Abstract: An anode for an X-ray tube is provided. The anode has a shape configured such that, in use: an electron beam impinges upon the anode at a focal spot on the surface of the anode, and the anode is heated by the electron beam from a first state to a predetermined second state and undergoes resulting thermal expansion causing a change in the location of the focal spot on the surface of the anode, wherein the configured shape of the anode is such that the spatial position of the focal spot with respect to the X-ray tube is substantially the same for the first state and the second state. A method of producing an anode for an X-ray tube is also provided.

Abstract: A high-temperature component of a refractory metal or a refractory metal alloy has an emissivity-increasing coating. The coating is formed of tantalum nitride and/or zirconium nitride; and tungsten with a tungsten content between 0 and 98 wt. %.

Abstract: Provided are an on-chip miniature electron source and a method for manufacturing the same. The on-chip miniature electron source includes: a thermal conductive layer; an insulating layer provided on the thermal conductive layer, where the insulating layer is made of a resistive-switching material, and at least one through hole is provided in the insulating layer; and at least one electrode pair provided on the insulating layer, where at least one electrode of the electrode pair is in contact with and connected to the thermal conductive layer via the through hole, where there is a gap between two electrodes of the electrode pair, and a tunnel junction is formed within a region of the insulating layer under the gap. Thus, heat generated by the on-chip micro electron source can be dissipated through the electrode and the thermal conductive layer, thereby significantly improving heat dissipation ability of the on-chip miniature electron source.

Abstract: Provided are an on-chip miniature electron source and a method for manufacturing the same. The on-chip miniature electron source includes: a thermal conductive layer; an insulating layer provided on the thermal conductive layer, where the insulating layer is made of a resistive-switching material, and at least one through hole is provided in the insulating layer; and at least one electrode pair provided on the insulating layer, where at least one electrode of the electrode pair is in contact with and connected to the thermal conductive layer via the through hole, where there is a gap between two electrodes of the electrode pair, and a tunnel junction is formed within a region of the insulating layer under the gap. Thus, heat generated by the on-chip micro electron source can be dissipated through the electrode and the thermal conductive layer, thereby significantly improving heat dissipation ability of the on-chip miniature electron source.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally provide magnetron configurations that provide more efficient and/or more uniform cooling characteristics and methods for forming the magnetrons. The magnetron includes one or more flow directing structures disposed between parallel cooling fins. The flow directing structures direct air flow across various surfaces of the cooling fins that otherwise would be obstructed by magnetron components, reducing the incidence and/or magnitude of hot spots on the cooling fins and/or on other magnetron components. The flow directing structures also adjust flow rates to improve cooling efficiency.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp has a glass container that has a phosphor layer formed on an inner surface of the glass container, and that is hermetically sealed, wherein phosphors of the phosphor layer include a blue phosphor, a green phosphor, and a red phosphor, a main luminescence peak of the blue phosphor exists in a wavelength region in a range of 430 nm to 460 nm inclusive, a half-value width of a spectrum of the main luminescence peak of the blue phosphor is less than or equal to 50 nm, a main luminescence peak of the green phosphor exists in a wavelength region in a range of 510 nm to 530 nm inclusive, a half-value width of a spectrum of the main luminescence peak of the green phosphor is less than or equal to 30 nm, and a main luminescence peak of the red phosphor exists in a wavelength region in a range of 600 nm to 780 nm inclusive, and a difference between a wavelength of the main luminescence peak of the blue phosphor and a wavelength of the main luminescence peak of the green phosphor is in a range of 70 n

Abstract: A plasma display having improved heat sink efficiency and reduced manufacturing cost includes a heat sink member made of an inexpensive graphite material having excellent thermal conductivity instead of a more expensive aluminum protective plate or a heat sink plate. The heat sink member serves as a heat sink of a Tape Carrier Package (TCP), an Intelligent Power Module (IPM), and other elements producing considerable amounts of heat.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus assembly having high heat-dissipation efficiency is disclosed. In one embodiment, the plasma display apparatus assembly includes: i) a plasma display panel, ii) a chassis base coupled with a rear surface of the plasma display panel and supporting the plasma display panel, iii) a driver circuit board disposed behind the chassis base and having a circuit for driving the plasma display panel, iv) a signal transmission member transmitting an electric signal from the driver circuit board to the plasma display panel, the signal transmission member being connected at one side to the driver circuit board and at the other side to the plasma display panel and including at least one electronic device, v) a protective cover plate covering a portion of the signal transmission member on which the at least one electronic device is mounted, and vi) a heat pipe transferring heat generated by the electronic device to the protective cover plate.

