Abstract: An electroluminescent device includes a transparent cathode and a substrate. A laminated body is provided Adjacent to the substrate. The laminated body includes a first electrode, an electroluminescent layer and a second metallic electrode. The second electrode is covered with transparent dielectric layers which increase the transmission of light through the second metallic electrode and serve as filters.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods of forming the apparatus include a film of transparent conductive titanium-doped indium oxide for use in a variety of configurations and systems. The film of transparent conductive titanium-doped indium oxide may be structured as one or more monolayers. The film of transparent conductive titanium-doped indium oxide may be formed using atomic layer deposition.

Abstract: An organic electro-luminescence device and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. Wherein, the manufacturing method of an organic electro-luminescence device includes sequential steps of: providing a substrate first; forming a first electrode layer on the substrate; forming an insulating layer on the substrate, wherein the insulating layer includes a plurality of openings for exposing the first layer; forming a conducting layer on the sidewall of the insulating layer and on the first electrode layer in the openings; forming a light-emitting layer on the conducting layer in the openings; and finally forming a second electrode layer on the light-emitting layer. The organic electro-luminescence device and the manufacturing method thereof according to the present invention is capable of providing the light-emitting layer with a uniform thickness and therefore raising of yield of the fabricating process and improving of the displaying quality of the organic electro-luminescence device.

Abstract: A display device includes a substrate having, on a major surface thereof, a display area including a plurality of pixels for displaying an image, and a stacked layer body that is formed by stacking a first thin film, which is disposed to cover the display area, a second thin film, which partly covers the first thin film, and a third thin film, which covers the second thin film and is formed with a larger pattern than the first thin film. The third thin film contacts a peripheral part of the first thin film and covers the first thin film.

Abstract: A bottom-surface emitting organic light emitting device and a method of manufacturing the organic light emitting device includes providing a transparent substrate, an organic light emitting diode (“OLED”) that includes a transparent electrode, an organic light emitting layer, and a pixel electrode sequentially stacked on an upper surface of the transparent substrate, a planarization film covering the OLED, and a pixel circuit that drives the OLED using an organic thin film transistor (“OTFT”) located on the planarization film.

Abstract: A dispersion-type EL device includes a short-bar contact, a first insulating layer, a back electrode layer, a dielectric layer, a luminescent layer, and an optically transparent electrode layer, which are sequentially formed on a temporary substrate that has been processed with an exfoliation treatment. This configuration realizes a reduction in size in a thickness direction. Furthermore, an illuminated switch unit is provided, in which a dispersion-type EL device peeled off from a temporary substrate and a wiring board having a comb-like contact are connected to each other.

Abstract: A transparent electrically conductive film comprising one of In2O3—ZnO, In2O3—SnO2, ZnO, and SnO2 is provided on a surface of a metal electrode of an organic EL (electroluminescent) device on the light-emitting layer side, and the thickness of this transparent electrically conductive film is set such as to satisfy the following equation, where L is the optical distance from the organic light-emitting layer to the metal electrode, and ? is the emission wavelength, whereby light reflected by the metal electrode is made to undergo interference and thus strengthen itself in the device; as a result, there are provided an organic EL device and an organic EL panel using the same, according to which the external quantum efficiency can be improved with no accompanying deterioration in the brightness, and moreover the contrast can be improved: L=(2n+1)?/4 (n=0,1,2, . . . ).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a light emitting device package and a method of manufacturing the same. There is provided a light emitting device package including a metal core; an insulating layer formed on the metal core; a metal layer formed on the insulating layer; a first cavity formed by removing parts of the metal layer and the insulating layer to expose a top surface of the metal core; and a light emitting device directly mounted on the top surface of the metal core in the first cavity and further there is provided a method of manufacturing the light emitting device package.

Abstract: A thin film phosphor for an electroluminescent device, the phosphor being selected from the group consisting of thioaluminates, thiogallates and thioindates having at least one cation selected from elements of Groups IIA and IIB of the Periodic Table of Elements. The phosphor being activated by a rare earth metal and containing oxygen as a partial substitute for a portion of the sulphur in the crystal lattice of the thiogallate, thioindate or thioaluminate. The phosphor is a single phase homogeneous compound and provides improved luminance stability. An electroluminescent device comprising the thin film phosphor is also described and methods of making the phosphor of the invention.

