Abstract: An electroluminescent device and a method for manufacturing the same are provided to achieve a highly luminous electroluminescent device that can be used as a backlight for an LCD monitor. The electroluminescent device includes a substrate, a lower electrode layer having a surface of a plurality of convex shapes formed on the substrate, an insulating layer, a light-emitting layer, and an upper electrode layer sequentially formed on the lower electrode layer, and a passivation layer formed on the upper electrode layer. The method for manufacturing an electroluminescent device includes forming a lower electrode layer having a surface of a plurality of convex shapes on a substrate, sequentially forming an insulating layer, a light. Emitting layer, and an upper electrode layer over the lower electrode layer to have substantially corresponding surface shapes as the lower electrode layer, and forming a passivation layer on the upper electrode layer.

Abstract: In a organic EL (electroluminescent) display device which comprises a substrate having a first principal surface and a second principal surface opposed to the first principal surface and an light emitting material layer formed at the first principal surface of the substrate, the present invention forms a light absorption layer absorbing light of a wavelength band lying between 350 nm and 410 nm at the second principal surface of the substrate to be opposite to the light emitting material layer and shield the light emitting material layer from the light of the aforementioned wavelength band which is selectively absorbed by the light emitting material layer and deteriorates the light emitting material layer, so that the organic EL display device can keep display brightness thereof sufficiently even after irradiated with excessive external light.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent (OEL) element includes a scanning electrode and a signal electrode, which crosses the scanning electrode at right angles, on a substrate. The signal electrodes are formed of N-layer electrodes laminated like steps, where respective layers are insulated from each other. The scanning electrodes are formed on the signal electrodes via an organic thin film layer. As a result, a display area is divided into sections corresponding to laminated numbers, and the divided each section is scanned independently. A duty ratio for driving the OEL element becomes large and less power consumption thus can be expected.

Abstract: An electron emitting structure, for example, for use as a cathode plate of a field emission display (FED). The structure comprises a substrate, base electrodes formed on the substrate and gate electrodes crossing over the base electrodes. An insulating material is formed on the substrate and the base electrodes that separates the gate electrodes from the base electrodes, the gate electrodes formed on the insulating material. And an electron emitting material is deposited on active regions of the base electrodes, each active region defined as a portion of each base electrode between a respective pair of gate electrodes. In one implementation, the FED produces a substantially uniform electric field in the active region in order to produce a substantially straight electron emission little dispersion.

Abstract: EL panels are made with PVDF/HFP copolymer resin binder, in substantially an uncrosslinked form, with DMAC solvent and/or other higher boiling point solvents/latent solvents/extenders. The resin binder is characterized by a melt viscosity of 1.0-8.5 kP using an industry standard test (ASTM D3835).

Abstract: A display device has an emitting region constituted by a plurality of first electrodes provided on a substrate and extending in parallel, a plurality of second electrodes provided on the first electrodes and extending substantially perpendicularly to the first electrodes, and a plurality of emission sites for emitting electrons or light respectively connected to a plurality of intersections between the first and second electrodes and arranged on the substrate and has a peripheral region surrounding the emitting region on the substrate. In this display device, first and second groups of external repeating terminals for the first and second electrodes are collectively provided side by side in a part of the peripheral region.

Abstract: A novel sub-structure of a thick film dielectric electroluminescent display and a thick film dielectric electroluminescent display incorporating the same is provided. The sub-structure comprises a barrier layer between a substrate and a thick film dielectric layer. The barrier layer is chemically inert with respect to the substrate and the thick film dielectric layer and the barrier layer inhibits diffusion of at least one chemical species therethrough. This sub-structure results in a higher capacitance for the thick dielectric layer, which provides higher display luminance and a reduced tendency for dielectric breakdown of the thick dielectric layer. The barrier layer permits for lower cost substrates, such as glass, to be used.

Abstract: A novel structure is provided to improve the luminance and operating stability of phosphors used in ac thick film dielectric electroluminescent displays. The novel structure comprises aluminum nitride barrier layers in contact with the phosphor films to prevent phosphor degradation due to reaction with oxygen. The barrier layers can be deposited using vacuum deposition processes that are compatible with the processes used to deposit and anneal the phosphor films. The invention is particularly applicable to phosphors used in electroluminescent displays that employ thick dielectric layers subject to high processing temperatures to form and activate the phosphor films.

