Abstract: Provided are a display panel and a display device. In an embodiment, the display panel includes: a substrate; pixel circuit islands provided at a side of the substrate, one of the pixel circuit islands includes at least one pixel circuit; light-emitting elements provided at a side of the pixel circuit islands away from the substrate and respectively electrically connected to the pixel circuits of the pixel circuit islands; and light-blocking structures including at least one of a reflective structure or a light-absorbing structure. In an embodiment, the light-blocking structures include first light-blocking structures, each of which is provided on at least one sidewall of one pixel circuit island of the pixel circuit islands. In an embodiment, the first light-blocking structure prevents light out of the pixel circuit island from entering the pixel circuit island through the sidewall of the pixel circuit island.

Abstract: A field emission electron source and a method of manufacturing the same. A field emission electron source comprises an emitting electrode and an extractor gate electrode. The emitting electrode comprising a plurality of particles with nanosharp protrusions. The extractor gate electrode comprises a metal. The extractor gate electrode is formed in a same plane as the emitting electrode. The extractor gate electrode is formed surrounding the emitting electrode. A method of manufacturing a field emission electron source comprises forming an emitting electrode comprising a plurality of particles with nanosharp protrusions using a direct ink writing (DIW) printer. The method comprises forming an extractor gate electrode comprising a metal using the DIW printer.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor light emitting element includes: forming an active layer made of an aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN)-based semiconductor material on an n-type clad layer made of an n-type AlGaN-based semiconductor material; removing a portion of each of the active layer and the n-type clad layer by dry etching to expose a portion of the n-type clad layer; forming a first metal layer including titanium (Ti) on an exposed surface of the n-type clad layer; forming a second metal layer including aluminum (Al) on the first metal layer; and forming an n-side electrode by annealing the first metal layer and the second metal layer at a temperature not lower than 560° C. and not higher than 650° C. A film density of the second metal layer before the annealing is lower than 2.7 g/cm3.

Abstract: An electronic device having an active region and a non-active region includes a first substrate, a second substrate, and a sealing layer. The first substrate includes a plurality of light-emitting units in the active region. The second substrate includes a plurality of light conversion units in the active region. The sealing layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, on the active region and the non-active region.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of an organic electroluminescent substrate, comprising: providing a base including a display area and a non-display area; and inkjet-printing the base such that such that the base is completely covered by an inkjet-printed area. The present disclosure can improve the thickness uniformity of the film formed in the display area.

Abstract: The wavelength conversion element includes a phosphor layer having a plurality of phosphor particles and a binder configured to bind one of the phosphor particles adjacent to each other and another of the phosphor particles adjacent to each other out of the plurality of phosphor particles, an antireflection layer disposed on an incident side of the excitation light with respect to the phosphor layer, and a substrate provided with the phosphor layer, wherein the binder includes glass, and the binder binds a part of a surface of the one of the phosphor particles and a part of a surface of the another of the phosphor particles to each other.

Abstract: A spacer supportability evaluation method and device as well as a computer readable storage medium are provided. The method includes acquiring initial distribution images of spacers and corresponding support pads on a substrate, performing binary grayscaling processing to obtain distribution images of spacers and corresponding support pads, obtaining two binary matrices according to the distribution images, subjecting the two binary matrices to convolution in a spatial domain or to multiplication in a frequency domain to obtain an equivalent support matrix, calculating a number of elements in the equivalent support matrix whose values are a first value to obtain a number of supported pixels. The supportability of spacers is evaluated by acquiring parameters or design drawings of the spacers to calculate suitable size and positional arrangement of each spacer, improving the supportability of spacers and keeps the cell gap of the liquid crystal cell stable and uniform.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments include vacuum electronic devices, methods of operating a vacuum electronic device, and methods of fabricating a vacuum electronic device. In a non-limiting embodiment, a vacuum electronics device includes a cathode and an anode. At least one focus grid is disposed between the cathode and the anode, and the at least one focus grid is physically disconnected from the cathode. The at least one acceleration grid is disposed between the cathode and the anode, and the at least one acceleration grid is further disposed adjacent the at least one focus grid. The at least one acceleration grid is physically disconnected from the cathode.

