Abstract: A light emitting display device comprises a thin film transistor formed over a substrate, a first insulating film comprising an organic material and formed over the thin film transistor, a second insulating film comprising at least one material selected from the group consisting of aluminum nitride, aluminum nitride oxide, and aluminum oxynitride formed over the first insulating film, an anode formed in contact with the second insulating film, a light emitting layer formed over the anode, and a cathode formed over the light emitting layer.

Abstract: An electron emitter has an emitter section formed on a substrate, and a cathode electrode and an anode electrode formed on a same surface of the emitter section. A slit is formed between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode. A drive voltage from a pulse generation source is applied between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode. The anode electrode is connected to the ground. A charging film is formed on a surface of the anode electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device, such as an electro-luminescent display device, comprising a substrate, first electrodes which are arranged over the substrate, second electrodes which are arranged over the first electrodes and at least one electrically insulating structure which separates two of the second electrodes and is arranged over at least one of the first electrodes. The insulating structure comprises an opening which extends from the top surface of the structure to the first electrode beneath the structure. The invention further relates to a method of manufacturing such a device. In one preferred embodiment, this method involves the use of sacrificial structures with which openings are obtained the upper parts of which extend along the entire length of the respective insulating structures.

Abstract: An organic electro-luminescence (EL) device includes a first electrode formed on a substrate and a second electrode formed to overlap with the first electrode. An organic EL layer is located between the first and second electrodes. A dielectric layer is formed between the second electrode and the EL layer. The dielectric layer contains antioxidative material, formed by a mixture of approximately 50˜75% of an organic material and approximately 25˜50% of an metallic powder. The organic electro-luminescence device demonstrates an increased picture quality and increased luminous efficiency.

Abstract: A network conductor has an irregular network structure with as thin lines as 10 nm to 10 ?m. The network conductor is obtained by forming a thin film on a substrate; forming microcracks in a network manner in the thin film; and forming a layer of a conductive material in the microcracks. The network conductor can be used for a positive electrode and/or a negative electrode of an organic electroluminescence device.

Abstract: Poly-siloxane material may be used to form an insulating structure in an organic light-emitting device (OLED). In addition to the insulating structure, an OLED may have an electro-luminescent organic layer separated into light-emitting elements, e.g., display pixels, arranged between electrode layers. A voltage applied across the electrode layers causes the device to emit light. One type of insulating structure may be a bank structure formed from a thin sheet of poly-siloxane with apertures corresponding to the display pixels. Pixels may be formed with the deposit of one or more layers of organic material into the apertures. Another type of-insulating structure may be one or more insulating strips, which may separate an electrode layer into electrode strips during construction and/or insulate electrode strips while the OLED is in operation.

Abstract: Processes concerning the formation of an interlayer insulating film or a contact hole increase if an electrode of a light emitting element and a wiring are manufactured with different layers. Therefore, it suggests a light emitting element with a new structure which enables to shorten the processes. A light emitting device of the present invention has a structure integrated an electrode of a light emitting element and a source electrode. Thereby, processes concerning the formation of an interlayer insulating film and a contact hole can be reduced and be shortened. In addition, an electrode structure that can be waited a portion which functions as an electrode of a light emitting element, and a portion which functions as a source electrode with its sufficient function is adopted.

Abstract: A process for protecting first electrodes, conductive leads and the underlying substrate from the process of removing organic layers during the fabrication of an organic electronic device. After first electrodes and conductive leads are formed over a substrate, a protective layer is selectively formed over the structure, with the protective layer not being disposed over selected portions of the first electrodes, the conductive leads and the substrate. Organic layers are then formed over the structure, and second electrodes are formed over the organic layers. Those portions of the organic layers disposed over the selected portions of the first electrodes, conductive leads and substrate are removed, and the protective layer protects adjacent portions of the first electrodes, conductive leads and substrate from the process of removing the portions of the organic layers.

Abstract: An electroluminescent device which has an anode (4) and a cathode (10) and arranged between the anode (4) and the cathode (10) a light emissive layer (8). Also included between the light emissive layer and the anode is a dielectric layer, a carbon or amorphous silicon layer, or a layer of conductive oxide such as tin oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide and nickel oxide.