Abstract: A display device includes a main display unit including a casing, a display panel, a light source for emitting light as backlight, and a reflector for reflecting the light toward the display panel; a heat sink for cooling the light source, the heat sink having a plurality of fins; and a frame provided to cover at least an upper face and right and left side faces of the casing from the outside, and having a top plate disposed above the upper face and a pair of side plates disposed beside the right and left side faces. A radiation hole is provided in the upper face of the casing so that at least heat conducted from the light source to the heat sink radiates therethrough, and a radiation space is provided between the top plate of the frame and the upper face of the casing.

Abstract: A flat luminescence lamp includes a first substrate having a first surface and a second surface, a second substrate having a first surface disposed facing opposite to the first surface of the first substrate, a first luminescence layer formed on the first surface of the first substrate, a second luminescence layer formed on the first surface of the second substrate, and a plurality of grooves formed on the second surface of the first substrate.

Abstract: An infrared lamp with a closed-off enveloping tube which encloses an emission source joined with contacts for a power supply in the form of a carbon ribbon which, extending in a direction of a long axis of the enveloping tube, determines an irradiation length of the infrared lamp in the sense of a higher irradiation output. The carbon ribbon has a length which is larger than the irradiation length by a factor of at least 1.5. With a procedure for heating a material to be processed using the infrared lamp, which makes possible short processing times in connection with a simultaneous high degree of energy efficiency, the infrared lamp may be operated such that its maximum emission lies within a wavelength range from 1.8 &mgr;m to 2.9 &mgr;m, and such that its power output comes to at least 15 Watts per cm3 of the volume enclosed by the enveloping tube over the irradiation length.

Abstract: A headlight device includes a discharge lamp, a circuit unit and a heat radiating member. The circuit unit is directly connected to the discharge lamp to apply a high voltage to the discharge lamp. The heat radiating member radiates heat generated from the discharge lamp and the circuit unit. The heat radiating member is placed between the discharge lamp and the circuit unit and extends radially in a generally vertically downward direction.

Abstract: An improved deuterium lamp (20) includes a gas-filled envelope (21), a cathode (22), an anode (23), electrical leads (24) sealingly penetrating the glass envelope and connected to the anode and cathode, respectively, a window-shielding electrode (25), a cathode-shielding electrode (26), a focusing electrode (28), and a ceramic support (29). The improvement comprises the anode being mounted on a rear surface of the ceramic support and being so configured and arranged as to have nothing that substantially interferes with the radiation of heat in rearward direction from the anode.

Abstract: A light source unit includes (a) a light source having a main surface through which a light emitted from the light source passes towards an object, (b) a light-permeable substrate located between the main surface of the light source and the object, (c) a first seal sandwiched between the main surface of the light source and a surface of the light-permeable substrate and defining a first closed space together with the main surface and the surface of the light-permeable substrate, the first closed space being in vacuum, and (d) a heat radiator equipped with the light source for outwardly radiating heat generated in the light source.

Abstract: Disclosed is a heat dissipating system of a plasma display device. The heat dissipating system of the plasma display device includes a plasma display panel and a main frame, which is arranged in parallel to the plasma display panel and radiates heat generated in the plasma display panel. The main frame has at least one groove part, and the plasma display panel and a first support inserted through the groove part are adhered by adhesive means. The first support and the main frame are fixedly supported by a second support. As a result, the present invention has advantages of achieving high heat dissipating effect by making an interval between the main frame and the plasma display panel possible to be reduced or almost eliminated, and of achieving an easy detachment between the main frame and the plasma display panel.

Abstract: A photodetecting device is characterized by comprising a photodetecting section having a photoelectric surface for emitting photoelectrons upon incidence of light, a semiconductor detection element having an electron incident surface on which the photoelectrons can be incident, and a vacuum vessel in which the photoelectric surface is arranged on one inner surface, and the semiconductor detection element is arranged on the other inner surface opposing the one surface, and cooling means for cooling a structure on the semiconductor detection element side of the vacuum vessel.

Abstract: In the case of an electrode (5) for a high-pressure discharge lamp, at least a part of the surface of the electrode is covered with a dendritic layer (13) made from high-melting-point metal. A substantially longer service life is achieved thereby.