Abstract: A lighting device and a method for operating a lighting device are disclosed. In an embodiment, a lighting device includes at least one semiconductor component comprising a plurality of pixels and configured to generate light illuminating a field of view and a drive circuit, wherein the field of view is divided into a plurality of regions, wherein each pixel is configured to illuminate a region of the field of view, wherein each pixel comprises at least a first type subpixel and a second type subpixel, and wherein the first type subpixel is configured to emit light of a white color location and the second type subpixel is configured to emit light of a non-white color location.

Abstract: To provide a highly reliable semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor. Further to provide a highly reliable light-emitting device including an oxide semiconductor. A second electrode sealed together with a semiconductor element including an oxide semiconductor hardly becomes inactive. A hydrogen ion and/or a hydrogen molecule produced by reaction of the active second electrode with moisture remaining in the semiconductor device and/or moisture entering from the outside of the device increase the carrier concentration in the oxide semiconductor, which causes a reduction in the reliability of the semiconductor device. An adsorption layer of a hydrogen ion and/or a hydrogen molecule may be provided on the other surface side of the second electrode having one surface in contact with the organic layer. Further, an opening which a hydrogen ion and/or a hydrogen molecule passes through may be provided for the second electrode.

Abstract: Provided are a display panel and a three-dimensional (3D) display device and a 3D head-up display (HUD) device using the display panel. The display panel includes a plurality of pixels, and a plurality of placement spaces provided between the plurality of pixels, wherein the plurality of pixels are uniformly provided in the display panel based on a pattern corresponding to the plurality of placement spaces, and wherein a frequency corresponding to a repetition interval of the pattern is outside of a cognitive frequency band that is visible to a user.

Abstract: A display device includes a substrate. The display unit is disposed on the substrate and includes a pixel circuit and a display element electrically connected to the pixel circuit. A driving circuit is disposed outside of the display unit. The driving circuit includes a thin film transistor. An inorganic insulating layer is disposed on the driving circuit. A power supply line is disposed on the inorganic insulating layer, overlaps the driving circuit, and is connected to a common electrode of the display element. An encapsulation substrate is disposed on the power supply line and faces the substrate. A sealing material is interposed between the substrate and the encapsulation substrate and overlaps the driving circuit.

Abstract: A dislocation-free GaN/InGaN-based nanowires-LED epitaxially grown on a transparent, electrically conductive template substrate. The simultaneous transparency and conductivity are provided by a thin, translucent metal contact integrated with a quartz substrate. The light transmission properties of the translucent metal contact are tunable during epitaxial growth of the nanowires LED. Transparent light emitting diodes (LED) devices, optical circuits, solar cells, touch screen displays, and integrated photonic circuits can be implemented using the current platform.

Abstract: A thin film transistor array substrate includes: a first conductive layer including first lines for transmitting data signals to the thin film transistors; a second conductive layer disposed on the first conductive layer and including second lines for supplying a driving voltage to the thin film transistors; a first insulating layer disposed between a semiconductor layer and the first conductive layer and including a first material layer; a second insulating layer disposed between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer and including a second material layer having a dielectric constant greater than that of the first material layer; and a contact plug penetrating the second insulating layer and the first insulating layer, and connecting the second conductive layer to the semiconductor layer. A taper angle of the contact plug in the second material layer is greater than that of the contact plug in the first material layer.

Abstract: A display device includes a plurality of picture elements, wherein a first electrode is formed in each of the plurality of picture elements, a cover layer is formed such that an opening of the first electrode is formed, a spacer in a layer identical to the cover layer is provided between two of the first electrodes, the spacer is formed with a height greater than a height of the cover layer, and an outer edge portion of the spacer is spaced from an outer edge portion of the cover layer.