Abstract: A method forming a flexible EL device comprising the steps of: 1) forming the non-adhesive shield polymer layer (2) on the plastic film layer (1); 2) forming a back conductive electrode layer (3) on the non-adhesive shield polymer layer (2); 3) forming dielectric layer (4) comprising a mixture of high-dielectric constant powder and binder on the back conductive electrode layer (3); 4) forming first field polymer layer (5) on the dielectric layer (4). 5) forming a phosphor layer (6) comprising encapsulated phosphor and binder on the first field polymer (5); 6) forming second field polymer (7) on the phosphor layer (6). 7) forming the transparent electrode layer (8) by using conductive polymer comprising transparent conductive materials on the second field polymer layer (7); 8) forming a polymer protection layer (9) on the transparent electrode layer (8); and 9) then separating the EL cell (2–9 layers) from plastic film.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a light-emitting layer capable of generating light by electroluminescence, a pair of electrodes applies an electric field to the light-emitting layer, and a substrate having a depression in a surface, and the light-emitting layer is disposed within the depression of the substrate.

Abstract: The shapes of the photo-resist layer “banks” which define pockets for inkjet printing or other patterned processes are optimized to provide a more uniform drying profile for substances which are to be deposited in those pockets and dried therein. Preferably, the shapes of the banks are “mushroom” shaped such that a portion of the photo-resist layer overhangs the exposed lower electrode layer.

Abstract: Grooves (3R, 3G, 3B) corresponding to red, green and blue respectively are formed on a substrate (40), and the edge portion of each groove (3R, 3G, 3B) is formed so as to be farther from a side of substrate (40) in order. The edge portion of each groove (3R, 3G, 3B) is immersed in an organic EL solution (8R, 8G, 8B) of corresponding color, the grooves (3R, 3G, 3B) are severally filled with the organic EL solution (8R, 8G, 8B) of corresponding color using capillary phenomenon, and thus a full-color organic EL display device is manufactured.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence display device include: a substrate where a plurality of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) pixel regions are defined; a plurality of transparent electrodes on the substrate, each transparent electrode disposed in each pixel region; a buffer layer on the substrate in intervals among the transparent electrodes, the buffer layer overlapping side portions of the transparent electrodes; a separator on the buffer layer and arranged on one direction; a hole injection/transporting layer over the substrate covering the plurality of transparent electrodes, the buffer layer and the separator; a luminous layer on the hole injection/transporting layer and divided into each R, G or B pixel region; and a cathode electrode on the hole injection/transporting layer covering the divided luminous layer, the cathode electrode disposed all over the substrate to connect the R, G and B pixel regions.

Abstract: To provide an organic EL device which is capable of forming a minute optical resonator in a light-emitting element and improving the chromaticity of color light components to be emitted, without complicating a manufacturing process, a method of manufacturing the organic EL device, and an electronic apparatus. In an organic EL device 1, each element comprises an anode 4 and a first insulating layer 10a, a light-transmitting layer 13 having a refractive index larger than that of a transparent substrate 2, a cathode 7 having light reflection which oppose a transparent electrode 4, and an organic functional layer including a light-emitting layer 6 and a hole injecting layer 5.

Abstract: An electroluminescent device (21) comprises a first (23) and a second (26) electrode layer, at least the second electrode layer (26) being provided in accordance with a desired pattern and one or more functional layers (24, 25R, 25G, 25B), the one or at least one of said functional layers being an electroluminescent layer. In order to pattern the second electrode layer (26) the EL device (21) comprises a relief pattern (27) having one or more overhanging sections (29). The EL device has means for hindering the transport of fluid along a capillary channel (33) formed by an overhanging section (29) and the surface (28a) supporting that section, an example of such means being protrusions (35) which block and/or reroute the capillary channel (33). Thus the transport of fluid by the channels (33) during manufacture of the EL device is hindered and color bleeding between pixels of the EL device and/or leakage current among electrodes of the first electrode layer is prevented.

Abstract: A thin film phosphor for an electroluminescent device, the phosphor being selected from the group consisting of thioaluminates, thiogallates and thioindates having at least one cation selected from elements of Groups IIA and IIB of the Periodic Table of Elements. The phosphor being activated by a rare earth metal and containing oxygen as a partial substitute for a portion of the sulphur in the crystal lattice of the thiogallate, thioindate or thioaluminate. The phosphor is a single phase homogeneous compound and provides improved luminance stability. An electroluminescent device comprising the thin film phosphor is also described and methods of making the phosphor of the invention.

