Abstract: A high temperature operation type electrodeless bulb of a plasma lighting system includes: a luminous unit defining a space for enclosing luminous materials, and made of glass having selective permeability that transmits visible light generated from the luminous unit and reflects infrared rays to the interior; and a supporting unit extending from the luminous unit to have a particular length and supporting the luminous unit.

Abstract: A heat retaining sleeve for raising the cold spot temperature of a fluorescent lamp is comprised of a base end, a distal end, and a sleeve body sized and shaped to fit over the end of a fluorescent lamp or lamps where the lamp's cold spot exists. The sleeve creates a heat retaining air gap between the inner surface of the sleeve body and the lamp end or ends with the cold spot, and has sufficient length to so that, when fitted over the lamp end or ends, the cold spot temperature is elevated to a temperature that increase the lumen output of the fitted fluorescent lamp or lamps.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a light source device. The light source device includes a front transparent substrate, a rear substrate, a plurality of partitions, and fluorescent material. The rear substrate is configured to face the front transparent substrate with a discharge space disposed therebetween. The partitions are arranged between the front transparent substrate and the rear substrate to divide the discharge space into a plurality of discharge channels. The fluorescent material is applied on the inside of the discharge space. Meanwhile, the partitions are formed such that the ratio of the radius of curvature R of each partition to the width W of the partition, that is, R/W, ranges from 0.1 to 4.

Abstract: A planar photoluminescent lamp. In one embodiment, the planar photoluminescent lamp includes a plurality of barrier walls defining a plurality of channels, wherein each channel is with an axis and formed with a resistive portion characterized by a width, Ar, and a first capacitive portion and a second capacitive portion both characterized by a width, Ac, such that Ac>Ar. The planar photoluminescent lamp also includes a first electrode and a second electrode. The first electrode and the second electrode are substantially perpendicular to the axis of a channel and extend over the first capacitive portions and the second capacitive portions of the plurality of channels, respectively.

Abstract: The present invention provides a flat fluorescent lamp. The flat fluorescent lamp comprises a single plate. Consequently, the flat fluorescent lamp is structurally safe, brightness of the flat fluorescent lamp is high, and efficiency of the flat fluorescent lamp is also high without the provision of other additional optical components. The present invention also provides a method of manufacturing such a flat fluorescent lamp.

Abstract: A flat panel display and method of fabricating the same are disclosed. The flat panel display includes a first substrate having a pixel region; a light-emitting element located on the pixel region; a second substrate located opposite the first substrate; and a sealant located between the first and second substrates to cover the light-emitting element. At least one of the first and second substrates includes a groove formed around at least a portion of the circumference surrounding the pixel region. When the first and second substrates are pressed together with the sealant between them, the sealant spreads, covering the light-emitting element, and at least partially filling the groove.

Abstract: A discharge lamp for a vehicle is provided with a ceramic luminous tube, a front side electrode and a rear side electrode held by the ceramic luminous tube, a first lead wire connected to the front side electrode, a second lead wire connected to the rear side electrode, a third lead wire having a front end portion connected to the first lead wire, an outer tube, and a socket. The ceramic luminous tube, the first lead wire, the second lead wire and the third lead wire are accommodated in the outer tube. The ceramic luminous tube includes a luminous portion and a pair of small diameter tube portions. The luminous portion is formed into a substantially cylindrical shape extending in a longitudinal direction. The third lead wire includes a horizontal portion extending in the longitudinal direction above the luminous portion.

Abstract: A bulb for a discharge lamp, includes an inner burner chamber, the outer contour of the bulb and the burner chamber each having a central region and adjacent edge regions, each central region being toroidal, and each edge region of the burner chamber adapted to be in the form of a truncated cone away from the central region and rotationally symmetrically with respect to the bulb axis, at a specific angle of taper. The midpoints of the circle segments, which form the central region of the outer contour and of the burner chamber, have a distance in the direction of the bulb axis; and/or the angles of taper of the two edge regions of the burner chamber are not the same; and/or the bulb axis lies between the circle segment, which forms the central region of the outer contour and/or of the burner chamber, and its midpoint.

