Abstract: The xenon lamp for a projector, the xenon lamp comprises a light-emitting tube and an anode and a cathode that are arranged inside the light-emitting tube so as to face each other through a gap in a first direction, the anode including: a body part and a chip part whose cross-sectional area cut along a first plane orthogonal to the first direction is smaller than the cross-sectional area of the body part, the chip part including: a first part joined to the body part, the first part protruding toward the cathode and having a tapered shape; and a second part joined to the first part, the second part protruding toward the cathode and having a shape such that an angle of inclination of an outer profile of the second part differs from an angle of inclination of an outer profile of the first part.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to an overvoltage protection assembly, and an electrode useable in pairs in such an overvoltage protection device. In various aspects, at least one electrode is made from a single piece of conductive source material to ensure its strength, reliability, and ease of manufacture. Still further, the electrode has a specific geometry selected to enhance electromagnetic effects experienced during high voltage, high current overvoltage events in a way that quickly relocates and dissipates an arc formed at a gap between an electrode pair, to ensure repeatable, reliable performance of the overvoltage protection device.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a substrate including a display area, a non-display area adjacent to the display area, and a pad area arranged in the non-display area; a display portion arranged in the display area and including pixels; a pad portion arranged in the pad area and including pads; and an insulating layer overlapping an edge of each of the pads and exposing a central portion of each of the pads, wherein the insulating layer includes at least one opening arranged between adjacent ones of the pads.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electrodialysis stack that may be used for the treatment of an electrically conductive solution. The stack includes two electrodes (at least one is a recessed electrode), a plurality of ion-transport membranes and stack spacers. The membranes and spacers are arranged between the electrodes to define electrodialysis cell pairs. The stack includes an electrically insulated zone that extends substantially from a distribution manifold past the recessed edge of the electrode and substantially from the recessed electrode to the opposite electrode for a distance that is about 8% to 100% of the total distance between the electrodes. The overlap distance that the electrically insulated zone extends past the recessed edge of the electrode is calculated as: distance in cm=(0.062 cm?1)*(exp(?60/total cp)*(area in cm2 of the manifold ducts of the concentrated stream at the recessed edge) +/?10%.

Abstract: A broadband radiation source is disclosed. The source may include a gas containment vessel configured to maintain a plasma and emit broadband radiation. The source may also include a recirculation gas loop fluidically coupled to the gas containment vessel. The recirculation gas loop may be configured to transport gas from one or more gas boosters configured to pressurize the low-pressure gas into a high-pressure gas and transport the high-pressure gas to the recirculation loop via an outlet. The system includes a pressurized gas reservoir fluidically coupled to the outlet of the one or more gas boosters and is configured to receive and store high pressure gas from the one or more gas boosters. The source includes a pressurized gas reservoir located between the one or more gas boosters and the gas containment vessel and is configured to receive and store high pressure gas from the one or more gas boosters.

Abstract: A backlight module is provided, including a light guide plate, an optical film, and a light source module. The optical film is disposed on the light guide plate and has an accommodating space. The light source module has at least one light-emitting surface, which can be divided into a light-emitting area and a frame area. The light-emitting area faces the light guide plate, and at least a portion of the frame area enters the accommodating space.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a tungsten alloy exhibiting characteristics equal to or higher in characteristics than those of a thorium-containing tungsten alloy, without using thorium which is a radioactive material, and a discharge lamp, a transmitting tube, and a magnetron using the tungsten alloy. According to the present invention, a tungsten alloy includes 0.1 to 5 wt % of Zr in terms of ZrC.

Abstract: A laser driven lamp includes a metallic main body having a columnar shape. The lamp also includes an ellipsoidal reflecting surface formed in the main body such that the ellipsoidal reflecting surface has a focal point at which the laser beam converges. The lamp also includes a light exit window in front of the ellipsoidal reflecting surface. The light exit window transmits ultraviolet light. The lamp also includes a laser beam passing hole formed at a predetermined position of the main body such that this hole penetrates the main body in an optical axial direction of the lamp. The lamp also includes a light entrance window behind the laser light passing hole such that the laser beam is incident to the light entrance window. The main body, the light exit window and the light entrance window form a closed space to contain a light emitting gas.