Abstract: A thin film transistor array substrate includes: a first conductive layer including first lines for transmitting data signals to the thin film transistors; a second conductive layer disposed on the first conductive layer and including second lines for supplying a driving voltage to the thin film transistors; a first insulating layer disposed between a semiconductor layer and the first conductive layer and including a first material layer; a second insulating layer disposed between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer and including a second material layer having a dielectric constant greater than that of the first material layer; and a contact plug penetrating the second insulating layer and the first insulating layer, and connecting the second conductive layer to the semiconductor layer. A taper angle of the contact plug in the second material layer is greater than that of the contact plug in the first material layer.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display apparatus including a substrate; a display unit which defines an active area of the substrate and includes a thin film transistor; concave-convex portions protruded from the substrate in an area outside the active area; and an encapsulation layer which encapsulates the display unit. The thin film transistor includes an active layer, a gate insulating layer on the active layer, a gate electrode, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an interlayer insulating layer between the gate electrode and the source electrode, and between the gate electrode and the drain electrode. The concave-convex portions include portions of the gate insulating layer and the interlayer insulating layer, and the encapsulation layer covers the concave-convex portions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for fabricating vertical homogenous and heterogeneous two-dimensional structures, the fabricated vertical two-dimensional structures, and methods of using the same. The methods demonstrated herein produce structures that are free standing and electrically isolated.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate, a second substrate and liquid crystal. The first substrate includes pixel electrodes, a peripheral circuit and a dummy wiring. The peripheral circuit and the dummy wiring are provided outside a pixel area in which the pixel electrodes are arranged. The second substrate is opposed to the first substrate through the liquid crystal. The second substrate includes a translucent conductive film that is provided on an opposite side of the second substrate to a side where the liquid crystal is present. The dummy wiring is located on an outer peripheral side of the substrates than the peripheral circuit and is provided independently of the peripheral circuit in terms of circuit. The dummy wiring is grounded outside the first substrate.

Abstract: A collapsible lighting device having circuit wires and LED modules and a method for manufacturing the same wherein the lighting device is collapsible in every direction, thereby being easy to be carried and stored, and makes use of the LED modules, thereby reducing an amount of power consumed. The collapsible lighting device includes: a main sheet formed of fibers made of a soft material collapsible with no directionality and an electrical insulation material for insulating electricity flowing along circuit wires, the fibers being resistant to a temperature greater than 250° C.; LED modules mounted on the main sheet in such a manner as to be electrically connected to the circuit wires; and a front sheet attached to top of the main sheet.

Abstract: A display device and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed, in which excitation and side permeability of a flexible substrate are minimized to prevent defects of a display panel from occurring. The display device comprises a first substrate; a buffer layer arranged on the first substrate; a pixel array layer arranged on the buffer layer; and an encapsulation layer covering the pixel array layer, wherein the buffer layer surrounds a front surface and a side of the first substrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an inspection and replacement method for a micro LED, the method being configured to inspect whether the micro LED is defective and replace a defective micro LED with a normal micro LED. More particularly, the present invention relates to an inspection and replacement method for a micro LED in which when micro LEDs are transferred to a display substrate, the micro LEDs are inspected so as to detect and remove a defective micro LED, and a normal micro LED is placed at a position where the defective micro LED is removed so as to be replaced with the defective micro LED.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mini light emitting diode backlight module, comprising a light emitting diode light source and a fluorescent film layer, wherein the light emitting diode light source comprises a substrate and mini light emitting diode lamp beads arranged in an array on the substrate, and the fluorescent film layer is disposed in a light emitting direction of the light emitting diode light source, and a surface of the fluorescent film layer toward the mini light emitting diode lamp beads is provided with grooves arranged in an array. By designing the fluorescent film layer having a specific shape, and placing the same in front of the mini light emitting diode lamp beads, the light leakage can be avoided and the light path can be changed to solve the problem of hotspot and light leakage around in the mini light emitting diode backlight module.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a substrate, an adhesion layer, a micro light emitting device (?LED), a first conductive layer, and a second conductive layer. A light emitting surface of the ?LED is away from the substrate. The ?LED includes a first semiconductive layer, a second semiconductive layer, a tether layer, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The tether layer covers a portion of sidewalls of the first semi-conductive layer, a portion of a bottom surface of the first semi-conductive layer, sidewalls of the second semiconductive layer, and a portion of a bottom surface of the second semiconductive layer. The first electrode and the second electrode are respectively electrically connected to the first semiconductive layer and the second semiconductive layer. The first conductive layer and the second conductive layer are respectively electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display panel and an organic light emitting display apparatus using the same are disclosed, in which a switching transistor and a driving transistor are provided on their respective layers different from each other. To this end, the organic light emitting display panel comprises a substrate partitioned by a plurality of pixels, a driving transistor provided in a first pixel of the pixels and provided on the substrate in a top gate type, a first insulating film for covering the driving transistor, a switching transistor provided on the first insulating film in a top gate type, a second insulating film for covering the first insulating film and the switching transistor, a planarization film provided on the second insulating film, and an organic light emitting diode provided on the planarization film and connected with a driving first conductor of the driving transistor.