Abstract: A method of uniformly applying a phosphor onto the internal surface of a glass tube of spiral configuration having opening at its both ends. After an injection process is performed while glass tube (11) is held with openings (24,25) facing upward, the glass tube is turned upside down and held such that the openings are positioned in the inferior region. While rotating the glass tube around pivot axis (A), the phosphor suspension is caused to flow out. The glass tube is turned upside down once more and held to cause the openings to position in the superior region for a given period of time with the result that the phosphor suspension is caused to flow to uniformize the thickness thereof. Further once more the glass tube is turned upside down to cause the openings to position in the inferior region. In that state, a preliminary drying process is performed.

Abstract: The lamp bulb for discharge lamps is made from an aluminosilicate glass with a transformation temperature Tg>600° C. The aluminosilicate glass has a composition (in % by weight, based on oxide content) of SiO2>55-64; Al2O3, 13-18; B2O3, 0-5.5; MgO, 0-7; CaO, 5-14; SrO, 0-8; BaO, 6-17; ZrO2, 0-2; TiO2, 0-5, but may contain small amounts of CeO2 and/or Fe2O3, for anti-solarization and fining agents, such as SnO2, Sb2O3 and/or As2O3. The lamp bulbs for the discharge lamps of the invention may include a melted-in molybdenum electrode and/or an electrode feed or they may be free of any internal electrodes. A method for making the lamp bulbs is also described.

Abstract: There is disclosed electrode configurations for a plasma display panel (PDP) device having one or more substrates and a multiplicity of pixels or sub-pixels that are defined by a hollow plasma-shell filled with an ionizable gas. As used herein plasma-shell includes plasma-disc, plasma-dome, and plasma-sphere. The invention is described with reference to a plasma-dome, but other plasma-shells may be used including plasma-disc and plasma-sphere. The plasma-dome has a dome and an opposing flat side such as a dome top and a flat bottom or vice versa. One or more other sides or edges may also be flat or domed. Two or more addressing electrodes are in electrical contact with each plasma-dome, at least one electrode being in contact with a side of the plasma-dome that is not flat. The PDP may include inorganic and/or organic luminescent substances that are excited by the gas discharge within each plasma-dome.

Abstract: An improved flat fluorescent lamp and a display device having the same are disclosed, by which a luminance can be improved and a driving voltage can be reduced. The flat fluorescent lamp may include: a lower substrate; an upper substrate combined with the lower substrate to provide a discharge area; a plurality of walls partitioning the discharge area to provide a plurality of discharge units; first and second voltage-applying electrodes disposed at opposite ends of each discharge unit, the first and second voltage-applying electrodes being exposed; first and second discharge electrodes formed on the first and second voltage-applying electrodes, respectively; a dielectric layer coated on the first and second voltage-applying electrodes; and a fluorescent layer formed on the discharge area.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus including a plasma display panel, a chassis base coupled with the plasma display panel, a printed circuit board assembly coupled with the chassis base, a case housing the plasma display panel, the chassis base, and the printed circuit board assembly, and a liquid shielding plate for receiving liquid entering the apparatus.

Abstract: A monochromic, multi-color and full-color cold cathode fluorescent display (CFD), comprises of some shaped white or multi-color or red, green blue color cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), reflector, base plate, temperature control means, luminance and contrast enhancement face plate, shades and its driving electronics. CFD is a large screen display device which has high luminance, high efficiency, long lifetime, high contrast and excellent color. CFD can be used for both outdoor and indoor applications even at direct sunlight, to display a character, or graphic and video image.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate, the first and second substrates having inner surfaces facing each other, a plurality of electrodes disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a partitioning green sheet disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and a plurality of alignment structures on an inner surface of at least one of the first and second substrates, the alignment structures providing an alignment reference for aligning the partitioning green sheet with the inner surface, wherein at least one of the alignment structures contacts an edge of the partitioning green sheet.

