Abstract: An apparatus includes: a structure having a lumen for accommodating a beam (e.g., electron beam, proton beam, or a charged particle beam), wherein the structure is a component of a medical radiation machine having a target for interaction with the beam to generate radiation; and a first beam position monitor comprising a first electrode and a second electrode, the first electrode being mounted to a first side of the structure, the second electrode being mounted to a second side of the structure, the second side being opposite from the first side; wherein the first beam position monitor is located upstream with respect to the target.

Abstract: A light-emitting element includes a light-emitting layer including a guest, an n-type host and a p-type host between a pair of electrodes, where the difference between the energy difference between a triplet excited state and a ground state of the n-type host (or p-type host) and the energy difference between a triplet excited state and a ground state of the guest is 0.15 eV or more. Alternatively, in such a light-emitting element, the LUMO level of the n-type host is higher than the LUMO level of the guest by 0.1 eV or more, or the HOMO level of the p-type host is lower than the HOMO level of the guest by 0.1 eV or more.

Abstract: A cascaded organic electroluminescent device includes an anode and a cathode. The device also includes a plurality of organic electroluminescent units disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic electroluminescent units comprise at least a hole-transporting layer, an electron-transporting layer, and an electroluminescent zone formed between the hole-transporting layer and the electron-transporting layer wherein the physical spacing between adjacent electroluminescent zones is more than 90 nm; and a connecting unit disposed between each adjacent organic electroluminescent unit, wherein the connecting unit comprises, in sequence, an n-type doped organic layer and a p-type doped organic layer forming a transparent p-n junction structure wherein the resistivity of each of the doped layers is higher than 10 ?-cm.

Abstract: A color picture tube of the present invention comprises three in-line cathodes (1a, 1b, 1c) aligned in the horizontal direction, a first focussing electrode (4) supplied with a focus voltage, a second focussing electrode (5) supplied with a dynamic voltage that changes in accordance with a deflection angle of the electron beams, a final accelerating electrode (7) supplied with an anode voltage, an intermediate auxiliary electrode (6) arranged between the second focussing electrode (5) and the final accelerating electrode (7). The intermediate auxiliary electrode (6) is supplied with a voltage between the voltage of the second focussing electrode (5) and the anode voltage. A non-axisymmetric electrostatic lens for focussing electron beams in the horizontal direction and diverging them in the vertical direction is formed between the first and second focussing electrodes (5, 6). The power of the non-axisymmetric electrostatic lens changes in accordance with a deflection angle of the electron beam.

Abstract: A magnet for use in a magnetic matrix display has a two dimensional array of apertures between opposite poles of the magnet. The direction of the magnetic field is such that the magnet generates, in each channel, a collimating magnet field for forming electrons from a cathode into an electron beam. A `keeper`, area around the periphery of the magnet is used to improve the linearity of the field strength in the apertures from apertures at the center of the magnet to apertures at the periphery of the magnet. The `keeper`, area may have control circuits placed on the surface of that area of the magnet. The keeper area may contain apertures which are not used for collimation and into which electrons are prevented from entering by a grid electrode or by a physical blocking means.

Abstract: A shadow-mask color picture tube has an auxiliary deflecting device located between the deflection yoke and shadow mask. In a picture tube with in-line electron guns, the auxiliary deflection device includes a pair of deflection coils, for example, for deflecting the electron beams in the horizontal direction. In a picture tube with delta electron guns, the auxiliary deflection device includes two pairs of deflection coils, for example, for deflecting the electron beams in both the horizontal and vertical directions. The auxiliary deflection devices deflect the electron beams by an amount that closely aligns them with the doming direction of the shadow mask, thereby reducing landing error and improving color purity.

Abstract: For fine-(for example post-)deflection of electron beams is a display tube, particularly of the flat, thin type, electrically insulated deflector plate portions are placed on either side of each beam prior to its reaching the phosphor screen. By choosing a special mask aperture geometry, a deflector is produced after a plate portion is bent out of the mask plane. By combining two masks (plates) with bent plate portions, an electrode structure is obtained having two separate flat deflector aperture electrode pairs per electron beam.