Abstract: An electroluminescent device and a method for manufacturing the same are provided to achieve a highly luminous electroluminescent device that can be used as a backlight for an LCD monitor. The electroluminescent device includes a substrate, a lower electrode layer having a surface of a plurality of convex shapes formed on the substrate, an insulating layer, a light-emitting layer, and an upper electrode layer sequentially formed on the lower electrode layer, and a passivation layer formed on the upper electrode layer. The method for manufacturing an electroluminescent device includes forming a lower electrode layer having a surface of a plurality of convex shapes on a substrate, sequentially forming an insulating layer, a light-emitting layer, and an upper electrode layer over the lower electrode layer to have substantially corresponding surface shapes as the lower electrode layer, and forming a passivation layer on the upper electrode layer.

Abstract: An improved fine grained zinc sulfide phosphor is provided for use in ac electroluminescent displays. The fine-grained zinc sulfide phosphor film exhibits improved luminance and may be used in conjunction with a structure or substance to minimize or prevent reaction of the fine grained phosphor with oxygen. The invention is particularly applicable to zinc sulfide phosphors used in electroluminescent displays that employ thick dielectric layers subject to high processing temperatures to form and activate the phosphor films.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode includes a lower substrate, luminous element provided with upper and lower electrodes and disposed on the lower substrate, a shielding layer disposed on the luminous clement for shielding outer moisture, the shielding layer being formed of at least one layer, and an upper substrate disposed on the shielding layer.

Abstract: A patterned phosphor structure and EL laminate containing same, forming red, green and blue sub-pixel phosphor elements for an AC electroluminescent display. The patterned phosphor structure includes at least a first and a second phosphor emitting light in different ranges of the visible spectrum, but with combined emission spectra contains red, green and blue light, the first and second phosphors being in a layer, arranged in adjacent, repeating relationship to each other to provide a plurality of repeating first and second phosphor deposits.

Abstract: In an active matrix organic EL panel comprising a plurality of organic EL elements formed above a substrate, in which each organic EL element includes at least an organic layer including an organic emissive material between a lower individual electrode which is individually patterned for each pixel and an upper electrode, an edge covering insulating layer is formed covering peripheral end portions of the lower individual electrode, and a mask supporting insulating layer having a thickness greater than the edge covering insulating layer for supporting a deposition mask used for formation of the organic layer is formed on the outer peripheral region with respect to the edge covering insulating layer. The organic layer extends to the outer region with respect to the boundary between the edge covering insulating layer and the lower individual electrode and terminates on the inner region with respect to a region where the mask supporting insulating layer is formed.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an electroluminescent device with a drying film and a method for fabricating the same. The present invention is characterized in that the method comprises: providing a substrate; forming, in sequence from substrate up, a transparent electrode, a luminescent layer, and an opposed electrode; and forming a drying film by providing a raw material composed of barium (Ba), magnesium (Mg) or calcium (Ca) to react with a gaseous reactant composed of oxygen on the surface of the opposed electrode. The drying film composed of barium oxide (BaO), magnesium oxide (MgO) or calcium oxide (CaO) can be employed to absorb the moisture. Therefore, the generation of dark spots can be prevented and the reliability of the device can be improved.

Abstract: There is provided a substrate for a light emitting device which includes an electrically conductive and transparent film which is in contact with a surface of a low refractive index member of which refractive index is greater than 1 and not greater than 1.30. In a preferable embodiment, the substrate further comprises a transparent member on its surface which is opposed to its surface which has the electrically conductive and transparent film. There is further provided a light emitting device which includes such substrate and a luminous layer, and the luminous layer is located on the electrically conductive and transparent film. With such light emitting device, a ratio of light which is withdrawn outside through the low refractive index member is increased, so that a coupling-out efficiency for surface emission of light withdrawn into the ambient air is increased.