Abstract: A preferred embodiment microplasma device includes first and second substrates. An electrode array is disposed on the first substrate. Cavities are formed in the second substrate by laser micromachining, etching, or by chemical (wet or dry) etching and the second substrate is overlaid on the electrode array. The inter-electrode spacing and electrode width are set so that each cavity has at least one pair of electrodes underneath it to excite a microplasma discharge in the cavity. A need to precisely register the two substrates is avoided.

Abstract: An organic light emitting device (OLED) and a white light emitting device are provided. The OLED includes a substrate, a mesh shaped anode formed on the substrate and designed to pass light, a cathode facing the anode, and an organic light emitting layer located between the anode and the cathode.

Abstract: A plasma display panel including a gas adsorption member is disclosed. An effort of gas adsorption is obtained sufficiently, and the presence of the gas adsorption member avoids problems at an exhausting operation in exhaust-baking step. The plasma display panel includes a pair of plates opposed to each other with an enclosed discharge space in between. The pair of plates refer to a front plate and a back plate, and at least one of the plates has a communication hole, around which the gas adsorption member having a hole is disposed.

Abstract: An external electrode fluorescent lamp includes a ferroelectric glass tube filled with discharge gas, and a ferroelectric film on an internal surface of the ferroelectric glass tube.

Abstract: Glass for gas discharge tubes, which are used in fluorescent lamps, especially EEFL and miniaturized lamps, LCD displays, computer monitors, telephone displays and TFT displays, and a process for making it are described. The glass contains, in % by weight based on oxide content: SiO2, 60-85; B2O3, 0-10; Al2O3, 0-10; Li2O, 0-10; Na2O, 0-20; K2O, 0-20; MgO, 0-8; CaO, 0-20; SrO, 0-5; BaO, 0-5; ZnO, 0-8; ZrO2, 0-5; TiO2, 0-10; Fe2O3, 0-5; CeO2 0-5; MnO2, 0-5; Nd2O3, 0-1.0; WO3, 0-2; Bi2O3, 0-5; MoO3, 0-5; PbO, 0-5; As2O3, 0-1; Sb2O3, 0-1; SO42?, 0-2; Cl?, 0-2 and F?, 0-2, wherein ? Li2O+Na2O+K2O=5-25% by weight; ? MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO=3-20; ? Fe2O3+CeO2+TiO2+PbO+As2O3+Sb2O3 is at least 0-10; and ? PdO+PtO3+PtO2+PtO+RhO2+Rh2O3+IrO2+Ir2O3 is 0.1.

Abstract: A self-ballasted fluorescent lamp includes a luminous tube that is formed in a bent shape with a pair of electrode-side end portions located at a the bottom end of the luminous tube. A cover houses a lighting device for lighting the luminous tube. A base is attached to the bottom end of the cover, and the luminous tube is supported at the top end, of the lamp. The outer diameter of a bulb of the luminous tube 14 ranges from 3 to 8 mm, and the maximum width of the luminous tube, is not greater than 30 mm. The cover is formed so that the proportion of the distance by which the cover extends from the base to the lamp length excluding the base ranges from 0 to 25%, and so that the maximum outer diameter of the cover ranges from 1.0 to 1.5 times the outer diameter of the base.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image display device capable of displaying a good image by suppressing yellowing of a glass substrate, and a high-yield manufacturing method of the glass substrate. The image display device is formed of a front-side glass substrate and a back-side glass substrate. In this manufacturing method, a glass substrate is used as the front-side glass substrate when Sn++ content in the glass substrate is a predetermined value or less, and the glass substrate is used as the back-side glass substrate when the Sn++ content exceeds the predetermined value.

