over 10 kV is applied, the spacer being unlikely to cause deflection of an electron beam, and a flat panel display device provided with this spacer. The spacer of the flat panel display device includes, on the surface of a glass substrate, a thin film that comprises substances exhibiting metal-like electrical conductivity dispersed in an oxide matrix exhibiting semiconductor-like electrical conductivity.

Abstract: An image displaying apparatus which can easily fix an electrode plate to a predetermined position is provided. An electric potential of the electrode plate, a distance between the electrode plate and a first substrate, and a distance between the electrode plate and a second substrate are set so that a Coulomb attracting force acts in the direction in which the electrode plate is come into contact with a shoulder portion of a spacer.

Abstract: An image display apparatus of smaller beam deviation is provided by making smaller the absolute value of an angle formed by an initial velocity vector of an electron emitted from the first electron-emitting devices closest to a spacer 100 and a line parallel to the longitudinal direction of a spacer 100, rather than the absolute value of an angle formed by an initial velocity vector of an electron emitted from the second electron-emitting devices secondary closer to the spacer 100 and the line parallel to the longitudinal direction of the spacer 100.

Abstract: A method manufactures an image display device including a rear plate having a plurality of electron emitting devices arranged thereon, a face plate arranged opposite the rear plate, an outer frame arranged between the rear plate and the face plate and supporting peripherals of the rear plate and the face plate, and a plurality of spacers arranged between the face plate and the rear plate. The method includes the steps of preparing the plurality of spacers preliminarily, measuring heights of the plurality of spacers prepared by the preparing step individually, deciding an order of arranging the spacers on the basis of the measured heights obtained in the measuring step, and arranging the spacers in the order decided in the deciding step.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a first substrate, a potential-regulated conductive element, a second substrate having an electrode and an anode electrode connected to the electrode via a resistor, and a spacer which abuts on the conductive element, electrode and anode electrode to regulate a distance between the first and second substrates. The spacer includes a base material. A first resistor film covers a side face of the base material and is electrically connected to the conductive element, electrode and anode electrode. A second resistor film covers a portion of the spacer facing the resistor, and is electrically connected to the electrode and anode electrode. A sheet resistance value of the second resistor film is less than a sheet resistance value of the first resistor film. A resistance value of the second resistor film between the electrode and anode electrode is greater than a resistance value of the resistor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a light emitting display with excellent reliability by preventing degradation by heat such as color changes or luminance reduction, through uniform and quick discharge of heat generated internally.

Abstract: A spacer according to the present invention for use in a flat panel display, which includes a cathode substrate with a cold cathode electron emitting device formed thereon, an anode substrate with a phosphor formed thereon, and a spacer disposed between the cathode and anode substrates, comprises a base made of a conductive glass, and a conductive crystallized glass layer on a surface of the base. The spacer is more excellent in antistatic characteristics than conventional spacers having a conducting layer on the surface of an insulating glass base. A flat panel display according to the present invention using the spacers permits a higher voltage to be applied, thus increasing image quality.

Abstract: There is disclosed a plasma display panel that is adaptive for improving yield and mass productivity and a fabricating method thereof. A plasma display panel according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a first substrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate with a discharge space therebetween; a sealing layer located between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a buffer layer formed between the first substrate and the sealing layer to compensate the thermal stress of the first substrate and the sealing layer.

Abstract: To provide a spacer, which is unlikely to degrade due to heating received during manufacture process of an image display device, and an image display device equipped with the spacer. An image display device includes: a cathode substrate including an electron source; an anode substrate including a fluorescent substance that emits light upon receiving electrons emitted from the electron source; and a spacer that is disposed between the cathode substrate and the anode substrate and supports the both substrates, wherein the spacer comprises the one having a film composed of a composite metal oxide on a side surface of a glass base material, the composite metal oxide being composed of a solid solution of a metal oxide having a semiconductor-like electrical conductivity and a metal oxide having an insulator-like electrical conductivity.

Abstract: A surface-conduction electron emitter includes a substrate, two electrodes disposed on the substrate and parallel to each other, and a plurality of line-shaped carbon nanotube elements fixed on at least one electrode. One end of each carbon nanotube element points to the other electrode. An electron source using the surface-conduction electron emitter includes a substrate, a plurality of electrodes disposed on the substrate and parallel to each other, and a plurality of line-shaped carbon nanotube elements fixed on at least one electrode. One end of each carbon nanotube element points to the other electrode.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a vacuum case having a face plate and a rear plate with a conductive member on a surface, electrodes facing the conductive member in the vacuum case, and a spacer abutting one of the electrodes. The spacer has a concavity, and the interior surface of the concavity abuts the conductive member.

Abstract: A light emission device is provided having a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other with a gap therebetween. An electron emission unit is located on one side of the first substrate to emit electrons toward the second substrate. A light emission unit is located on one side of the second substrate to emit visible light by the electrons. A plurality of spacers are provided between the first substrate and the second substrate. The plurality of spacers have a height of about 5 mm-30 mm.

Abstract: An electron emission display includes first and second substrates opposing each other, an electron emission unit that is provided on an inner surface of the first substrate, a light emission unit that is provided on an inner surface of the second substrate, and a spacer that is located between the first and second substrate. The spacer includes a main body containing a material whose temperature-coefficient-of-resistance is less than or equal to 3%/° C.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a back substrate having back barrier ribs partitioning a plurality of discharge cells; a front substrate arranged to be opposite to the back substrate and having front barrier ribs partitioning the discharge cells in cooperation with the back barrier ribs; back discharge electrodes arranged within the back barrier ribs to enclose the discharge cells; front discharge electrodes arranged within the front barrier ribs to enclose the discharge cells; phosphor layers arranged within the discharge cells; and discharge gas arranged within the discharge cells.