Abstract: A three-dimensionally formed film element which can be produced by isostatic high-pressure forming, a process for producing the three-dimensionally formed film element according to the invention and the use of the three-dimensionally formed film element according to the invention for developing display elements such as a speedometer panel for land, water and aircraft, for developing seatbelt signs or warning signs for land, water and aircraft and warning signs in buildings and for developing housing elements for mobile and static electronic devices and for developing a keyboard.

Abstract: A device and a fabrication method are provided for an EL device with a nanotip-contoured phosphor layer. The method comprises: forming a bottom electrode with nanotips; forming a phosphor layer overlying the bottom electrode, having irregularly-shaped top and bottom surfaces; and, forming a top electrode overlying the phosphor layer. The bottom electrode top surface has a nanotip contour, and the phosphor layer irregularly-shaped top and bottom surfaces have contours approximately matching the bottom electrode top surface nanotip contour. In one aspect, a contoured bottom dielectric is interposed between the bottom electrode and the phosphor layer, having top and bottoms surfaces with contours approximately matching the nanotip contour. Likewise, a top dielectric may be interposed between the top electrode and the phosphor layer, having a bottom surface with a contour approximately matching the contour of phosphor layer top surface.

Abstract: A dispersion type EL element is provided which shows an excellent luminance and has an improved life. Further, a dispersion type EL element is provided which permits a large-sized panel, shows an excellent luminance and an excellent durability and has an improved life. A dispersion type electroluminescent element comprising a pair of electrodes one of which is a back electrode and the other of which is a transparent electrode and, disposed between the electrodes, at least an insulating layer and a luminescent-particle-containing luminescent layer, the luminescent particles having an average size of from 1 ?m to less than 20 ?m and a coefficient of variation of from 3% to less than 35%, and the element having a barrier layer containing at least one material selected from the group consisting of a thermoplastic resin, a thermoset resin and a Ultraviolet-cured resin between the transparent electrode and the luminescent layer.

Abstract: A method of making an electroluminescent (EL) light which includes at least one design. A flexible EL lamp is used which has a front electrode, a phosphor layer, a dielectric layer and a rear electrode layer. A pattern is cut out from the flexible EL lamp and at least one line is determined on the cut out to divide the design into at least two geometric areas, which are preferably of approximately equal size. A scribe line is cut into the rear electrode along such line, which forms split electrode areas in the rear electrode. Connecting devices are attached to each split electrode area, which are adapted to be connected to a power source. A method of making an EL light that is adaptable to be inserted into a channel, with the light having at least one indicia such as a letter, number, symbol or the like. A first form of the desired indicia is cut out from a plastic backing sheet. A second form of the desired indicia is cut out from flexible EL lamp of the form mentioned above.

Abstract: Provided is a method for fabricating an organic EL device that can prevent delamination of an electrode. The method includes: forming electrode separators on a substrate, the electrode separators being spaced apart by a constant distance from one another; and depositing an electrode material on an entire surface of the substrate including the electrode separators to form an electrode separated by the electrode separators. According to the present invention, since the anode is automatically separated in the unit of pixels due to the existence of the electrode separator, delamination of the anode can be prevented, and further product reliability can be enhanced. Also, since a complicated photolithography process is not needed, process efficiency can be enhanced.

Abstract: A display panel is formed on a substrate and includes display pixels with at least one light emissive layer and at least one electrode layer or cathode deposited on or over said light emissive layer. The display panel further includes electrically conductive structures shunting the electrode layer. The barrier structures separating the display pixels may be used as the electrically conductive structures.

Abstract: An organic light emitting element which can employ non-sublimable (non-volatile) or insoluble materials while keeping the same level of light emission as prior art is provided. Dispersive particles (202a) of an insoluble organic material that is dispersed in a solvent (201) in which a soluble organic material (203a) is dissolved is applied to a substrate (200) that has an electrode. Then, the solvent (201) is vaporized by heat treatment to form a uniform film (203b) of the soluble organic material in which aggregations (clusters) of the insoluble organic material are scattered. Since the soluble organic material film (203b) is thoroughly uniform. defects such as breakdown can be avoided to make it a fully functional organic light emitting element.