Abstract: An electron tube includes a housing having an internal space airtightly sealed, and an electrode configured to generation or detection of energy by electron emission in the internal space. The housing has a main body part made of an insulating material and formed with a recess constituting the internal space, and a lid part fixed to the main body part so as to close an opening of the recess. The recess expands toward the opening side. The main body part is fixed with a penetrating member that is electrically connected to the electrode and passes through the main body part. The penetrating member has an internal space projecting part that projects from a bottom surface of the recess into the internal space.

Abstract: Disclosed is a display apparatus including a display panel on which an image is displayed. The outdoor display apparatus may include a light source module including a light source configured to generate light, and disposed behind the display panel, a rear chassis configured to support the light source module and disposed behind the light source module, a heat collection device supported by the rear chassis and including a heat collection part disposed to correspond to the light source module and a discharge part configured to discharge heat collected in the heat collection part and transferred to the discharge part, and a heat discharge device configured to discharge the heat discharged from the discharge part to an outside of the display apparatus.

Abstract: Invention provides extending the functional possibilities of a light source with laser pumping due to increasing its spatial and energy stability brightness and the reliability under long-term operation whilst ensuring compactness of the device. The result is achieved due to the fact that a focused laser beam is directed into a region of radiating plasma from the bottom upwards: from the lower wall of a chamber to an upper wall of the chamber which is opposite said lower wall, and the region of radiating plasma is arranged close to the upper wall of the chamber. In embodiments of the invention, the focused laser beam is directed along a vertical axis of symmetry of the walls of the chamber, the region of radiating plasma is produced at an optimally small distance away from the upper wall of the chamber and determined radiation power is maintained via an automated control system.

Abstract: An electrode (1) for a high-pressure discharge lamp, having an electrode head (3) and an electrode rod (2), connected to electrode head (3) and defines a longitudinal axis (L). The electrode head (3) comprises a main section (4) on the same side as the electrode rod (2), an intermediate section (5) and an end section (9) on the opposite side from the electrode rod (2). The end surface of the end section (9) of the electrode head (3) is formed at least approximately semicircularly, and at least one subsection of the intermediate section (5) is cylindrically shaped. The extent (D2) of the cylindrical subsection of the intermediate section (5) in at least one direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis is greater than the diameter (D3) of the semicircular end surface of the end section (9), but less than the largest transverse extent (D1) of the main section.

Abstract: A lamp electrode module includes a lamp cap, a spring electrode, a bottom electrode and a first insulation member. The lamp electrode has an inner sidewall surrounded by an internal thread and an inner bottom surface adjacent to the inner sidewall. The spring electrode has a helix portion wedged in the internal thread and a first connecting portion extended from the helix portion and located inside the lamp cap. The bottom electrode includes a contacting portion abutting against an outer surface opposite to the inner surface and a second connecting portion passing through the lamp cap and erecting on the inner bottom surface. The first insulation member covers the helix portion of the spring electrode and the inner sidewall of the lamp cap.

Abstract: A detector element with one or more attached antenna for the detection of high energy transmissions, including microwaves, lasers, electromagnetic signals, RF waves, radiation, and/or other transmissions emitted by a source including a weapon system. The element may also be used as a safety device to warn and alert personnel working around high energy devices of electromagnetic leaks.

Abstract: The invention describes a high intensity gas-discharge lamp (1) comprising a discharge vessel (5, 5?) enclosing a fill gas in a discharge chamber (2) and comprising a pair of electrodes (3, 3?, 4, 4?) extending into the discharge chamber (2), and wherein the fill gas includes a halide composition comprising a halide of sodium and, optionally, scandium iodide to a total proportion of at least 30 wt %, and a halide of terbium and/or gadolinium to a proportion of at least 5 wt %.

Abstract: A high-pressure discharge lamp having a starting aid and having a discharge vessel is disclosed, wherein the discharge vessel has two ends with seals, in which electrodes and possibly power supply lines are fastened, wherein the starting aid includes a wire system consisting of a core wire and a wrapping wire applied thereto, wherein the wrapping wire is a flat-pressed or flattened wire.