Abstract: An active matrix organic electroluminescent display device includes a substrate including a light emitting region having sub pixel regions, a plurality of switching elements on the substrate in the sub pixel regions, a first passivation layer covering the plurality of switching elements and having a plurality of first contact holes exposing the plurality of switching elements, a plurality of first electrodes on the first passivation layer, each first electrode connected to each switching element through each first contact hole, a second passivation layer on the plurality of first electrodes, the second passivation layer having a plurality of openings exposing the plurality of first electrodes and covering edge portions of the plurality of first electrodes, a plurality of organic electroluminescent layers on the second passivation layer, each organic electroluminescent layer contacting each first electrode through each opening, and a second electrode on the plurality of organic electroluminescent layers, where

Abstract: Light-emitting devices, and related components, systems and methods are disclosed. The light-emitting device can include a multi-layer stack of materials and a support. The multi-layer stack of materials can include a light-generating region and a first layer supported by the light-generating. Thee light-generating region can be between the first layer and the support. The surface of the first layer can be configured so that light generated by the light-generating region can emerge from the light-emitting device via the surface of the first layer. The surface of the first layer can have a dielectric function that varies spatially according to a pattern. The pattern can be formed of holes in the surface of the first layer. The pattern is configured so that light generated by the light-generating region that emerges from the light-emitting device via the surface of the first layer is more collimated than a Lambertian distribution of light.

Abstract: A plurality of pixel areas are defined on the surface of a substrate. A partition wall is disposed on the surface of the substrate in an area between adjacent pixel areas. The partition wall comprises a lower portion made of inorganic insulating material and an upper portion made of insulating material having etching characteristics different from the etching characteristics of the lower portion and disposed on the lower portion. The upper portion protrudes from the side walls of the lower portion toward the pixel areas. Lower electrodes are formed on the pixel areas. Organic layers are disposed on the lower electrodes and contains organic luminescence material which emits light upon current injection. Upper electrodes are disposed on the organic layers.

Abstract: An organic electro luminescence element includes a substrate, an anode isolating film formed of an insulator on the substrate, an anode conductive layer formed on an upper surface of the substrate in an area partitioned by the anode isolating film, and an element isolating film formed of an insulator to enclose the anode isolating film and to be wider downward. Further, on the upper surface of the anode isolating film, a conductive film of the same type as the anode conductive layer is formed, which conductive layer is also covered by the element isolating film. Preferably, the anode isolating film has its upper surface made larger than the lower surface.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent display (EL) device which can prevent damage to layers due to a deposition mask in forming a light emitter layer or cathode using a deposition mask, and can prevent the short-circuit between a first electrode formed on a transparent substrate and a second electrode corresponding to the first electrode and can prevent deterioration of layer characteristics, and a method of manufacturing the same.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence (EL) display device assembly includes a substrate, an organic EL portion, an optical loss prevention layer, and a fine space layer. The organic EL portion has a first electrode layer, an organic luminescent layer, and a second electrode layer which are each patterned and stacked on the upper surface of the substrate. The optical loss prevention layer is used to increase light bleeding efficiency. The fine space layer is formed between the optical loss prevention layer and a layer facing the optical loss prevention layer and is filled with a gas or evacuated.

Abstract: An EL element comprising a light transmitting substrate, a light transmitting electrode formed on the substrate, a light emitting layer containing a positive ion absorber, a dielectric layer and a back electrode. Further, an EL element of the present invention contains a positive ion absorber in the dielectric layer. An EL element in accordance with an embodiment comprises a light emitting layer formed of a resin, a phosphor and a positive ion absorber, the positive ion absorber being 1-400 parts by weight to a 100 parts of the resin in the light emitting layer. An EL element in another embodiment comprises a dielectric layer formed of a resin, a high dielectric constant inorganic filler and a positive ion absorber, the positive ion absorber being 0.5-50 to a 100 parts of a total amounts of the resin and the filler.