Abstract: A plurality of a U-shaped heat radiation plates are provided on a heat radiating tube. These U-shaped plates have different sizes and elongated in the same direction so as to cross an axis of the tube. The emissive heat radiator may also includes at least one radiating plate 2 substantially perpendicular to each axis of the U-shaped plates. A concave surface of the U-shaped plate is subjected to a radiation surface processing, and a convex surface thereof is subjected to a reflection surface processing.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cooling window foils for extracting electron beams from a scanning type electron beam accelerator, the accelerator includes a primary window foil of double window type and a secondary window foil, the method and the apparatus are characterized by blowing cooling gasses against an electron beam scanning surface from both sides thereof to cool the primary window foil then reversing the flow of the cooling gasses at the center of the primary window foil, and circulating the cooling gasses by sucking the cooling gasses from both sides of the electron beam scanning surface to thereby simultaneously cool the secondary window foil.

Abstract: In a UV high-power radiator, a plurality of dielectric tubes (6) having internal electrodes (7) are disposed in the interior of a quartz housing having rectangular cross section. The interior of the housing is filled with a filling gas which emits UV radiation under discharge conditions. The electrical supply is provided in such a way that the discharges (17) develop between adjacent dielectric tubes (6). A notable feature of this construction is its compactness, economical nature and service friendliness.

Abstract: An electron-beam tube with an electron collector for an electron-beam entering the electron collector in an electron-beam direction. A plurality of large-area projections are provided for heat radiation including a funnel-shaped projection expanding in the electron-beam direction. The funnel-shaped projection includes a smaller opening which is one of directly and indirectly fastened to the collector and including an upstream projection including a surface which is first with respect to the electron-beam direction, the surface facing the arriving electron-beam and the surface being provided with low heat radiation properties. All other surfaces of the plurality of projections having high heat radiation properties higher than the low heat radiation properties. The collector and the plurality of projections being supported by a satellite as a travelling-wave tube with the electron collector radiating into space.

Abstract: A thermionic hairpin cathode with a long operating life is made of a high melting metal wire, in which the temperature distribution along the legs is influenced either by locally increasing the radiation at a distance of 10 to 50% of the leg length from the crown or by decreasing the radiation in the immediate vicinity of the crown without changing the wire legs, possibly also by combining both measures, so that by increasing the temperature gradient in the crown region the maximum temperature is shifted close to or at the emission center.

Abstract: A structure associated with a ceramic envelope gas filled electron tube whereby a series of concentric holes are formed through grid radiator rings which thus simulates the outer neutral gas region of a typical glass envelope tube structure. In this manner, one has created a neutral non-ionized gas flow path which shunts the main discharge in such a thyratron and which is contained within the metal internal axial structure. The apertures, as formed in the grid radiator rings, thereby provide a source path for neutral molecular hydrogen from the gas reservoir located at the base of the tube to allow the gas to be directed to the anode/grid region of the tube, where electrons are pumped and the gas is collisionally ionized. The effect serves to enhance the maximum thyratron operating frequency by allowing cool neutral gas molecules to flow into the gap region through the parallel path and then into the discharge volume of the ceramic thyratron tube.

Abstract: The high-power radiator comprises a discharge space (12) bounded by a metal electrode (8), cooled on one side, and a dielectric (9). The discharge space (12) is filled with a noble gas or gas mixture. Both the dielectric (9) and the other electrode situated on the surface of the dielectric (9) facing away from the discharge space (12) are transparent for the radiation generated by quiet electric discharges. In this manner, a large-area UV radiator with high efficiency is created which can be operated at high electrical power densities of up to 50 kW/m.sup.2 of active electrode surface.

Abstract: In an arc tube for a high intensity metal halide discharge lamp, a particular composition of metal halide dose is provided to control thorium transport to the electrodes within the arc tube and tungsten transport to the wall to improve arc tube performance.

Abstract: A single-ended lamp having a double-ended light-source capsule mounted axially within an outer envelope on thermally conductive support members such that the amount of heat conducted to the base region of the lamp through each support member is approximately equal. In a preferred embodiment, a high-pressure sodium PAR lamp having a temperature-sensitive component in the lamp base employs two support wires for the arc tube; the support wire coupled with the arc tube end closer to the lamp base has a loop formed therein so that the lengths of both support wires are approximately equal and the thermal conductivity of both support wires are also approximately equal in the operating environment of the lamp; whereby the temperature-sensitive component operates within acceptable temperature limits. In alternate embodiments, each support member may employ one or more loops or other configurations in order to minimize the amount of heat transferred to the lamp base through conduction in the support members.