Abstract: An acceleration and scan expansion lens system for use in an electron discharge tube provides scan expanion in which the amount of scan expansion provided in the horizontal direction is independent of the amount of scan expansion provided in the vertical direction. In a preferred embodiment, the lens system (10) is employed in a cathode-ray tube (12) which has greater deflection sensitivity in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. The lens system includes a mesh electrode structure (62) that has a dome-shaped mesh element (66) which is supported by an electrically connected to a metallic cylindrical support element (70). The dome-shaped mesh element is formed to have a concave surface as viewed in the propagation direction (35) of the electron beam and is of rotationally symmetric shape. The lens system also includes an annular electrode element (64) that has an aperture of elliptical shape and is positioned adjacent the output end of the mesh electrode structure.

Abstract: A cathode ray tube comprises a series of quadrupolar lenses for focusing a beam of electrons, emitted from a cathode at one end of an evacuated envelope under the control of a control electrode, at a target screen at the other end of the envelope. After having been focused at the target by adjustment of electric potentials on the quadrupolar lenses, the electron beam will defocus upon change in a potential on the control electrode because then the crossover or initial focusing point of the electron beam will be displaced along the central axis of the envelope. With a view to ready refocusing of the beam at the target, a refocusing lens is provided between the crossover point and the quadrupolar lenses for providing a convering lens action of radial symmetry about the envelope axis. The beam can be refocused through adjustment of a single potential on the refocusing lens rather than through adjustment of several different potentials on the quadrupolar lenses.

Abstract: A generally box-shaped electron lens system for use in an oscilloscopic or storage cathode-ray tube for the amplification of both vertical and horizontal deflections of the electron beam from the gun to the target of the CRT. The lens system comprises two electrodes at least partly displaced from each other along the CRT tube axis, with a gap therebetween for electrically insulating one from the other. A pair of tongues extend either from the gun-side electrode into the target-side electrode, or from the target-side electrode into the gun-side electrode, or two such pairs of tongues extend from both electrodes into interdigitating relation to each other. Upon application of prescribed potentials to the two electrodes, a quadrupolar lens field is created in the space between the pair or pairs of tongues for deflection amplification in both directions. On having been deflected vertically, the beam has its deflection amplified by having its traveling direction inverted with respect to the tube axis.

Abstract: An electrostatic decelerating and scan expansion lens system (10) includes a mesh element (56) and operates in a cathode-ray tube (12) that incorporates a microchannel plate (24). The lens system is positioned downstream of the deflection structure (42 and 44) and provides linear magnification of the electron beam deflection angle. The mesh element is formed in the shape of a convex surface as viewed in the direction of travel of the electron beam (40) to provide a field with equipotential surfaces (100) of decreasing potential in the direction of electron beam travel. Secondary emission electrons generated by the mesh element as it intercepts the electron beam, are therefore, directed back toward the lens system and not toward the microchannel plate. Only the beam electrons strike the microchannel plate, which provides on the phosphorescent display (20) an image of high brightness, free from spurious light patterns.

Abstract: A generally box shaped, electronic lens system for use in a cathode ray tube for amplification of both horizontal and vertical deflection of the electron beam. The lens system comprises two or three electrodes arranged in axial alignment, with an insulating gap or gaps therebetween, so as to encompass the beam trajectories from the deflection system to the target of the CRT. The action of the lens system on the beam is divergent in a horizontal direction and convergent in a vertical direction. The target side electrode has its beam exit end closed by an end plate having defined therein an aperture elongated horizontally. The CRT includes a postaccelerating electrode whose field acts on the beam exit end of the lens system, creating an additional lens at the end plate aperture. The vertical dimension of the aperture gradually increases, and then gradually decreases, from the midpoint toward the opposite extremities of its horizontal dimension.