Abstract: A light detection element including: a carbon nanotube structure; a first electrode and a second electrode, electrically connected to the carbon nanotube structure; wherein the carbon nanotube structure includes at least one carbon nanotube, the carbon nanotube includes two metallic carbon nanotube segments and one semiconducting carbon nanotube segment between the two metallic carbon nanotube segments, one of the two metallic carbon nanotube segments is electrically connected to the first electrode, the other one of the two metallic carbon nanotube segments is electrically connected to the second electrode.

Abstract: An OLED image display apparatus driven by a silicon-based CMOS and a manufacturing method are disclosed, where the apparatus includes four same microdisplay units formed through exposure by using a same mask, where each microdisplay unit includes: a display controller, a row driver, a column driver, and a rectangular display effective area, where one of vertexes of each rectangular display effective area is close to each other to form one rectangular whole display effective area, and there is no electronic component between any two rectangular display effective areas. Through proper layout designing and exposure field splicing, the OLED image display apparatus that is driven by a silicon-based CMOS and that has a larger area is implemented.

Abstract: A display device includes a substrate having a display area, in which an image is displayed, and a non-display area, in which no image is displayed. The non-display area is disposed on at least one side of the display area. A plurality of pixels is disposed in the display area. An encapsulation layer is disposed on the plurality of pixels. A dam unit is disposed in the non-display area. The dam unit includes a body part and a plurality of protrusions. Each of the plurality of protrusions protrudes from the body part.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a flexible substrate, at least one light emitting element, and a cover member. The flexible substrate has a first surface and a second surface, and includes a flexible base member and wiring portions disposed on a first surface side. The cover member is arranged on the second surface of the flexible substrate and defines at least a part of a recess defining an air layer. The recess is positioned so that a total maximum thickness of the flexible substrate and the cover member in a region corresponding to a region on the first surface where the at least one light emitting element is arranged is smaller than a total maximum thickness of the flexible substrate and the cover member in a region other than the region corresponding to the region on the first surface where the at least one light emitting element is arranged.

Abstract: A display apparatus comprises a first substrate comprising a first external surface and a first internal surface; a second substrate having a second external surface and a second internal surface facing the first internal surface of the first substrate; and a display unit disposed between the first and second substrates and comprising an array of pixels. The first substrate comprises a first side connecting the first external surface and the first internal surface. In a cross section perpendicular to the first external surface, the first side comprises a first straight region and a first curved region located between the first straight region and the first internal surface. The second substrate comprises a second side connecting the second external surface and the second internal surface. The second side comprises a second straight region and a second curved region located between the second straight region and the second internal surface.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a light-emitting device where periphery deterioration can be prevented from occurring even when an organic insulating film is used as an insulating film for the light-emitting device. In addition, it is an object of the present invention to provide a light-emitting device where reliability for a long period of time can be improved. A structure of an inorganic film, an organic film, and an inorganic film is not continuously provided from under a sealing material under a cathode for a light-emitting element. In addition, penetration of water is suppressed by defining the shape of the inorganic film that is formed over the organic film even when a structure of an inorganic film, an organic film, and an inorganic film is continuously provided under a cathode for a light-emitting element.

Abstract: A dislocation-free GaN/InGaN-based nanowires-LED epitaxially grown on a transparent, electrically conductive template substrate. The simultaneous transparency and conductivity are provided by a thin, translucent metal contact integrated with a quartz substrate. The light transmission properties of the translucent metal contact are tunable during epitaxial growth of the nanowires LED. Transparent light emitting diodes (LED) devices, optical circuits, solar cells, touch screen displays, and integrated photonic circuits can be implemented using the current platform.