Abstract: The invention provides an electro-optical device that has luminescent elements of a long lifetime by preventing oxygen or moisture from entering to luminescent layers or electrodes even in case of an electrode-optical device provided with a number of luminescent layers and an electronic apparatus provided with the electro-optical device. The invention can include an electro-optical device having first electrodes on a base body, a plurality of element areas including element layers including at least one functional layers disposed above the first electrodes, a second electrode formed above the element layers, a surrounding sections disposed on the base body so as to cover outer sides of the element layers included the element areas in the nearest proximity of the periphery of the base body, and a gas-barrier layer covering over the second electrode. Outer sides of the surrounding sections can be covered with the second electrode, and the gas-barrier layer can be in contact with the base body.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence (EL) display panel comprising a plurality of EL elements arranged through an insulating film, each of said EL elements including a first display electrode, at least one organic functional layer containing a light emitting layer of organic compound and a second display electrode which are successively stacked on a substrate, wherein said insulating film has an OD value of 0.5 or more in a visible light range.

Abstract: A lighting system and a display prevent moisture from entering a light emitting element. The lighting system and a display of the present invention include an electroluminescent layer located between a first electrode and a second electrode. The electroluminescent layer functions as a light emitting element. A passivation film is located on the first electrode. The passivation film blocks moisture thereby sealing the electroluminescent layer.

Abstract: An environmentally-stable organic electroluminescent (“EL”) fiber comprises at least one layer of an organic EL material formed on a fiber, cable, or wire; associated electrodes for providing a voltage to activate the organic EL material; and a barrier layer formed around the EL and electrode materials for reducing the permeation of oxygen, water vapor, and other reactive materials into the underlying layers. The barrier layer comprises either (1) alternating sublayers of a polymeric material and an inorganic material, or (2) alternating sets of adjacent sublayers of polymeric materials and adjacent sublayers of inorganic materials. Color of light emitted from the fiber may be modified by one or more layers containing inorganic and/or organic phosphor materials.

Abstract: An EL element includes plural light transmitting front-electrodes forming plural lines by wiring and plural back-electrodes forming plural lines by further wiring. The front-electrodes are angled relative to the back-electrodes and a light-emitting layer is disposed between the front-electrodes and the back-electrodes. The EL element combined with a controller works as a lighting unit, which controls light emission at any place, so that a variety of lighting is realized by the lighting unit.

Abstract: An EL element comprising: a light transmitting substrate; a light transmitting electrode layer formed on the substrate; a light emitting layer containing a positive ion exchanger; a dielectric layer; a back electrode layer; and a dielectric insulation layer disposed between the light transmitting electrode layer and the light emitting layer. The dielectric insulation layer is formed of a synthetic resin that is insoluble with a synthetic resin binder forming the light emitting layer. The present invention provides an EL element having an improved illuminating performance, where an occurrence of a dark spot is suppressed, in addition to a suppression of an occurrence of a black spot.

Abstract: An electroluminescent device comprising a transparent or translucent support, a transparent or translucent first electrode, a second conductive electrode and an electroluminescent phosphor layer sandwiched between the transparent or translucent first electrode and the second conductive electrode, wherein the first and second electrodes each comprises a polymer or copolymer of a 3,4-dialkoxythiophene, which may be the same or different, in which the two alkoxy groups may be the same or different or together represent an optionally substituted oxy-alkylene-oxy bridge; a display comprising the above-mentioned electroluminescent device; a lamp comprising the above-mentioned electroluminescent device; manufacturing processes for the above-mentioned electroluminescent devices; and the use of such devices for the integrated backlighting of static and dynamic posters and signage.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence device is made to show an improved carrier transporting ability and an improved carrier injecting property by doping a liquid crystal compound having a high degree of carrier mobility without generating any ionic current. The organic electroluminescence device comprises a carrier transport layer formed by doping a smectic liquid crystal compound having a hexagonal order structure with a Lewis acid compound, a light-emitting layer and a protection layer arranged between the carrier transport layer and the light-emitting layer and composed of an organic compound having a carrier transporting property of the same type as that of carrier transport layer and a carrier conducting property of the type different from that of the carrier transport layer.

Abstract: An organic fight emitting device (OLED) will have multiple capping layers on an electrode to provide a passivation region to prevent formation of dark spots. The passivation capping layers are, in sequence from the electrode, a first dielectric material layer, a metal or metal alloy layer with a work function of less than 4 eV, and a second dielectric protective layer.