Abstract: A first excimer lamp includes: a quartz glass-made light-emitting tube containing an excimer emission gas sealed therein; and a pair of electrodes for generating dielectric barrier discharge. One of the pair of electrodes is disposed in the inner space of the light-emitting tube so as to extend in the direction of a tube axis of the light-emitting tube, and the other one of the pair of electrodes is embedded in the tube wall of the light-emitting tube so as to extend in the direction of the tube axis of the light-emitting tube. The one electrode is electrically connected to a conductive foil hermetically embedded in an end portion of the light-emitting tube.

Abstract: A spark gap switch for high power ultra-wideband electromagnetic wave radiation is provided. The spark gap switch includes a casing, electrodes, brackets and an electrode protrusion. Openings are formed in respective opposite ends of the casing. The electrodes are installed in the casing at positions spaced apart from each other in such a way that the electrodes face each other and are disposed inside the openings. The brackets are installed in the respective openings of the casing. The brackets fasten rear ends of the corresponding electrodes to the casing. The electrode protrusion is provided on a central portion of at least either of the electrodes to induce stabilized discharge. The maximum diameter of the electrodes is smaller than the inner diameter of the casing so that the circumferential outer surfaces of the electrodes do not make contact with the circumferential inner surface of the casing.

Abstract: An array of microcavity plasma devices is formed in a unitary sheet of oxide with embedded microcavities or microchannels and encapsulated metal driving electrodes isolated by oxide from the microcavities or microchannels and arranged so as to generate sustain a plasma in the embedded microcavities or microchannels upon application of time-varying voltage when a plasma medium is contained in the microcavities or microchannels.

Abstract: A short arc type mercury lamp structure has Hg and a rare gas which are enclosed inside a light-emitting tube. Kr is enclosed as the rare gas. It is possible to realize the initial intensity of radiation at the same level as in the case in which Ar is enclosed and prevent a sudden decrease in the intensity of radiation when the lamp is lighted for a long time. The longevity of the lamp is greatly increased than that of a lamp in which Ar is enclosed. The anode satisfies the formula: 1?r/(d0×tan ?)?0.66, where r (mm) is the radius of the leading end surface of the anode, ?(°) is the angle between the electrode axis and the taper surface in the axial cross-section of the anode, and d0 (mm) is the inter-electrode distance.

Abstract: A mercury-free metal halide lamp for a vehicle according to an embodiment includes an airtight vessel 1 provided with a light-emitting part 11 with a discharge space 111 inside, a metal halide 2 and a rare gas sealed in the discharge space 111, and a pair of electrodes 32 disposed so that the tip ends of the respective electrodes 32 face each other in the discharge space 111. The electrodes 32 and the discharge space 111 do not contain thorium. When an electric power supplied to the lamp during a stable lighting period is represented by P (W), a value obtained by adding up the electric power supplied to the lamp during a period between 1 second and 40 seconds after the startup of the lamp is represented by WL (W), and the diameter of the electrodes 32 is represented by D (mm), P (W) satisfies 20?P?30 and WL/D (W/mm) satisfies 4300?WL/D?7400.

Abstract: Disclosed are devices and methods related to flat gas discharge tubes (GDTs). In some embodiments, a plurality of GDTs can be fabricated from an insulator plate having a first side and a second side, with the insulator plate defining a plurality of openings. Each opening can be covered by first and second electrodes on the first and second sides of the insulator plate to thereby define an enclosed gas volume configured for GDT operation. Various examples related to such GDTs, including electrode configurations, opening configurations, pre-ionization features, grouping of a GDT with another GDT or device, and packaging configurations, are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention describes a discharge lamp (1) comprising a quartz glass envelope (10), a discharge chamber (11) and a pair of electrodes (2), wherein an outer end portion (2A) of an electrode (2) overlaps a conductive foil (3) embedded in a pinch (12) of the quartz glass envelope (10), and wherein the electrode (2) comprises an inner structured zone (ZB) in an inner portion (2B) of the electrode (2) between the conductive foil (3) and the discharge chamber (11), and an outer structured zone (ZA) over the outer end portion (2A) of the electrode (2), and wherein the outer structured zone (ZA) and the inner structured zone (ZB) are different from each other. The invention also describes a method of manufacturing an electrode (2) for use in a discharge lamp (1). The invention further describes an electrode (2) for use in a discharge lamp (1).