Abstract: A luminescent device includes a phosphor layer containing a luminescent inorganic material, first and second dielectric layers rendering the phosphor layer therebetween from the direction perpendicular to the surface, the dielectric layers having residual dielectric polarization in part of at least 3 ?C/cm2 and a coercive electric field of at least 20 kV/cm, and first and second electrodes rendering the first and second dielectric layers therebetween from the direction perpendicular to the surface.

Abstract: A layered structure of wire(s) comprising a wiring layer made of a low resistance metal containing aluminum, copper or silver; and an alloy layer made of an intermediate phase containing the low resistance metal and a refractory metal. The refractory metal is molybdenum. There is also formed a layered structure of wire(s) made of an aluminum alloy containing a lanthanoid, wherein a number average crystal grain size is 16.9 nm or more. Crystal grain size may be larger than a mean free path of electrons to provide a layered structure of wire(s) with a reduced resistance.

Abstract: An EL element includes a) an outer connecting part, b) a substrate comprising a light-transmitting and insulating sheet, c) a light-transmitting electrode layer formed on the substrate wholly or except the outer connecting part in a specific pattern, d) a light emitting layer formed on the light-transmitting electrode layer in a specific pattern, e) a dielectric layer formed on the light emitting layer in a specific pattern, f) a backside electrode layer formed on the dielectric layer in a specific pattern, g) an insulating layer formed on the backside electrode layer and the light-transmitting electrode layer except the outer connecting part, and h) a shielding layer formed on the insulating layer in a specific pattern. The light-transmitting electrode layer or the backside electrode layer is coupled with the shielding layer. The EL element is thus arranged so that it can have its outer connecting part of a reduced size, and so that coupling with the electronic device becomes easy.

Abstract: The present invention has an object to provide a method of raising a re-coupling efficiency of carriers in an EL element to thereby provide a light-emitting device having high emission efficiency. The method is that the electron trap region 106 and the hole trap region 107 are formed in the interior of the emission layer 103. The electron trap region 106 here is a region that has the action of enclosing within the emission layer an electrons that is transferred at the lowest unoccupied molecular orbit (LUMO) level of the emission layer 103. In addition, the hole trap region 107 is a region that has the action of enclosing within the emission layer a hole that is transferred at the highest occupied molecular orbit (HOMO) level of the emission layer 103.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent display panel includes more than one organic electroluminescent element having a first display electrode, one or more organic functional layers including a light-emitting layer formed of an organic compound, and a second display electrode, which are sequentially layered in that order. The panel also includes a resin substrate carrying the organic electroluminescent element in contact therewith. The panel is provided with an inorganic barrier film for covering the surfaces of the resin substrate.

Abstract: In an organic EL display device comprising a substrate, a plurality of pixel regions in each of which a first electrode, a light emitting material layer, and a second electrode are laminated in this order above the substrate, and a bank film formed above the substrate to separate respective one of the pixel regions from another of the pixel regions adjacent thereto, wherein the bank film has a plurality of openings exposing upper surfaces of the first electrodes to the light emitting material layers in the respective pixel regions, and the second electrode is formed over the a plurality of openings of the bank film in common with the pixel regions, the present invention forms the bank film of an inorganic material and shapes a side wall thereof lying around each of the openings thereof to be sloped at an angle less than 85 degrees (°) with respect to a principal surface of the substrate in order to prevent the deterioration of the light emitting material layer and disconnection of the second electrode at step

Abstract: A method of encapsulating an organic electroluminescent (EL) device. The method includes applying a first sealant to a portion of an encapsulation plate facing a substrate to define one selected from a plurality of organic EL devices formed on the substrate, each including a first electrode layer, organic layers, and a second electrode layer. A space produced by the encapsulation plate and the first sealant and having an open face is filled with a second sealant. The substrate and the encapsulation plate are bonded together by applying pressure. The first sealant and the second sealant are then cured. The substrate and the encapsulation plate are cut into a plurality of independent organic EL panels.

Abstract: A display device includes a substrate, a display unit disposed on the substrate, and a passivation structure covering the substrate and the display unit. The passivation structure is composed of an organic/inorganic film. An inner side of the organic/inorganic film, which is closer to the display unit, has a maximum organic/inorganic ratio which gradually decreases outward.

Abstract: Light-emitting substance-coated phosphor particles and light-emitting devices employing phosphor particles and light-emitting substances are provided. Also provided are light-emitting devices employing a layer of phosphor material that is covered by at least one layer of light-emitting polymers and/or light-emitting small molecules, and methods of making same.