Abstract: An active matrix organic electroluminescent display device includes a substrate including a light emitting region having sub pixel regions, a plurality of switching elements on the substrate in the sub pixel regions, a first passivation layer covering the plurality of switching elements and having a plurality of first contact holes exposing the plurality of switching elements, a plurality of first electrodes on the first passivation layer, each first electrode connected to each switching element through each first contact hole, a second passivation layer on the plurality of first electrodes, the second passivation layer having a plurality of openings exposing the plurality of first electrodes and covering edge portions of the plurality of first electrodes, a plurality of organic electroluminescent layers on the second passivation layer, each organic electroluminescent layer contacting each first electrode through each opening, and a second electrode on the plurality of organic electroluminescent layers, where

Abstract: An electroluminescent light-emitting device having a light-emitting surface area and including (a) an electroluminescent light-emitting layer containing an electroluminescent material, and (b) an electrode layer formed on one of opposite sides of the electroluminescent light-emitting layer and including a first electrode and a second electrode which are formed in respective predetermined patterns such that the two electrodes are spaced apart from each other by spacing regions provided therebetween, in a direction parallel to a plane of the electrode layer, and such that the two electrodes are electrically insulated from each other by the spacing regions. The electroluminescent light-emitting device has an exposed surface which is located on the other side of the electroluminescent light-emitting layer and to which an electrically conductive ink is applicable.

Abstract: A cascaded organic electroluminescent device with connecting units having improved voltage stability is disclosed. The device comprises an anode, a cathode, a plurality of organic electroluminescent units disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic electroluminescent units comprise at least a hole-transporting layer and an electron-transporting layer, and a connecting unit disposed between each adjacent organic electroluminescent unit, wherein the connecting unit comprises, in sequence, an n-type doped organic layer, an interfacial layer, and a p-type doped organic layer, and wherein the interfacial layer prevents diffusion or reaction between the n-type doped organic layer and the p-type doped organic layer.

Abstract: An organic light emitting device having a process compatible current self-limiting (CSL) structure applied in the vicinity of an electrode of the device prevents the occurrence of high current flow in the vicinity of a short within the device. Should a short occur, the CSL structure becomes resistive, or non-conducting in the vicinity of the short, thus preventing the occurrence of “runaway” current in the vicinity of the short. By limiting the current flow between conductors in the device, the non-emissive areas of the device can be minimized, thus improving the overall reliability of the device.

Abstract: An EL element including a first electrode, a luminescent layer, an insulation layer, and a second electrode is laminated so that a short circuit between the first electrode and the second electrode at a defect of the insulation layer between the luminescent layer and the second electrode is prevented. A cavity 41 is formed in the layer 4 under an area 51 at which the second insulation layer 5 is missing. The second electrode 6 is separated by the cavity 41 from the first insulation layer 3 located under the luminescent layer 4 to prevent a short circuit.

Abstract: A wavelength-tunable light emitting device includes a substrate having an atomic-scale structure formed on a surface thereof, a needle member for locally applying a voltage through a vacuum space or a transparent insulating member to the substrate to cause a tunnel current to flow through the atomic-scale structure, and a variable-voltage power supply capable of varying voltage applied across the gap between the substrate and the needle member. The gap between the first member and the second member is as close as a few nm in length. A tunnel current flows from the tip of the needle member to the atomic-scale structure when a predetermined voltage is applied across the gap between the substrate and the needle member; and light is emitted from a tunneling region in which the tunnel current flows, because of an optical transition between respective localized states of the substrate and the needle.

Abstract: There is provided a light-emitting device that increases an emissivity in a light emission layer so as to improve luminous efficiency. The light-emitting device includes a cover layer formed by depositing a material having a high refractive index that is higher than that of the light emission layer. The light-emitting device increases a ratio of the light reflected internally into the light-emitting device to increase a light absorption in the light emission layer, thereby enhancing emissivity in the light emission layer. Therefore, the light-emitting device can enhance the efficiency of it, even when the light emission layer is made of a conventional material, and can satisfy the commercial requirement for a display that is very bright.

Abstract: A method of fabricating OLED devices is disclosed. A conductive layer is patterned by pillars to form electrodes in the device, wherein portions of the pillars have at least 2 sub-rows to prevent shorting of adjacent electrodes. In one embodiment, the ends of the pillars are split into at least 2 sub-rows.