Abstract: A high pressure metal vapor discharge lamp including an outer bulb having a seal portion, an arc tube enclosed within the outer bulb, the arc tube having at least a pair of electrodes and containing at least a light emitting material and a rare gas, a pair of first lead wires of which one ends connect to the electrodes respectively and another ends mounted at the seal portion of outer bulb, a pre-heater disposed within the outer bulb, the pre-heater comprises a heat element and an insulating material covers the heat element and facing the arc tube to give the heat to the arc tube, and a second lead wires connected to the heat element of pre-heater, the portion of the second lead wires which are exposed in the outer bulb are surrounded by a heat-resisting insulator and the base portion of the second lead wires are mounted at the seal portion of outer bulb.

Abstract: An air-cooled electron tube comprises an envelope including an anode forming a section thereof. A plurality of discrete radiator fins having a proximal end and a distal end are disposed so that the proximal end of each fin is adjacent to the anode. A radiator band having an interior surface circumscribes the radiator fins so that the interior surface of the band is adjacent to the distal end of the fins. The band includes at least one projection, and preferably two, formed around the interior surface of the band. The projection is raised about 0.38 mm above the interior surface and terminates in a sharp edge which pierces the distal ends of selected ones of the radiator fins so as to contact the distal end of each of the fins, thereby urging the proximal ends of the fins into contact with the anode.

Abstract: A lamp having an integral heat sink that gives off heat as well as light during operation. The heat sink intersects the surface of the lamp adjacent the lamp filament for maximum heat transfer effect with minimum light radiation loss.

Abstract: Disclosed is a light source having an envelope containing therein an anode and a hollow cathode, in which the hollow cathode is supported by a hollow metal cylinder. The hollow cylinder externally extends out of the envelope and a plurality of radiation fins are attached on the outer wall of the externally extending portion of the cylinder. Meshes are provided on the inner wall of the hollow chamber of the cylinder. Water is sealed in the hollow chamber under a reduced pressure to facilitate evaporation. The condensed water is displaced toward a high temperature portion by capillarity. The water is evaporated at the high temperature portion while taking away the latent heat of evaporation. In such an arrangement, the cathode is maintained at a low temperature so that the self-absorption of the spectral line can be reduced.

Abstract: Apparatus for establishing and maintaining a stable electrical discharge across a stream of gas flowing through a gas flow channel, particularly useful in high-power lasers, comprises a plurality of modular elements each including a plurality of electrodes, a ballast impedance for each electrode, and a cooling element for each electrode in thermal communication with the electrode and its ballast impedance, all embedded within a block of insulating material. The ballast impedances for the electrodes at the downstream side of the gas flow channel have lower impedance values than those for the electrodes at the upstream side of the channel so as to compensate for the lower impedance of the gas flowing through the channel at the downstream side and to produce a substantially constant voltage across the various portions of the channels.

Abstract: A method of vacuum assembling a rotating anode X-ray tube of the type having a rotor and a shaft extending therefrom with a magnetic fluid for vacuum sealing about the shaft. The tube is subjected to a high temperature bake-out whereby gases are sufficiently evolved from exposed metal parts that a stable low pressure region is created. A static seal is used to temporarily seal the region during bake-out with the anode temporarily rendered non-rotatable and the permanent magnetic vacuum seal protected from the high temperature. The system is then allowed to cool off before the permanent magnetic vacuum seal is moved into its operational position within the high vacuum. Assembly tooling is provided ensuring that the high vacuum is maintained throughout the installation. Bearings are installed external to the region of high vacuum to transmit rotary motion of the shaft through the permanent seal. Finally, the tube is rendered operational by displacing the static seal thereby permitting the anode to be rotated.

Abstract: In rotating anode X-ray tubes it has not been the practice to provide anode cooling because of problems in arranging coolant flow. A further problem which has arisen, particularly in tubes for computerized tomography which should have precisely defined focal spots, is off-focus radiation apparently resulting from back scattered electrons hitting the tube target away from the focal spot. It is here proposed to provide a rotating anode X-ray tube with a shroud surrounding and close to at least part of the anode. This is extended towards the electron gun with an aperture through which the electron beam travels and an X-ray emissive window. The shroud collects back scattered electrons and can also be fluid cooled. The window provides some collimation and the edges can be shaped to restrict the focal spot as viewed away from the main X-ray beam.