Abstract: A dispersion-type EL element is a dispersion-type electroluminescent element with at least a transparent coating layer, a transparent conductive layer, a phosphor layer, a dielectric layer and a rear electrode layer sequentially formed on a base film surface. The transparent coating layer can be peeled off the surface of the base film. The transparent conductive layer is formed by applying a coating liquid composed mainly of conductive oxide particles and a binder on a surface of the transparent coating layer, applying compression processing to the applied layer and then curing the compressed layer.

Abstract: An organic light emitting device includes a transistor having gate, source, and drain electrodes, and first electrode connected to one of the source or drain electrodes. The device also includes an emitting layer positioned on the first electrode and a second electrode positioned on the emitting layer. Each of the source and drain electrodes includes first, second, and third layers having different tapered angles. The first electrode may include a metallic layer and a conductive layer, with a tapered angle of the metallic layer being different from a tapered angle of the conductive layer.

Abstract: A combined electrochromic/electroluminescent device includes at least one pixel 101-104. Each pixel includes a substrate 107 having an electrically conductive surface 105, and an electrochemically active counter electrode layer 110 disposed on the electrically conductive surface. An electrolyte layer 115 which provides electrolytes is disposed on the counter electrode 110. An electrically conductive layer 125 is disposed on the electrolyte layer 115. An electroactive layer 130 is disposed on the electrically conductive layer 125, the electroactive layer providing both electroluminescence and an electrochromically active working electrode, wherein the electrically conductive layer 125 provides transport of electrolytes therethrough.

Abstract: The invention provides an organic electroluminescent device and a method of manufacturing the same which conveniently reduce or suppress the transfer of ionic impurities into a light-emitting layer, and reduce or prevent the light-emitting property in the light-emitting layer from degrading, which promotes life extension. An organic electroluminescent device includes a functional layer having at least a light-emitting layer between a first electrode and a second electrode. At least a part of the functional layer is formed of the inorganic ion exchange material added to the functional material to form the functional layer.

Abstract: An organic EL element has excellent features as compared with other electroluminescent elements, but on the other hand, has a problem that the life of the element is not sufficiently long. In addition, since the organic EL element is expected to be applied to a mobile display and the like, it is also important to improve power efficiency. Hence, an object of the invention is to provide an element structure to realize an improvement in power efficiency and an improvement in the life of the element at the same. In the construction of an organic EL element of the invention, the first electroluminescent film 303 is sandwiched by the first anode 302 and a cathode 304, and the second electroluminescent film 305 and the second anode 306 are laminated over the cathode 304. At this time, the first anode 302 is put into contact with the second anode 306 to form a parallel circuit to decrease an electric current passing through the respective electroluminescent films.

Abstract: The unlit margin of a first EL lamp is covered by the lit edge of a second EL lamp to provide a substantially seamless lit area. The lamps are joined mechanically. The EL lamps are connected in parallel electrically by conductive tape overlying at least a portion of the bus bars of the lamps. A plurality of lamps can be joined together to provide an EL lamp substantially larger than obtainable by other means.

Abstract: An electroluminescent panel having a front electrode overlying a translucent sheet, a phosphor layer overlying the front electrode, a dielectric layer overlying the phosphor layer, and a rear electrode overlying the dielectric layer, the electroluminescent panel further includes a mask layer between the front electrode and the phosphor layer, wherein the mask layer is patterned to define graphics optically and electrically. A layer other than the mask layer can also be patterned.

Abstract: A light-emitting element of the present invention, includes: a porous light-emitting body including an insulator having a void and an inorganic phosphor particle; and at least two electrodes provided so as to contact with a surface of the light-emitting body. A voltage is applied to the at least two electrodes so as to generate discharge, and the light-emitting body is pumped by the discharge so as to emit light. Thereby, a light-emitting element that is reduced in a deterioration of brightness and a degradation of reliability of phosphors and does not require the vacuum encapsulation and the application of a high voltage, which are required for glow discharge, and still-higher level of thin-film technology can be provided. By arranging these light-emitting elements two-dimensionally in a matrix form, a flat display device with a simple configuration can be provided at a low cost.