Abstract: An active matrix organic light emitting display and a method of forming the same. The AM-OLED including a substrate with a plurality of thin film transistors serving as driver circuits, a dielectric layer formed conformally on the substrate and the thin film transistors, a first insulating layer formed on parts of the dielectric layer to define the exposed surface of the dielectric layer as a predetermined transparent electrode area, a transparent electrode formed conformally on the predetermined transparent electrode area, a second insulating layer formed on both sides of the transparent electrode to expose parts of surface of the transparent electrode, an organic electroluminescent layer formed on the transparent electrode, and a metal electrode formed on the organic electroluminescent layer. The insulating layer smoothes the transparent electrode surface enhancing the luminescent characteristics of the AM-OLED.

Abstract: A color OLED display having at least three different colored microcavity pixels, each including a light reflective structure and a semi-transparent structure includes an array of light-emitting microcavity pixels each having one or more common organic light-emitting layers, said light-emitting layer(s) including first and second light-emitting materials, respectively, that produce different light spectra, the first light-emitting material producing light having a first spectrum portion that extends between first and second different colors of the array, and the second light-emitting material producing light having a second spectrum portion that is substantially contained within a third color that is different from the first and second colors, and each different colored pixel being tuned to produce light in one of the three different colors whereby the first, second, and third different colors are produced by the OLED display.

Abstract: In conventional organic EL display elements of this type, unevenness of brightness surely occurs at high temperatures. These conventional organic elements cannot be used in, for example, display devices to be mounted on vehicles, giving rise to the problem of inferior generalities. An organic EL display element 1 according to the present invention comprises a stress relaxation layer on a cathode after the cathode is formed, the stress relaxation layer being a film which exhibits tensile stress when the film stress of the cathode is compressive stress or exhibits compressive stress when the film stress of the cathode is tensile stress. This structure allows the organic EL display element to prevent the occurrence of unevenness of brightness caused by the film stress of the cathode to solve the problem and makes it possible to give generalities to organic EL display elements of this type.

Abstract: A composite article comprises a substrate having at least a substrate surface and a graded-composition coating disposed on a substrate surface. The composition of the coating material varies substantially continuously across its thickness. The coating reduces the transmission rates of oxygen, water vapor, and other chemical species through the substrate such that the composite article can be used effectively as a diffusion barrier to protect chemically sensitive devices or materials. An organic light-emitting device incorporates such a composite article to provide an extended life thereto.

Abstract: Light-emitting devices and light-emitting displays for realizing bright display by allowing light emitted from an emissive layer to efficiently contribute to a display. Polarization separators are arranged between the emissive layer and a phase plate. In the light of a wavelength range which includes a part or all of a light-emission wavelength range of the emissive layer and is narrower than a visible wavelength range and is directed from the emissive layer side to the polarization separators side, the polarization separators reflect circularly polarized light components which are converted into linearly polarized light that is absorbed by the polarizer due to the operation of the phase plate and transmit the other light.

Abstract: In a phosphor thin film comprising a matrix material and a luminescence center, the matrix material has the compositional formula: MIIvAxByOzSw wherein MII is Zn, Cd or Hg, A is Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba or rare earth element, B is Al, Ga or In, and atomic ratios v, x, y, z and w are 0.005?v?5, 1?x?5, 1?y?15, 0<z?30, and 0<w?30. The phosphor thin film of quality is formed at low cost by a low-temperature process, enabling manufacture of full-color EL panels.

Abstract: An electroluminescent display has a transparent front-electrode, rear electrodes, and a layer of electroluminescent material located between the first and second electrodes. Conductive tracks are electrically connected to the rear electrodes and supply a driving voltage for the electroluminescent material to the rear electrodes. A backplane layer is provided between the electroluminescent material layer and the conductive tracks, and is electrically connected to the front electrode such that the potential difference across the electroluminescent material layer in the region of the conductive tracks is substantially zero. In this way, when the conductive track is supplying the driving voltage to the rear-electrodes, the electroluminescent material layer is not illuminated by an electric field between the conductive tracks and the front electrode. Gaps may be defined in the front electrode corresponding substantially to the location of the conductive tracks.