Abstract: A patterned phosphor structure, and EL laminate containing same, forming red, green and blue sub-pixel phosphor elements for an AC electroluminescent display. The patterned phosphor structure includes at least a first and a second phosphor emitting light in different ranges of the visible spectrum, but with combined emission spectra contains red, green and blue light, the first and second phosphors being in a layer, arranged in adjacent, repeating relationship to each other to provide a plurality of repeating first and second phosphor deposits.

Abstract: The present invention provides a technique for performing film-forming of a cathode comprising a metallic with a good adhesion, as well as a light-emitting device producing a good image to be displayed. An EL element is fabricated to have a structure in which an electron transport layer comprising a low molecular weight film is provided on a luminescent layer (104) comprising a polymer film and a cathode (106) comprising a metallic film is provided on the resultant electron transport layer. With such structure, occurrence of delamination or a dark spot derived from inferior adhesion of the cathode (106) can be prevented to obtain the light-emitting device producing a good image quality.

Abstract: The present invention provides an organic EL element and a manufacturing method therefor, which can reduce the number of steps and the cost required for manufacturing the organic EL element, and which can improve the reliability of the organic EL element, by preventing a short circuit, the breaking of a cathode, and the like. The organic EL element includes a plurality of transparent electrodes arranged in parallel on a base plate, a plurality of cathodes disposed above organic layers so as to cross the transparent electrodes, organic layers including light emission layers and disposed between the transparent electrodes and the cathodes, and an insulating organic layer disposed in spaces between adjacent transparent electrodes. The manufacturing method includes the steps of forming the transparent electrode, the insulating organic layer, the organic layer, and the cathode, which are carried out in a vacuum state.

Abstract: A wide line portion is extended from a cathode and another wide line portion is formed by second lines extending from cathode terminals. A contact CN1, which is also wide, is formed to connect both wide line portions in a portion where two wide line portions overlap, with an insulating film being interposed therebetween. Further, fifth line connected to the wide line portion is contact with the cathode at second contacts provided in the periphery of the display region. IN these contacts, an intermediate layer composed of a conductive oxide material is interposed, to thereby prevent deterioration of display quality by preventing reduction of a voltage applied to the cathode due to increased line resistance between the terminals and the cathode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a structural component from at least one optoelectronic functional element and a glass pane, with the functional element being disposed in the region of a primary surface of the glass pane. This structural element is distinguished by the fact that the primary surface of the glass pane is connected to a frame such that the frame surrounds the edge surfaces of the functional element in the finished state of the composite element. The invention further relates to a functional element that can be produced with the method.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an EL display device, which has a high operating performance and reliability. A third passivation film 45 is disposed under an EL element 203 which comprises a pixel electrode (anode) 46, and EL layer 47 and a cathode 48, to make a structure in which heat generated by the EL element 203 is radiated. Further, the third passivation film 45 prevents alkali metals within the EL element 203 from diffusing into the TFTs side, and prevents moisture and oxygen of the TFTs side from penetrating into the EL element 203. More preferably, heat radiating effect is given to a fourth passivation film 50 to make the EL element 203 to be enclosed by heat radiating layers.

Abstract: An organic light emitting device (OLED) will have multiple capping layers on an electrode to provide a passivation region to prevent formation of dark spots. The passivation capping layers are, in sequence from the electrode, a first dielectric material layer, a metal or metal alloy layer with a work function of less than 4 eV, and a second dielectric protective layer.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent device comprises an insulating substrate, a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, and a number of conductive wiring pads formed on the insulating substrate, wherein at least one of the electrode layers is transparent and the second electrode layer includes a plurality of disjointed electrodes, the disjointed electrodes being grouped into a plural number of groups and at least one of the groups having at least two disjointed electrodes, and an organic layer interposed between the first and the second electrode layers. The disjointed electrodes of each group are electrically connected to each other within said each group via one or more selected wiring pads.

Abstract: Light-emitting substance-coated phosphor particles and light-emitting devices employing phosphor particles and light-emitting substances are provided. Also provided are light-emitting devices employing a layer of phosphor material that is covered by at least one layer of light-emitting polymers and/or light-emitting small molecules, and methods of making same.