Abstract: The electroluminescent element includes a first electrode, a first dielectric layer formed on the first electrode, a second dielectric layer formed opposed to the first dielectric layer, a second electrode formed on the second dielectric layer, a phosphor layer sandwiched between the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer, and a photoelectric conversion layer that generates electron-hole pairs by light from the phosphor layer, the photoelectric conversion layer being sandwiched between the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer. At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is transparent or translucent.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence display in which an insulating layer underlying a lower electrode is selectively formed in each of R, G, and B sub-pixels to prevent the shifting of chromaticity coordinates and reduce power consumption, and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The organic electroluminescence display includes a substrate including a plurality of sub-pixel regions, each of the sub-pixel regions include including an emitting region and a non-emitting region and emits a predetermined color of light, a plurality of driving units provided in the non-emitting region of each sub-pixel region, a plurality of pixel electrodes provided in the emitting region of each sub-pixel region and connected with one of the respective driving units, and an insulating layer provided under the pixel electrodes, wherein the insulating layer is provided on an entire surface of the substrate except for at least one of the emitting regions in the sub-pixel regions.

Abstract: Electroluminescent (EL) devices structures are provided comprising a hot electron stopper layer structure to capture hot electrons and dissipate their energy, thereby reducing damage to the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer and reducing other hot electron effects, such as charging effects, which impact reliability of EL device structures. The stopper layer structure may comprise a single layer or multiple layers provided between the TCO electrode layer and the emitter structure, and may also function to reduce diffusion or chemical interactions between the TCO and the emitter layer structure. Optionally, stopper layers may also be provided within the emitter structure. Suitable stopper layer materials are wideband gap semiconductors or dielectrics, preferably transparent at wavelengths emitted by the EL device characterized by high impact ionization rates, and/or high relative permittivity relative to adjacent layers of the emitter structure.

Abstract: An improved fine grained zinc sulfide phosphor is provided for use in ac electroluminescent displays. The fine-grained zinc sulfide phosphor film exhibits improved luminance and may be used in conjunction with a structure or substance to minimize or prevent reaction of the fine grained phosphor with oxygen. The invention is particularly applicable to zinc sulfide phosphors used in electroluminescent displays that employ thick dielectric layers subject to high processing temperatures to form and activate the phosphor films.

Abstract: A tandem organic electroluminescent device. The tandem organic electroluminescent device comprises a substrate having a pixel thin film transistor. A rib with chambered corners is formed on the substrate, surrounding a display region. A protrusion is formed in the display region. A plurality of organic light emitting diodes is stacked vertically in the display region, covering the protrusion, wherein each organic light emitting diode comprises a top electrode, an organic electroluminescent layer, and a bottom electrode. The bottom electrode of the bottommost organic light emitting diode is electrically connected to the pixel thin film transistor. A common electrode electrically connected to the top electrode of the topmost organic light emitting diode directly over the protrusion.

Abstract: An inorganic light emitting device includes a first emission layer that includes a first electrode, a first dielectric layer, a first sub-emission layer, a second dielectric layer and a first auxiliary electrode sequentially stacked on a substrate, a second emission layer that includes the first auxiliary electrode and a third dielectric layer, a second sub-emission layer, a fourth dielectric layer and a second auxiliary electrode sequentially stacked on the first auxiliary electrode, and a third emission layer that includes the second auxiliary electrode and a fifth dielectric layer, a third sub-emission layer, a sixth dielectric layer and a second electrode sequentially stacked on the second auxiliary electrode.

Abstract: A ceramic body comprising a wavelength converting material is disposed in the path of light emitted by the light emitting region of a semiconductor structure comprising a light emitting region disposed between an n-type region and a p-type region. A layer of transparent material is also disposed in the path of light emitted by the light emitting region. The transparent material may connect the ceramic body to the semiconductor structure. Particles configured to scatter light emitted by the light emitting region are disposed in the layer of adhesive material. In some embodiments the particles are phosphor; in some embodiments the particles are not a wavelength-converting material.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for electroluminescent display elements which are glass supported. These electroluminescent display elements include an EL element or nixel structure that makes use of two rear or substantially same-sided electrodes that are electrically separated by a small gap or other non-conductive (e.g., insulating) material, but that generally cover the rear area of the EL element or nixel laminate. This EL element has a glass plate applied on the other side of the EL element. These EL elements may be made by growing the layers one on top of the other on one side on the glass plate, or a free standing EL element may be made using a ceramic substrate having a front surface onto which the layers are deposited. The back surface of the ceramic substrate may then be ground down to be thinner and the two back electrodes applied to this back surface, after which a glass plate is applied to the other side of the element.