Abstract: A light-emitting module for an automotive vehicle includes a light source including a plurality of electroluminescent rods, and a layer adapted for encapsulating the electroluminescent rods and for converting at least a portion of the light emitted by the rods into a converted light, the layer including a conversion sublayer extending beyond a free end of the electroluminescent rods, the conversion sublayer including a phosphor compound adapted for generating the converted light from the light emitted by the electroluminescent rods, the phosphor compound being in the form of grains, the dimensions of which are provided to prevent the presence of the grains between spaces delimited laterally between the rods, and an encapsulation sublayer in which at least a portion of the electroluminescent rods is embedded.

Abstract: A light sensor comprises a nanostructure connectable to a source electrode and a drain electrode, and light sensitive moiety covalently attached to a surface of the nanostructure. The light sensitive moiety comprises a light sensitive molecule having an absorbance spectrum in a visible range. The light sensitive molecule is selected such that upon irradiation of the light sensor by light having a central wavelength within the absorbance spectrum, the sensitive molecule transfers or extracts an electron to or from the surface of the nanostructure.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing an electron emitter (1) with a component surface (3) of which is coated with a coating (2) that contains nanorods (4, 7), in particular carbon nanotubes. According to said method, an elastomer film is applied and is then peeled off to obtain a surface from which carbon nanotubes (7) with an upright orientation project upward from an inorganic and electrically conductive adhesive layer (5). In another example, an overall coating region of the electron emitter (1) has an average number (n) of carbon nanotubes (7) with a predominantly upright orientation that project upward from the electrically conductive adhesive layer (5), the number of nanotubes (7) with a predominantly upright orientation per mm2 protruding from the adhesive layer deviating from the average value (n) by not more than 25% for each partial coating region of a size of at least 108 mm2.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display apparatus including a substrate; a display unit which defines an active area of the substrate and includes a thin film transistor; concave-convex portions protruded from the substrate in an area outside the active area; and an encapsulation layer which encapsulates the display unit. The thin film transistor includes an active layer, a gate insulating layer on the active layer, a gate electrode, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an interlayer insulating layer between the gate electrode and the source electrode, and between the gate electrode and the drain electrode. The concave-convex portions include portions of the gate insulating layer and the interlayer insulating layer, and the encapsulation layer covers the concave-convex portions.

Abstract: An organic EL display device includes, as an organic layer stopper defining edges of an organic layer, a frame-shaped bank surrounding a display region. An upper face of the bank includes recessed portions and protrusions including a plurality of protrusions, and upper faces of the protrusions includes planar portions.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an organic EL display device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: forming a plurality of lower electrodes respectively corresponding to a plurality of pixels on a substrate; forming a plurality of banks, which partition the pixels, between adjacent lower electrodes on the substrate; forming an organic material layer on the lower electrodes and the banks; and selectively irradiating the organic material layer on the banks with an energy ray from a direction of a surface of the organic material layer opposite to a surface of the organic material layer in contact with the banks.

Abstract: This disclosure presents the use of electrons as the ‘working fluid’ in conjunction with a solid nanomaterial that hinders electron coupling to the atomic lattice of the nanomaterial, i.e., they are out of equilibrium. The electrons can achieve very high effective temperatures with minimal heating of the solid lattice. These ‘hot’ electrons emit from the absorbing material, carrying both the light energy and energy acquired from the atomic lattice. Thus, the operation of this disclosure includes shining light on an object to make the object cool instead of heat. It is envisioned that one of ordinary skill in the art would find the operation quite counter-intuitive.

Abstract: A one way display and a method for driving the display pixels are provided, wherein the display comprises a front surface for displaying images and a back surface designed for providing see-through capabilities; at least two layers made of a transparent material; a plurality of light emitting elements sandwiched between said layers of a transparent material and mounted across the area of the display in groups, each group of light emitting elements making up a colored pixel of the display, and each pixel consisting of at least three adjacent or stacked red, green and blue light emitting elements; a plurality of narrow-band filters arranged in groups, each group consisting of at least three red, green and blue narrow-band filters mounted in parallel to the light emitting elements to block the lights in the narrow-band ranges of red, green and blue respectively towards the back surface of the display.