Abstract: A generally box shaped, electronic lens system is incorporated in a cathode ray tube for amplification of both horizontal and vertical deflections of the electron beam. The lens system comprises two electrodes, one partly nested in the other with an insulating gap therebetween and both so disposed as to encompass the trajectories of the beam from the deflection system to the target of the CRT. A postaccelerating or other postdeflection electrode is provided to exert its field upon at least the target side end of the lens system. Upon application of prescribed potentials to the two lens electrodes and to the postdeflection electrode, the lens system provides a quadrupolar lens therein for deflection amplification in both directions. The lens system further coacts with the postdeflection electrode to create another electron lens adjacent its beam exit end for converging the beam in one of the orthogonal directions of beam deflection.

Abstract: In a kinescope a pair of curved plates cooperate with the conductive coating inside the tube funnel to form electrostatic lens. The lens is shaped by the curve of the plates to eliminate convergence of the electron beams as they enter the field of the lens to enhance the horizontal deflection of the kinescope. The internal focusing and defocusing actions of the quadrupole are suppressed within the quadrupole, but a vertical divergent field outside the quadrupole substantially enhances the vertical deflection.

Abstract: A trapezoidal or rectangular box-shaped lens is incorporated, in combination with a postaccelerating electrode, in a cathode ray tube for amplification of beam deflections in both horizontal and vertical directions. Basically the lens comprises three lens elements or electrodes arranged end-to-end, with insulating gaps therebetween, so as to encompass the trajectories of the electron beam from the deflection system to the target of the CRT. For improvement of display characteristics the adjacent ends of not only the top and bottom sides, but also the right and left sides, of the electrodes of the lens system are oppositely curved to arcs that are convexed in prescribed directions. An end plate at the beam exit end of the target-side electrode has formed therein an elongate aperture extending in one of the orthogonal directions of beam deflection. The lens system provides a divergent action in one of the orthogonal directions and a doubly convergent action in the other.

Abstract: A matrix deflector, for deflecting an electron beam passing therethrough, is fabricated of a pair of members of photosensitive insulating material which are each exposed to a pattern of photons, and then developed to form a pattern of substantially parallel slots through each member; the members are positioned one above the other with the slots thereof orthogonally arrayed. The slots diverge in the direction of electron beam passage through each member to provide an exit aperture wider than the entrance aperture and prevent the deflected beam from striking the edge of the lens member at maximum deflection. The apertures form a set of parallel bars which are coated with a conductive material to facilitate production of deflecting electrostatic fields within each slot.

Abstract: Electron optics apparatus, for use in electron-beam lithography, electron-beam-addressable memory tubes and the like, utilizes a tri-potential collimating condenser lens and a multi-element matrix lens of the "flys eye" type with coarse deflection elements positioned therebetween to deflect the collimated electron beam from the condenser lens to the appropriate aperture in the matrix of lenslets. The condenser lens electrode and matrix lens electrode closest to one another, as well as the coarse deflection electrodes therebetween, are substantially the only elements in the apparatus which float at a relatively high electrical potential, thereby simplifying the requirements of peripheral circuitry while retaining the advantages of the "flys eye" matrix lens.

Abstract: A cathode ray tube is provided with a rectangular box-shaped lens intermediate the tube's screen and beam deflection plates for amplifying beam deflections in both the horizontal and vertical axes. In one form, useful in either monoaccelerator or PDA tubes, the lens includes four tubular elements disposed end-to-end and spaced apart a sufficient distance to isolate them electrically. The adjacent ends of each pair of the elements are oppositely curved to provide electron lenses having vertical cylindrical mid-surfaces. The radii of the cylindrical surfaces and the voltages applied to each element are adjusted to provide a lens system that produces minimum distortion and optimum linearity in the resultant display.

Abstract: A two-aperture immersion lens comprising two substantially parallel plates having a plurality of optically aligned apertures therein is disclosed for an electron optical system. The spacing between the plates and the dimensions of the apertures are selected to provide spherical aberration characteristics which are substantially lower than those for the three-aperture Einzel lens. Also, higher beam current densities and longer cathode lifetimes are provided for electron beam systems by employing two-aperture immersion lenses.