Abstract: An AC, rf, or pulse-excited microdischarge device and array are provide by the invention. A preferred array includes a substrate. A plurality of microdischarge cavities that contain discharge medium are in the substrate. A transparent layer seals the discharge medium in the microdischarge cavites. Electrodes stimulate the discharge medium. The microdischarge cavities are physically isolated from the electrodes by dielectric and arranged relative to the electrodes such that ac, rf, or pulsed excitation applied to the electrodes stimulates plasma excitation of the discharge medium. The microdischarge cavities are sized to produce plasma within the microdischarge cavities.

Abstract: As the antireflection film of solar cells, a nitride film was used which was conventionally formed by reduced pressure plasma CVD. However, reducing solar cell production costs has been difficult due to high equipment costs and processing costs involved in reduced pressure treatment. By means of a plasma head comprising multiple plasma head unit members which, arranged in rows, apply an electric or magnetic field via a dielectric member and generate plasma, this CVD film production method forms a nitride film with atmospheric pressure plasma CVD using dielectric-barrier discharge. The dielectric discharge is capable of forming a glow discharge plasma stable even at atmospheric pressure, and, by generating and reacting different plasmas from neighboring plasma outlets, it is possible to form a nitride film in atmospheric pressure, making it possible to produce low-cost solar cells.

Abstract: An electrically heated planar cathode for use in miniature x-ray tubes may be spiral design laser cut from a thin tantalum alloy ribbon foil (with grain stabilizing features). Bare ribbon is mounted to an aluminum nitride substrate in a manner that is puts the ribbon in minimal tension before it is machined into the spiral pattern. The spiral pattern can be optimized for electrical, thermal, and emission characteristics.

Abstract: Methods for improving the efficiency of infrared (IR) halogen lamps and IR halogen lamps having improved efficiency are disclosed. In a method of aligning a filament in a lamp body, the lamp body having the filament therein is rotated, and tubular end portions are heated and necked down which may assist in positioning the filament within the lamp and reduce end losses. IR halogen lamps formed from glass tubes having an OD less than 5 mm are also disclosed. The reduced diameter of the glass tubing increases the surface area for IR energy reflection and reduces end losses. Spuds or beads may be used to position the filament within the lamp.

Abstract: A discharge tube of the present invention includes a glass bulb in which noble gas is enclosed, a pair of electrodes protruding from both ends of the glass bulb in the longitudinal direction of the glass bulb, and a connector connected to each of the electrodes. Each of the electrodes includes at least an axis section and a large-diameter section with a step section and a circumferential face. The step section has a first latching section for latching onto the connector. The circumferential face has a contact section with which the connector comes in contact. The connector includes a connector body into which the electrode is inserted, a second latching section for latching onto the first latching section of the electrode, and a connecting section connected to the contact section of the electrode. This achieves a discharge tube with high connection reliability and high heat radiation efficiency, and a light-emitting apparatus provided with this discharge tube.

Abstract: An electrode (1) for a high-pressure discharge lamp, having an electrode head (3) and an electrode rod (2), connected to electrode head (3) and defines a longitudinal axis (L). The electrode head (3) comprises a main section (4) on the same side as the electrode rod (2), an intermediate section (5) and an end section (9) on the opposite side from the electrode rod (2). The end surface of the end section (9) of the electrode head (3) is formed at least approximately semicircularly, and at least one subsection of the intermediate section (5) is cylindrically shaped. The extent (D2) of the cylindrical subsection of the intermediate section (5) in at least one direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis is greater than the diameter (D3) of the semicircular end surface of the end section (9), but less than the largest transverse extent (D1) of the main section.

Abstract: A discharge lamp (1) comprising a discharge vessel (4), at least one electrode (22, 24) arranged within the discharge vessel, wherein at least parts of the electrode (22) are provided with a particle composite coating (32) made up of a matrix layer and particles embedded in the matrix layer, wherein the extinction coefficient k of the material for the matrix layer is less than 0.1 in the spectral range between 600 nm and 2 ?m, and wherein the extinction coefficient k of the material for the particles is greater than 0.1 in the spectral range between 600 nm and 2 ?m.