Abstract: A cold cathode fluorescent lamp (30) includes a working gas (32), a transparent tube (34), a cold cathode (36), and an anode (38). The transparent tube receives the working gas therein, and the transparent tube has an inner surface (340). A coating (342) is formed on the inner surface of the transparent tube. The cold cathode and the anode are disposed at two ends of the transparent tube separately. A backlight module (50) includes a light guide plate (52) having a light incident surface (520), and the cold cathode fluorescent lamp as described above disposed adjacent the light incident surface.

Abstract: A lamp having a measurable ultra violet light emission and having thereon a first marking revealing at least the operating characteristics of said lamp and a second marking evidencing a change in characteristics in response to exposure to ultra violet emissions. In a preferred embodiment of the invention a symbol or other indicia is provided on the lamp as the second marking that fades in accordance with the number of hours the lamp is operating, thus providing an indication of the UV output of the lamp.

Abstract: A flat fluorescent lamp includes a first substrate, a second substrate, an external electrode, and a radiating member. The second substrate is combined with the first substrate to form a plurality of discharge spaces. The external electrode is formed on at least one surface of the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the external electrode extends perpendicularly to the discharge spaces. The radiating member is formed on the external electrode and radiates heat generated from the external electrode. Therefore, the heat generated from the flat fluorescent lamp is radiated to outside the flat fluorescent lamp through the radiating member, reducing pinhole formation and generally improving luminance characteristics of the flat fluorescent lamp.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a double spiral glass tube having a bump that is difficult to break. The manufacturing method includes the steps of: causing the bump forming section (32) in the central portion (13) to have greater tube thickness than the other sections in the glass tube (23) that has been deformed into a double spiral shape; heating and softening part of the bump forming section; and forming a bump (14) by injecting a nitrogen gas (27) into the inner space of the glass tube from both ends thereof to expand the bump forming section. With this structure, the bump forming section is preliminarily formed to have a greater tube thickness than the other sections. As a result, the bump, which is formed by expanding the bump forming section to have a smaller tube thickness than before the expansion, still maintains a sufficient strength.

Abstract: A compact fluorescent lamp comprises a discharge tube arrangement with at least one discharge tube. The tube is formed of glass, encloses a discharge volume filled with a discharge gas and has a fluorescent phosphor coating disposed on the inner surface of the tube. The tube forms a continuous arc path and has electrodes disposed at each end of the arc path. The lamp also comprises a ballast circuit connected to the electrodes by lead-in wires and to a supply voltage by lead-out wires for controlling the current in the tube. A bulb shaped outer envelope comprises a substantially spherical portion, which encloses the tube arrangement and an elongated end portion, which encloses the ballast circuit. The end portion of the outer envelope has a neck portion with an open end on a base side for receiving a base shell.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp with a thermally-insulating assembly includes an elongated glass tube. Mercury is disposed within the glass tube and a cold spot that substantially controls the vapor pressure of the mercury is present in the glass tube. One cathode stem is affixed to one end of the glass tube and extends into the glass tube a first distance. A second cathode stem is affixed to the other end of the glass tube and extends into the glass tube a second distance. The cold spot is located within a portion of the glass tube that is near the end of the glass tube where the second cathode stem is located, for example, immediately adjacent the end of the glass tube where the second cathode stem is located. A band of a thermally-insulating material substantially surrounds the portion of the glass tube where the cold spot is located and a jacket of a material capable of transmitting light substantially surrounds the glass tube.

Abstract: A back light unit for a liquid crystal display device for improving uniformity of the light and dispensing with optical sheets. The back light unit includes a light source having a holographic pattern formed on a surface thereof opposite the display device which is to display a picture, and a reflective plate under the light source.