Abstract: A luminescent device comprises an electroluminescent phosphor in operative contact with a light-emitting material wherein excitation of the electroluminescent phosphor by an alternating current electrical field causes the emission of light by the light-emitting material. Methods of making the device and using it in an electroluminescent display are also described.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an organic EL device, including first electrodes formed on a transparent substrate and spaced apart from each other in parallel, a light absorbing layer having an opening portion for exposing a portion of the first electrodes and at least one light absorbing piece arranged in the opening portion, light-emitting layers formed on the exposed portion of the first electrodes to cover the opening portion of the light absorbing layer, and second electrodes formed on the light-emitting layers in a perpendicular direction to the first electrodes.

Abstract: A thin film phosphor for an electroluminescent device, the phosphor being selected from the group consisting of thioaluminates, thiogallates and thioindates having at least one cation selected from elements of Groups IIA and IIB of the Periodic Table of Elements. The phosphor being activated by a rare earth metal and containing oxygen as a partial substitute for a portion of the sulphur in the crystal lattice of the thiogallate, thioindate or thioaluminate. The phosphor is a single phase homogeneous compound and provides improved luminance stability. An electroluminescent device comprising the thin film phosphor is also described and methods of making the phosphor of the invention.

Abstract: The invention aims to solve the problem of prior art EL devices that undesirable defects form in dielectric layers, and especially the problems of EL devices having dielectric layers of lead-base dielectric material including a lowering, variation and change with time of the luminance of light emission, and thereby provide an EL device ensuring high display quality and a method for manufacturing the same at a low cost.

Abstract: The inventive thin-film DC-driving electroluminescent device (ELD) is characterized by the thin-film current control layer which is inserted between a thin film phosphor layer and metal electrodes. This kind of ELD has the advantages of having a lower operation voltage than that of the conventional thin-film AC ELD and a higher resolution than that of the conventional thin-film/powder hybrid DC ELD. The thin-film current control layer acts as an energy barrier layer which supplies energetic electrons into said phosphor layer by a field-assistant injection of electron, and a current-limiting layer which prevents an electric field breakdown of said electroluminescent device caused by an excess current flow. The current control layer is embodied with a multilayered thin film laminated by an alternate deposition of metal oxides. In another embodiment, the current control layer consists of both an energy barrier layer and a current-limiting layer, separately formed.

Abstract: Poly-siloxane material may be used to form an insulating structure in an organic light-emitting device (OLED). In addition to the insulating structure, an OLED may have an electro-luminescent organic layer separated into light-emitting elements, e.g., display pixels, arranged between electrode layers. A voltage applied across the electrode layers causes the device to emit light. One type of insulating structure may be a bank structure formed from a thin sheet of poly-siloxane with apertures corresponding to the display pixels. Pixels may be formed with the deposit of one or more layers of organic material into the apertures. Another type of insulating structure may be one or more insulating strips, which may separate an electrode layer into electrode strips during construction and/or insulate electrode strips while the OLED is in operation.

Abstract: A radiographic phosphor panel exhibits provides increased photospeed and image sharpness in exposed radiographic films. This panel includes a phosphor layer that transmits actinic radiation in a range that is reflected by a transparent, polymeric multi-layer reflector used as part of a support. This polymeric multi-layer reflector exhibits a different level of reflectance of light depending upon the angle of light incidence that is greater than 0 and up to and including 90 degrees. On the opposing surface of the reflector is a light absorbing substrate.

Abstract: The invention provides an organic electro-luminescence element having improved reliability and light emission characteristics and its manufacturing method. The organic electro-luminescence element can include a first substrate, an anode containing a transparent conductive material, a light emitting layer containing an organic electro-luminescence material, cathodes, each including a metal layer and formed in a portion of a forming region for the light emitting layer, antireflection layers, and at least one of a protection layer and a sealing layer. The anode, light emitting layer, and cathodes are stacked on the first substrate in order, the antireflection layers are stacked corresponding to the cathodes, and the at least one of the protection layer and sealing layer can be formed at least between the cathodes and antireflection layers.

Abstract: A plasma display panel comprises a transparent front panel plate including a display electrode and a protective layer covering at least the display electrode, a back panel plate, a discharge space formed by adhering the transparent front panel plate and the back panel plate to each other, and a phosphor layer formed to be exposed to the inside of the discharge space. The protective layer is made of a first metal oxide layer formed to cover the display electrode, and a second metal oxide layer formed to cover the first metal oxide layer. The linear thermal expansion coefficient of the second metal oxide layer is larger than that of the first metal oxide layer.