Abstract: A high-pressure discharge lamp having an ignition aid may be provided, having a discharge vessel that is surrounded by gas, wherein the discharge vessel includes two ends having fusings in which electrodes are secured, wherein an ignition aid is fastened on at least one fusing, wherein the ignition aid has a local field amplifier in the form of a tip or a curved part, wherein the ignition aid is configured to cause a corona discharge in the surrounding gas which emits UV radiation into the discharge vessel.

Abstract: In various embodiments, an electrode for a discharge lamp is provided. The electrode may include a metal pin that has a section around which a coil made of metal wire is wound, wherein the metal wire is flattened.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a metal halide lamp in which arc discharge in the initial stage of lamp lighting can be stabilized. A metal halide lamp includes a translucent outer tube with a base formed at one end thereof and a light-emitting portion disposed in the outer tube. This metal halide lamp is configured as a vertical mounting type such that the base thereof looks toward the upper side. The discharge tube has mercury and metal halides enclosed therein. Assuming that a lamp rated power is P [W], then a mercury concentration d(Hg) [?mol/cm3] in the discharge tube falls within a range of values of ±10% of a mercury concentration d(Hg) obtained by the following equation “d(Hg)=0.0007P2?0.4113P+99.557”.

Abstract: The multi-micro hollow cathode light source has a cathode plate, an insulation plate, an anode plate, and metal pieces. The insulation plate is sandwiched by the cathode plate and the anode plate. The cathode plate is made of copper. The centers of the cathode plate, insulation plate, and anode plate, are provided with holes, respectively. The holes form a penetrating though-hole. Linear slots are disposed in the cathode plate continuously extending from the hole in a cross shape. Each slot penetrates the cathode plate. Four metal pieces made of materials different from one another are inserted and buried in the four slots.

Abstract: [Problems] Disclosed is a surge absorber which can absorb a surge having a long wave tail, wherein a stable sparkover voltage is obtained without applying a discharging aid to electrodes. [Means for Solving the Problems] The surge absorber is comprised of a pair of terminal electrode members (2) which are opposed to each other; and the insulation tube (3) on which the pair of terminal electrode members (2) are disposed on opposite ends thereof and that has a discharge control gas sealed therein. Bulging electrode elements (4) having an expanded center portion (4a) are formed on the inner surfaces of the terminal electrode members (2). The bulging electrode elements (4) contain metal which can emit more electrons than the terminal electrode members (2).

Abstract: An electrode structure configured to operate in a discharge lamp and a method to make such an electrode structure are described. The electrode structure includes an electrode head portion comprising a plurality of raised features arranged in a configuration such that an average pitch of the plurality of raised features is at least 105%. The method includes providing an electrode configured to operate in the discharge lamp and forming raised features on an electrode head portion of the electrode at an average pitch of at least 105%.

Abstract: An ionization device comprises: a plasma source configured to generate a plasma. The plasma comprises light, plasma ions and plasma electrons. The plasma source comprises an aperture disposed such that at least part of the light passes through the aperture and is incident on a gas sample. The ionization device further comprises an ionization region; and a plasma deflection device comprising a plurality of electrodes configured to establish an electric field, wherein the electric field substantially prevents the plasma ions from entering the ionization region.

Abstract: An atmospheric plasma apparatus and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed. The atmospheric plasma apparatus includes an anode, a cathode, and an insulation medium disposed between the anode and the cathode. An ionizable gas is filled between the anode and the cathode. The cathode includes a plurality of plasma generating and removing units, each of which includes a plasma generating region and a plasma removing region. The plasma generating regions and the plasma removing regions are distributed uniformly and equal to each other in area. Any two plasma removing regions among every three plasma removing regions which are adjacent to each other have a same center-to-center distance. In this way, erosion caused by the plasma to the cathode and the insulation medium may be reduced to prolong the service life of the atmospheric plasma apparatus, and uniformity of cleaning of a substrate surface may be improved.

Abstract: The invention describes a method of manufacturing an electrode (1) for a gas-discharge lamp, which method comprises forming an electrode shaft (10); forming a coil (2) over a winding length (L W); arranging the coil (2) on the electrode shaft (10); and melting material of the coil (2) such that, when the melted coil material has re-solidified, the solidified material (30,31) comprises a one-piece shell (3), which one-piece shell (3) comprises a fused portion (30) over a fraction (L T) of the winding length (L W) and a mantle portion (31) over a remainder (L B) of the winding length (L W).