Abstract: A monochromic, multi-color and full-color cold cathode fluorescent display (CFD), includes some shaped white or multi-color or red, green blue color cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), reflector, base plate, temperature control means, luminance and contrast enhancement face plate, shades and its driving electronics. CFD is a large screen display device which has high luminance, high efficiency, long lifetime, high contrast and excellent color. CFD can be used for both outdoor and indoor applications even at direct sunlight, to display a character, or graphic and video image.

Abstract: A flat fluorescent lamp with discharge uniformity is provided. The lamp includes a first substrate and a second substrate having discharge electrodes; a sidewall corresponding to a frame of any one of the two substrates; and a plurality of serpentine shaped discharge channels defined by the sidewall, first barrier ribs, and second barrier ribs, and having serpentine shaped widths corresponding to horizontal pitches between the left/right sidewall and the first barrier rib and between the first barrier ribs, and having discharge channel widths corresponding to vertical pitches between the second barrier ribs, wherein the serpentine shaped discharge channel is varied in length depending on its position within the flat fluorescent lamp.

Abstract: A high-pressure discharge lamp for a vehicle headlight having a discharge vessel and electrodes arranged therein for the purpose of generating a gas discharge, the discharge vessel having a central section which is delimited by two planes which are arranged perpendicularly to the connection path of the discharge-side ends of the electrodes and each extend through the discharge-side end of one of the electrodes, wherein the volume, which is arranged in said central section and is filled by the material of the discharge vessel, is greater than or equal to 95 mm3.

Abstract: An exemplary spin-polarized electron source includes a cathode, and a one-dimensional nanostructure made of a compound (e.g., group III-V) semiconductor with local polarized gap states. The one-dimensional nanostructure includes a first end portion electrically connected with the cathode and a second end portion located/directed away from the cathode. The second end portion of the one-dimensional nanostructure functions as a polarized electron emission tip and is configured (i.e., structured and arranged) for emitting a spin-polarized electron current/beam under an effect of selectably one of a magnetic field induction and a circularly polarized light beam excitation when a predetermined negative bias voltage is applied to the cathode. Furthermore, a spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscope incorporating such a spin-polarized electron source is also provided.

Abstract: A compact fluorescent lamp comprises a discharge tube arrangement with at least one discharge tube. The tube is formed of glass, encloses a discharge volume filled with a discharge gas and has a fluorescent phosphor coating disposed on the inner surface of the tube. The tube forms a continuous arc path and is provided with electrodes disposed at each end of the arc path. The lamp also comprises a ballast circuit mounted on a printed circuit board, which is oriented in a plane substantially parallel to the principal axis of the lamp. The ballast circuit is connected to the electrodes by lead-in wires and to a supply voltage by lead-out wires and controls the current in the tube. A bulb shaped outer envelope has a substantially spherical portion enclosing at least a part of the tube arrangement and an elongated end portion enclosing at least the ballast circuit.

Abstract: A discharge tube comprises a pair of discharge electrodes opposed to each other with a discharge space in-between, an airtight cylinder in which the discharge space is formed, the pair of the electrodes respectively being mounted on both ends of the airtight cylinder, and a coating film which is resistant to water permeation, and formed on a surface of the airtight cylinder. With the discharge tube, it is possible to perform a stable discharge having a good insulating property between the discharge electrodes even when the external environment changes.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide an inrush current limiting resistor for suppressing inrush current, and to avoid an excessive current flowing through the inrush current limiting resistor even if the lamp is operated at a dimmed level by mistake. A compact self-ballasted fluorescent lamp 1 is composed of a holder 20 and a case 30 attached to each other. The case 30 houses therein a lighting unit 50 for operating an arc tube 10. The lighting unit 50 is composed of a rectifier/smoothing circuit module having an electrolytic capacitor 53, an inverter circuit module, and a resonant circuit module having a resonance capacitor 54. The circuit modules are mounted on a printed wiring board 51. An inrush current limiting resistor 62 is connected to the input end of the rectifier/smoothing circuit module and in contact with the electrolytic capacitor 53 and the resonance capacitor 54 at their outer circumferential surfaces.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp uses new cold-end technology or an enveloped fluorescent lamp with high surface load. The lamp features a lamp tube, cathode, stem cap and wire, such that one end of the wire connected to the cathode is fixed on the stem cap and the other end of the wire is led out from the lamp tube. At least one cavity tube connecting through the lamp tube is disposed on the side of at least one lamp tube.