Abstract: In a forced air cooled type magnetron device having a plurality of cooling fins, the opposite ends of each fin are provided with a plurality of tongue shaped pieces and alternate pieces are bent in the opposite directions to enhance turbulence.

Abstract: An indirectly-heated cathode device for electron tubes, comprising a hollow cathode sleeve of thin wall, a base metal mounted to one end of the sleeve and having the surface coated with an electron-emitting material, and a heater mounted within the sleeve. The sleeve is made of Ni-Cr alloy containing 2 to 35% by weight of Cr and predetermined amounts of additives including Co, W, Mo and/or Fe.

Abstract: A cylindrical envelope of the magnetron is provided with annular grooves about its periphery and each of the cooling fins and the mounting plate is provided with an annular member press fitted on the envelope and an integral bent rim which engages the groove.

Abstract: The invention relates to a rotating-anode X-ray tube with increased continuous loadability. The anode comprises a plurality of concentrically disposed hollow cylindrical bodies, which are connected to each other at their end faces in such a way that a meander-shaped cross-section is obtained. The thermal resistance is then very high, while the radiant cooling is very good because of the large surface area. The energy which is radiated towards the interior can be absorbed by hollow cylindrical cooling surfaces which are connected to the tube envelope.

Abstract: An electron beam collector for a high power electron beam tube has a metallic hollow body for receiving the electron beam, a metallic outer body, and an insulating casing interposed between the inner and outer bodies. A plurality of thin sheet metal fins extend radially outwardly from the outer surface of the hollow body to the inner surface of said insulating casing. The fins are each soldered at their inner ends to the hollow body and at their outer ends to the insulating casing.

Abstract: A heat radiating coating of rhenium for a refractory core which may be used for a rotating X-ray anode, power tube or the like. The coating is characterized by a multiplicity of needle-like radiation-reflecting elements disposed adjacent to each other. The needles have such steep angles that incoming radiation is substantially absorbed thereby by repeated reflection. Since the coating has a high radiation absorption coefficient it has a corresponding high emissivity on the order of 0.9 at elevated temperatures. A process is disclosed for depositing such a heat radiating coating of rhenium by chemical vapor deposition.

Abstract: The heat-transfer capability of a movable-electrode gas-filled arc lamp is optimized. In the preferred embodiment, the movable electrode is the anode which is mounted at the base of the lamp coaxialy with and spaced apart from the cathode. Low-voltage starting of the lamp is provided by solenoid means for moving the anode briefly into contact with the cathode and then withdrawing the anode from contact with the cathode so that a difference of electrical potential develops between the cathode and the anode, which is sufficient to ionize the gas in the gap formed therebetween. The arc thereby generated in the gap follows the withdrawing anode to its fully spaced-apart position with respect to the cathode. A heat sink member is disposed within the gas-filled envelope at the base of the lamp, and a metal collar is affixed to and surrounds the movable anode. The collar provides thermally conductive contact with the heat sink member when the anode is in its fully spaced-apart position with respect to the cathode.

Abstract: Performance of fast warm up cathodes can be improved by providing a black heat radiating surface on the interior of the cathode cap. A particular material can be nichrome which is a nickel chromium alloy. The cathode cap material can be selected from any of the known cathode nickel alloys. A preferred method for accomplishing the result includes the steps of cladding a selected nickel alloy with the nichrome material and then forming the substantially cup shaped cap with the clad material on the interior thereof. The formed cathode cap is then fired for about 10 minutes or longer in wet dissociated ammonia at a temperature of about 900.degree. to 1300.degree.C to oxidize the available chromium on the surface of the nichrome. This produces an even dark surface thereon which has much higher heat radiating capabilities than the silver looking nickel cathode alloy.

Abstract: An electronic tube comprises a anode assembled of two inner anode members and an outer anode member. Surface portions of the inner member which are placed against corresponding surface portions of the outer member have a coefficient of thermal radiation of more than 60% of that of the .[.outer member.]. .Iadd.black body .Iaddend.for a temperature of about 500.degree. C.