Abstract: Image display panel of the “top-emitting” OLED type having, on the internal face of the front plate, which plate faces the observer, an array of cavities or grooves that are distributed between the light-emitting cells and contain an absorbent agent intended to absorb, in particular, traces of oxygen and/or water vapor liable to degrade the organic electroluminescent cells. The lifetime of the panels is thereby improved.

Abstract: An OLED device, having a pixel includes a plurality of individually addressable first white light emitting elements; a corresponding plurality of color filters located over the first white light emitting elements to filter the light emitted by the first white light emitting elements; and a second separately addressable white light emitting element located over the color filters for passing the filtered white light and emitting white light.

Abstract: An enhanced light extraction OLED device including a transparent substrate; light scattering layer disposed over a first surface of the transparent substrate; a transparent first electrode layer disposed over the light scattering layer; an organic EL element disposed over the transparent first electrode layer and including one or more organic layers but at least one light emitting layer in which light is produced; and a transparent second electrode layer disposed over the organic EL element.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting device comprising a layer of light-emissive organic material interposed between a first electrode and a second electrode, at least one of the first and second electrodes comprising one or more electrode layers on the layer of light-emissive organic material for injecting charge carriers into the light-emissive organic material, wherein the organic light-emitting device further comprises a layer of dielectric material on the surface of the outermost electrode layer remote from the layer of light-emissive organic material.

Abstract: A light weight and a low cost EL display device is provided, in which light emitting elements are formed on a flexible film. A thin metallic substrate is used as an element forming substrate with the present invention, edge portions of the metallic substrate are bent, and the metallic substrate is attached with good adhesion, within a vacuum, to a substrate holder which possesses curvature in its edge portions. After then forming light emitting elements on the thin metallic substrate, the substrate holder is separated.

Abstract: A keypad backlighting apparatus includes an electroluminescence layer for lighting an input device of an electronic apparatus. The input device may be a keypad and the electronic apparatus may be a mobile communications terminal. The terminal includes an upper case having a plurality of button holes formed in a predetermined pattern, electroluminescence (EL) keypad on a lower surface of the upper case and having buttons exposed through the button holes. A printed circuit board (PCB) installed adjacent the EL keypad includes a backlight driving circuit for supplying power to the EL keypad. A lower case of the terminal is coupled to the upper case and supports the EL keypad and the PCB.

Abstract: The invention relates to improving the stability of the lower electrodes in an electroluminescent display employing a thick film dielectric. The invention is an encapsulated electrode comprising an electrode of an electrically conductive metallic film. A layer of encapsulating material is provided on an upper and/or lower surface of the electrode layer. The encapsulating material reduces the risk of the electrode from becoming discontinuous and losing its electrical conductivity.

Abstract: A light-emitting element has a light-emitting layer and at lease one light-extracting portion. At least a partial part of the light-extracting portion is formed into a concave or convex surface for enhancing the efficiency of extracting light. Another light-emitting element has a light-emitting layer and a concave or convex surface for reflecting light emitted from the light-emitting layer toward one or more other surfaces of the light-emitting element through an inside of the light-emitting element.

Abstract: According to an aspect of the present invention, an organic electro-luminescence display panel is provided, which includes: an insulating substrate; a polysilicon layer formed on the substrate; a first insulating layer formed on the polysilicon layer; a gate wire formed on the first insulating layer; a second insulating layer formed on the gate wire; a data wire formed on the second insulating layer and including first and second portions; a pixel electrode connected to the first portion of the data wire; a partition defining an area on the pixel electrode; an organic light emitting member formed in the area on the pixel electrode; a common electrode formed on the light emitting member; and a planar supply voltage electrode disposed between the pixel electrode and the substrate and connected to the second portion of the data wire.

Abstract: An electroluminescent display device includes a transparent substrate and an electroluminescent element disposed over the substrate. The electroluminescent element has a first electrode disposed over the substrate, a second electrode disposed over the first electrode and a light emitting layer disposed between the first and second electrodes. The display device also includes a thin film transistor driving the electroluminescent element, and a protection film disposed over the second electrode and being configured to prevent a penetration of moisture into the electroluminescent element. The second electrode is formed by evaporating aluminum so that the light emitting layer receives no damage, and the protection film is deposited by sputtering to provide a film with a high relative density so that moisture is prevented from entering the electroluminescent element.