Abstract: A bulb-shaped outer envelope for accommodating at least one lamp including a light-emitting body and a control gear is disclosed. The envelope has a substantially spherical section for receiving the light-emitting body, and an elongated end section for receiving at least a part of the control gear components. The elongated end section is provided with a neck section. A substantially tubular neck-extension portion connects to an inner surface portion of and protruding from the neck section. The neck-extension portion is suitable for accommodating a remaining part of the control gear components. In a method for the manufacture of a glass outer envelope, a flare that is normally used in the manufacture of incandescent lamps is turned around by 180°, put into a skirted bulbous envelope, melted into the envelope while the skirt is detached and the flare is formed into a neck-extension portion. A self-ballasted compact fluorescent lamp with the bulb-shaped outer envelope is also disclosed.

Abstract: A carbon nanotube field emission device (100) includes a substrate (10), and a carbon nanotube array (30) formed on and secured to the substrate. This avoids separation of the carbon nanotubes from the substrate by electric field force in a strong electric field. Tips of the carbon nanotubes are exposed. A method for manufacturing the carbon nanotube field emission device includes the steps of: (a) depositing a catalyst film (20) on a substrate; (b) forming a carbon nanotube array on the substrate; (c) injecting an adhesive into the carbon nanotube array, and drying the adhesive; and (d) treating surfaces of the carbon nanotube array by laser. The carbon nanotube field emission device has reduced shielding between adjacent carbon nanotubes, reduced threshold voltage, and increased field emission current.

Abstract: The invention relates to contact-making of dielectrically impeded discharge lamps by means of a mechanical procedure with plastic deformation of a contact surface 17. It is thus possible to dispense with thermal steps such as soldered connections or welded connections and to therefore make savings in terms of time and on the complexity of the apparatus used.

Abstract: A semi-full helical luminous electronic energy-saving tube and an electronic energy-saving lamp using the tube are disclosed. The structure at the connection between the end of tube and the enclosure is a straight section. An inward bend of the straight section is achieved via an interface point between the straight section and the helical portion of the tube. The interface point includes a sharp, V-shaped 180° backward bend. By making use of the sharp inward bend, a sufficient space is left for the enclosure process.

Abstract: There is provided a multi-ringed bulb including a plurality of ring bulbs in which a plurality of straight tube portions having an outside diameter of from 12 to 20 mm are connected to each other through bent portions on a same plane. Electrodes are provided hermetically at respective ends of outermost and innermost bulbs of the plurality of ring bulbs. A connection portion connects other adjacent ends of the outermost and innermost bulbs to each other so that the outermost and innermost bulbs communicate with each other, to form a single discharge path. A phosphor layer is formed on inner surfaces of at least the straight tube portions 5a of the inner and outer bulbs. The multi-ringed structure bulb is filled with discharge medium. The above-mentioned structure permits to provide a fluorescent lamp and a lighting apparatus, which have a small strain in the inner and outer bulbs, a high strength and an excellent luminous efficiency.

Abstract: A hermetically sealed lamp having at least one seal-material-free bond. The seal material-free bond may be a material diffusion bond, a mechanically deformed bond such as a cold weld or crimp, a focused heat bond such as a laser bond, or any other such bond. For example, the hermetically sealed lamp may have one or more endcaps diffusion bonded to an arc envelope, such as a ceramic tube or bulb. The hermetically sealed lamp also may have one or more tubular structures, such as dosing tubes, which are mechanically closed via cold welding or crimping. Localized heating, such as the heat provided by an intense laser, also may be used to enhance any of the foregoing bonds.