Abstract: A field emission display including a first substrate and a second substrate opposing one another with a predetermined gap therebetween. An electron emission assembly is formed on the first substrate that emits electrons by the formation of an electric field. An illumination assembly is formed on the second substrate that realizes the display of images by the emitted electrons. A grid plate is mounted between the first and second substrates and functions to focus the emitted electrons. The grid plate includes a mask section having a plurality of apertures for passing the electrons, and supports mounted to one side of the mask section and extending in a direction toward the first substrate to rest on the same and support the mask section. The mask section and the supports are made of same material or two different materials.

Abstract: A field emission display includes a first substrate and a second substrate that face one another with a predetermined gap therebetween. An electron emission assembly that emits electrons by generating an electric field is formed on the first substrate, and an illumination assembly that realizes the display of images responsive to the emitted electrons is formed on the second substrate. A grid plate is mounted between the first and second substrates and is configured to focus the emitted electrons. The grid plate includes a mask section having apertures through which electron beams formed by the emitted electrons are passed, and protrusions integrally formed thereon and extending from one side of the mask section to support the mask section over the first substrate.

Abstract: A method for making barrier arrays for use in flat panel displays includes the following steps: providing a metal plate; using photolithographic etching of the metal plate to form a shadow mask (21) having a number of openings defined therethrough according to a pixel pattern of a flat panel display; and forming an insulative layer (31) on the shadow mask. The technology for making a shadow mask is mature. In addition, a thickness and a material of the shadow mask can be selected according to the requirements of the flat panel display desired. Furthermore, the thickness and the material of the insulative layer can be determined according to the insulative performance required for the flat panel display. In summary, the present invention provides a barrier array having high precision at a low production costs. The barrier arrays are suitable for mass production in an environmentally friendly manner.

Abstract: An image display device has a front substrate having an anode and phosphors, a rear substrate having electron sources and opposing the front substrate with a specified spacing therebetween, a support member which is sandwiched between the front and rear substrates, surrounds a display region, and maintains the specified spacing, and plural spacing-maintaining members which are sandwiched between the front and rear substrates in the display region, and are fixed at at least one of end faces of each of the spacing-maintaining members to a corresponding one of the front and rear substrates. Both end faces of the support member is hermetically sealed to the rear and front substrates, respectively. A height of the spacing-maintaining members is greater than that of the support member.

Abstract: In an organic EL display device comprising a substrate, a plurality of pixel regions in each of which a first electrode, a light emitting material layer, and a second electrode are laminated in this order above the substrate, and a bank film formed above the substrate to separate respective one of the pixel regions from another of the pixel regions adjacent thereto, wherein the bank film has a plurality of openings exposing upper surfaces of the first electrodes to the light emitting material layers in the respective pixel regions, and the second electrode is formed over the a plurality of openings of the bank film in common with the pixel regions, the present invention forms the bank film of an inorganic material and shapes a side wall thereof lying around each of the openings thereof to be sloped at an angle less than 85 degrees (°) with respect to a principal surface of the substrate in order to prevent the deterioration of the light emitting material layer and disconnection of the second electrode at step

Abstract: An electron emission display includes: an electron emission substrate having at least one electron emission device formed thereon, an image forming substrate, and at least two spacers for supporting the electron emission substrate and the image forming substrate to be spaced apart from each other. Areas of the spacers per unit area are increased in at least one direction from a central region to a periphery region. The areas can be increased by, for example, increasing a cross-sectional area of each spacer or increasing the number of spacers. In another embodiment, heights of the spacers are decreased in at least one direction from the center region to the periphery region.

Abstract: The present invention is characterized in having the structure which can reduce reflection ratio of exterior light when the device is not operating, that is, when light is not emitted from the device. To this end, the structural elements formed on the non-emitting areas are formed with dark color black matrix material. To have the structure, the present organic electroluminescent device comprises indium-tin-oxide (ITO) layers formed on a glass substrate; insulating layers formed on non-emitting area of the ITO layers, each insulating layer being formed with dark colored material; a plurality of walls formed on the insulating layers; and organic electroluminescence layers and metal layers formed sequentially on the entire structure including the walls, the organic electroluminescence layers and metal layers being separated from adjacent organic electroluminescence layers and metal layers by the walls.

Abstract: An image display device includes a front substrate having anodes and phosphors, a rear substrate having plural video signal wirings or lines and plural electron sources each formed on a corresponding one of the video signal wirings or lines, and disposed to face the front substrate with a predetermined spacing between the front and rear substrates and a support member which is sandwiched between the front and rear substrates, surrounds a display area formed therebetween and maintains the predetermined spacing. The support member is includes long-side portions of a uniform width disposed on long sides of the front substrate and short-side portions of a uniform width disposed on short sides of the front substrate. At least the long-side portions are curved convexly toward an outside of the display area.

Abstract: An electron beam apparatus includes an electron source having an electron-emitting device, an electrode for controlling an electron beam emitted from the electron source, a target to be irradiated with an electron beam emitted from the electron source and a spacer arranged between the electron source and the electrode. The spacer has a semiconductor film on the surface thereof that is electrically connected to the electron source and the electrode.