Abstract: A carbon nanotube structure includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes, and a graphite film that binds one ends of the plurality of carbon nanotubes. And a heat dissipation sheet includes a plurality of carbon nanotube structures arranged in a sheet form, wherein each of the carbon nanotube structures includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes, and a graphite film that binds one ends of the plurality of carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: A display device includes: a display panel including a first substrate with a first surface and a second substrate disposed on the first surface; a third substrate, wherein the second substrate is disposed between the first substrate and the third substrate, and the third substrate has a second surface facing the first surface; an adhesion element disposed on the first surface and adjacent to the second substrate, wherein the adhesion element has a first through hole; and a filler disposed in the first through hole and in contact with the first surface and the second surface. The first through hole of the adhesion element has an area defined as a first area, the filler has a region in contact with the second surface, and an area of the region is defined as a second area. The ratio of the first area to the second area ranges from 0.5 to 0.99.

Abstract: Disclosed is a field emission apparatus. The apparatus comprises a cathode electrode and an anode electrode spaced apart from each other, an emitter on the cathode electrode, a gate electrode between the cathode and anode electrodes and including at least one gate aperture overlapping the emitter, and an electron transmissive sheet on the gate electrode and including a plurality of fine openings overlapping the gate aperture.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus includes a mounting plate, a panel mounted to the mounting plate, a through-hole that penetrates the mounting plate in a direction of thickness of the mounting plate, and a bonding member that is buried in the through-hole and fixes the panel to the mounting plate, wherein an opening of the through-hole gradually grows large in the direction of the thickness of the mounting plate from a side where the panel is mounted.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided that provide a getter in a micromechanical system. In some embodiments, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) is bonded to a substrate. The MEMS and the substrate have a first cavity and a second cavity therebetween. A first getter is provided on the substrate in the first cavity and integrated with an electrode. A second getter is provided in the first cavity over a passivation layer on the substrate. In some embodiments, the first cavity is a gyroscope cavity, and the second cavity is an accelerometer cavity.

Abstract: A method of producing a hermetic package includes forming a first sealing material layer on a first glass substrate, and arranging a frame body having an opening on its top so that a bottom portion of the frame body and the first sealing material layer are in contact, followed by sealing the frame body and the first glass substrate with each other via the first sealing material layer. The method further includes forming a second sealing material layer on an upper edge portion of the frame body, housing, in the frame body, a member, and arranging a second glass substrate to be in contact with the second sealing material layer, followed by sealing the second glass substrate and the frame body with each other via the second sealing material layer by irradiating the second sealing material layer with laser light from a second glass substrate side.

Abstract: Semiconductor devices and methods of forming the same include forming semiconductor fins on a semiconductor substrate. A bottom source/drain region is formed in the semiconductor substrate. First charged dielectric spacers are formed on sidewalls of the semiconductor fins. A gate stack is formed over the bottom source/drain region. Second charged dielectric spacers are formed on sidewalls of the fin above the gate stack. The fins are recessed to a height below a top level of the second charged dielectric spacers. A top source/drain region is grown from the recessed fins.

Abstract: A paste composition including: a carbon nanotube; a microemulsion adsorbed on a surface of the carbon nanotube, wherein the microemulsion includes a metal precursor and a surfactant; and an organic vehicle.

Abstract: A motor vehicle glazing including two sheets of glass, outer and inner, brought together by one or more inserted thermoplastic sheets, at least one electrically powered functional assembly being inserted between the sheets of the glazing, a capacitive sensor controlling power supply of the functional assembly by a unit for processing signals emitted by the sensor, the sensor also being inserted into the glazing on a transparent substrate coated with an equally transparent conductive layer, a layer in which the sensor is formed.

Abstract: An electron emitter assembly includes a plurality of electron emitters, and a removable structure connected to, and fixing a positional relationship among, individual ones of the plurality of electron emitters. A method of assembling an electron emitter assembly includes connecting individual ones of a plurality of electron emitters together with a removable structure, and fixing a positional relationship among the individual ones of the plurality of electron emitters.