Abstract: In a flat display panel wherein two plates made of a brittle material are adhered to each other, at least one of the two plates has a plane on which a scribing line is formed, and the plane of the at least one of the plates on which a scribing line is formed is opposed to a plane of the other of the at least one of the two plates on which no scribing line is formed. In one case, the two plates have planes on which scribing is performed, while in another case, only one of the two plates has a plane on which scribing is performed. In the latter case, scribing may be performed on the other of the two plates after the two plates are adhered.

Abstract: A field emission display device with flexible gate electrode and method for manufacturing the same. The field emission display device includes a cathode plate, a gate electrode and an anode plate. The cathode plate includes a cathode substrate and supports on both sides of the cathode. A recess is defined on outer bottom face of the support. The gate electrode includes a flexible mesh and a plurality of fixing tabs on both sides of the flexible mesh. The fixing tab is locked into the recess. The flexible mesh is arranged on the supports in stretching manner. The anode plate includes an anode substrate. A sealing spacer is arranged on the peripheral of the anode substrate and connected to the peripheral of the cathode substrate. The sealing spacer presses the fixing tabs evenly against the cathode substrate to induce a tension force to the flexible mesh.

Abstract: The present invention provides a flat panel fluorescent lamp and fabricating method thereof, by which an acquisition rate of externally transmissive light and discharge uniformity are enhanced. The present invention includes a fluorescent layer on an upper plate to have a plurality of prominences and depressions, a lower plate leaving a predetermined gap from the upper plate to form a hermetic space together with the upper plate, at least one or more electrodes on the lower plate, and an insulating layer on the at least one or more electrodes.

Abstract: A cold cathode fluorescent lamp (10) is configured generally as a trapezium having first (11), second (12), third (13) and fourth (14) sides, the lamp (10) has a first end (15) adapted to be connected to an electric supply and a second end (16) adapted to be connected to the electric supply, the first and third sides (11 and 13) being generally parallel to one another and running in opposite directions, the second side (12) extending between the first and third sides (11 and 13) and not at right angles to either the first side (11) or the third side (13), and the fourth side (14) being defined by a first portion (17) extending from the third side (13), a second portion (18) of generally inverted U-shape extending towards the second side (12) and a third portion (19) extending from the second portion (18) towards the first side (11).

Abstract: A lamp comprising an arc envelope and a niobium end structure coupled to the arc envelope, and wherein the end structure is shielded from a dosing material disposed within the arc envelope.

Abstract: A plasma display panel comprising a front substrate and a back substrate formed opposite each other and bonded to each other at the peripheries, electrodes formed on the front substrate, a dielectric layer formed on the electrodes, a protective layer formed on the dielectric layer, another electrode and another dielectric layer formed on the back substrate, barrier ribs to keep spaces between the front substrate and the back substrate, and fluorescent materials packed in the spaces formed by the barrier ribs, the front substrate, and the back substrate. The barrier ribs include glass at least containing oxide of tungsten, phosphorus, barium, and vanadium.

Abstract: A low-wattage, bi-helically shaped, compact fluorescent lamp, having preferably a wattage rating of preferably 23-watts, to sustain constant luminous output when the lamp is mounted in either in an upright position or mounted lying in the horizontal plane, by the unique placement of two cooling point chambers on the periphery of the bi-helical lamp, where at each cooling point chamber there is a drop in pressure of the mercury vapor that results in a drop in temperature, in accordance with Gay-Lussac's Law. In an alternative configuration, a medium wattage compact fluorescent lamp performs ideally by using three cooling points chambers, whereas higher wattage sized lamps perform best utilizing preferably four to five cooling point chambers. Hence, the plurality of cooling point chambers required for omni-directional mounting of the lamp is functional with the physical size of the lamp, its wattage rating, the quantity of mercury needed and the placement of each cooling point chamber.