Abstract: A picture element for an electro-luminescent display comprises a substrate, a first intermediate structure disposed above a first area of the substrate, at least one first color type electro-luminescent device disposed above the first intermediate structure, a second intermediate structure disposed above a second area of the substrate, and at least one second color type electro-luminescent device disposed above the second intermediate structure. The second intermediate structure is different from the first intermediate structure.

Abstract: A light-emitting device is provided, which includes a first substrate, a first pair of electrodes formed above the first substrate, a second substrate disposed apart from the first substrate, a second pair of electrodes formed above the second substrate, a selective permeable layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a first light-emitting layer disposed between the first substrate and the selective permeable layer, a second light-emitting layer disposed between the second substrate and selective permeable layer. The first light-emitting layer contains a first light-emitting material which emits light through an electrochemical oxidation or reduction thereof and a supporting salt. The second light-emitting layer contains a second light-emitting material which emits light through an electrochemical oxidation or reduction thereof and a supporting salt.

Abstract: A semi-transmissive film is provided underneath a transparent electrode of an organic EL element. The optical length of the interval between the upper surface of the semi-transmissive film and the lower surface of a counter electrode serving as a reflective layer is configured such that this interval functions as a microresonator for selecting light having a specific wavelength. Further, a light-shielding film is provided in a position corresponding to the peripheral portion of the semi-transmissive film, so as to prevent light having a different color from being ejected due to non-uniformity in the optical length.

Abstract: A display device and a method of manufacturing the display device include a substrate having a first region and a second region disposed at a peripheral portion of the first region. The substrate includes a plurality of first electrodes disposed on the first region and an insulation member selectively disposed in the first region. The insulating member has a plurality of openings which expose a portion corresponding to the first electrodes. The substrate includes light emitting patterns disposed on the first electrodes through the openings and the substrate has a second electrode disposed on the light emitting patterns. Accordingly, the thickness of the light emitting patterns is uniform so that the quality of an image generated from the light emitting patterns is improved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a both-side light emitting organic EL display device including a reflection film having an opening and a first electrode formed on the reflection film and in the opening. An organic layer is formed on the first electrode, and a second electrode is formed on the organic layer. The opening corresponds to a central portion of the first electrode.

Abstract: There are disclosed an organic electro luminescence display device that is adaptive for preventing its light emitting efficiency and picture quality from being deteriorated, and a fabricating method thereof. An organic electro luminescence display device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes an organic electro luminescence array having first and second electrodes formed on a substrate with an organic light emitting layer therebetween, and a barrier rib in parallel to any one of the first and second electrodes; a protective barrier rib formed to be connected to each of the barrier ribs and to enclose the organic electro luminescence array; and at least one dummy barrier rib located at a corner area of the protective barrier rib and connected to the barrier rib and the protective barrier rib.

Abstract: A display device includes a substrate, a display portion formed on the substrate, an upper layer which covers the display portion, and a gas barrier layer provided between at least a part of the substrate and the display portion. The gas barrier layer is positioned near to the position which forms a neutral plane when bending moment in a direction in which the substrate is warped acts on the overall display device.

Abstract: A reflective layer for reflecting light incident from a second substrate side and transmitting through a second electrode made of ITO or the like is formed above a first substrate, a switching element provided for each pixel, and an insulating film covering the switching element, the reflective layer being insulated from the switching element. A first electrode having a work function similar to the second electrode and made of a transparent conductive material such as ITO is formed more proximate to a liquid crystal layer than is the reflective layer and is connected to the switching element. The thickness of the first electrode is set to 100 ? or less or in a range approximately from 750 ? to 1250 ?. Alternatively, the switching element maybe connected to the reflective electrode, the first electrode and the reflective electrode which are formed with an insulating film therebetween may be capacitively coupled, and the first electrode may be driven by the reflective electrode via the capacitor.

Abstract: A luminescence display panel 20 includes: a flexible transparent substrate 1; a transparent electrode 3 formed on the transparent substrate 1, over a luminescence region and a non-luminescence region; and auxiliary electrodes 5a and 5b formed on the transparent electrode 3, over the non-luminescence region. Electric insulation layers 7a, 7c, and 7d are formed over the non-luminescence region of the transparent electrode 3, so as to cover the auxiliary electrodes 5a and 5b. An organic luminescence part 9 is formed on the transparent electrode, at least over the luminescence region. A rear electrode 11 is formed on the organic luminescence part 9.

Abstract: A thermal emitter device includes a cavity structure that comprises an active medium for allowing thermal emissions to occur. A photonic crystal structure is positioned on one side of the cavity structure. The photonic crystal structure comprises alternating layers of high index and low index materials and acts as a first mirror for the cavity structure. A highly reflective mirror structure is positioned on another side of the cavity structure and acting as both the high-temperature source of radiation and a second mirror for the cavity structure.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting diode and method of fabricating the same. The organic light-emitting diode includes a first substrate, a first electrode installed on an inner surface of the first substrate, an organic light-emitting layer installed on the first electrode, a second electrode installed on the organic light-emitting layer, an oxide layer formed on the second electrode, and a second substrate bound to the inner surface of the first substrate to form an airtight space.

Abstract: A novel and improved composite thick film dielectric structure is provided to improve the operating stability of phosphors used in thick dielectric ac electroluminescent displays. The novel structure comprises one or more aluminum oxide layers disposed between the composite thick dielectric layer and the bottom of the phosphor layer of these displays.

Abstract: The invention provides a display device (26) including a plurality of discrete display segments (2). Each display segment (2) is provided with a drive circuit for driving the display elements arranged within the display area. The display device may be provided either as a passive, active or direct pixel addressed array. By interconnecting a number of display segments, a large area display can be achieved without the requirement for long electrodes. This reduces the electrical resistance and parasitic capacitance of the addressing electrodes, enabling the display to provide improved luminance in a displayed image and to operate at higher speeds, providing improved resolution. An active matrix addressing scheme can also be implemented using relatively low mobility organic thin film transistors.

Abstract: An alternating current driving type quantum dot electroluminescent device includes; a first electrode, a second electrode, a quantum dot light-emitting layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and at least one layer selected from the group consisting of a tunneling layer, a bipolar layer, a dielectric layer, an insulating layer, and a combination of layers thereof, disposed between at least one of the first electrode and the quantum dot light-emitting layer, and the second electrode and the quantum dot light-emitting layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electroluminescent panel arrangement (10) having a dielectric (11), an active layer (12), and first (13) and second electrodes (14) which are disposed on the side of the bottom and the front of the panel, respectively, and are connectable to a voltage generator (15). The second electrode (14) is made of a transparent material. The dielectric (11), the active layer (12) and the first electrode (13) are individually coated with active substance and binder dry residues. The binder is identical to the dielectric (11) for the active layer (12) and the first electrode (13). According to the invention, the binder contains 60-70% solvent mixture, 5-15% PVC, 35-10% acrylate, 0-5%, typically less than 0.5%, oleic acid amide.

Abstract: Fluorescent screens and display systems and devices based on such screens using at least one excitation optical beam to excite one or more fluorescent materials on a screen which emit light to form images. The fluorescent materials may include phosphor materials and non-phosphor materials such as quantum dots. A screen may include a multi-layer dichroic layer.

Abstract: An electroluminescence display device including a substrate, a corrugated structure formed on the substrate, wherein the corrugated structure disperses light through diffraction and reflection; and a first electrode layer, a first insulation layer, a fluorescent layer, a second insulation layer, and a second electrode layer sequentially formed on the substrate to follow the shape of the corrugated structure.

Abstract: An active matrix type organic electroluminescent device includes a plurality of pixels disposed on a substrate. A pixel includes a driving area and a light-emitting area. The light-emitting area comprises a gate insulating layer formed over a substrate, an interlayer insulating layer formed on the gate insulating layer, a first pixel electrode disposed over the interlayer insulating layer and coupled to a driving thin film transistor, a passivation layer interposed between the interlayer insulating layer and the first pixel electrode, a second pixel electrode disposed over the first pixel electrode, and a light-emitting layer interposed between the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode. The substrate, the gate insulating layer, the interlayer insulating layer, the first pixel electrode, and the passivation layer each have a refractive index of 1.4 to 1.6.