Abstract: A spark gap switch for high power ultra-wideband electromagnetic wave radiation is provided. The spark gap switch includes a casing, electrodes, brackets and an electrode protrusion. Openings are formed in respective opposite ends of the casing. The electrodes are installed in the casing at positions spaced apart from each other in such a way that the electrodes face each other and are disposed inside the openings. The brackets are installed in the respective openings of the casing. The brackets fasten rear ends of the corresponding electrodes to the casing. The electrode protrusion is provided on a central portion of at least either of the electrodes to induce stabilized discharge. The maximum diameter of the electrodes is smaller than the inner diameter of the casing so that the circumferential outer surfaces of the electrodes do not make contact with the circumferential inner surface of the casing.

Abstract: Preferred embodiments of the invention provide microcavity plasma lamps having a plurality of metal and metal oxide layers defining a plurality of arrays of microcavities and encapsulated thin metal electrodes. Packaging encloses the plurality of metal and metal oxide layers in plasma medium. The metal and metal oxide layers are configured and arranged to vary the electric field strength and total gas pressure (E/p) in the lamp. The invention also provides methods of manufacturing a microcavity plasma lamp that simultaneously evacuate the volume within the packaging and a volume surrounding the packaging to maintain an insignificant or zero pressure differential across the packaging. The packaging is backfilled with a plasma medium while also maintaining an insignificant or zero pressure differential across the packaging.

Abstract: In a preferred method of formation embodiment, a thin metal foil or film is obtained or formed with microcavities (such as through holes). The foil or film is anodized symmetrically so as to form a metal-oxide film on the surface of the foil and on the walls of the microcavities. One or more self-patterned metal electrodes are automatically formed and simultaneously buried in the metal oxide created by the anodization process. The electrodes form in a closed circumference around each microcavity, and electrodes for adjacent microcavities can be isolated or connected. If the microcavity is cylindrical, the electrodes form as rings around each cavity.

Abstract: A printed circuit board manufacturing system and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. A method of manufacturing printed circuit board, comprising: providing a substrate that comprises a pad and an insulation layer covering the pad; acquiring an image of the substrate; acquiring location information of the pad by analyzing the image of the substrate; forming a via hole by removing a part of the insulation layer that corresponds the location information of the pad; and forming a via by filling the via hole with a conductive material, provides improved process conformity, even if the substrate has partial or nonlinear deformation, by considering the location information of the pad in the via hole forming. The improved conformity may allow more flexibility to substrate design and more integrity for circuitries on printed circuit board.

Abstract: An electrically heated planar cathode for use in miniature x-ray tubes may be spiral design laser cut from a thin tantalum alloy ribbon foil (with grain stabilizing features). Bare ribbon is mounted to an aluminum nitride substrate in a manner that is puts the ribbon in minimal tension before it is machined into the spiral pattern. The spiral pattern can be optimized for electrical, thermal, and emission characteristics.

Abstract: A field emission panel is provided. The field emission panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate, a sealing member and a plurality of spaces which are disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a plurality of concave portions which are formed on a surface of the first substrate, a plurality of cathode electrodes which are disposed within each of the plurality of concave portions, a plurality of field emission materials which are disposed on each of the cathode electrodes, a plurality of gate electrodes which are fixed to areas of the surface of the first substrate which separate the concave portions of the first substrate with a gap therebetween, a light emission unit which is disposed on the second substrate, and a charging prevention resistance unit which is disposed on the first substrate, on a gap between a pair of gate electrodes.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a lamp assembly, and particularly to a method of fixing a first light source and a second light source in a single lamp assembly. More specifically, the invention provides a lamp assembly and a mechanism for fixing at least two light sources therein, at least one of which is a compact fluorescent light source, an incandescent light source, or a halogen light source, and where the fixing mechanism used involves soldering the lead-in wires of the second light source to a printed circuit board of the lamp assembly, which is in operative connection with the lamp ballast.

Abstract: A short arc type discharge lamp that includes a body member a light permeable member a pair of an anode and a cathode. The pair of the anode and cathode is arranged with a gap at a focal position of the reflective face. The cathode has a cathode tip portion that is approximately conic and a cathode rod portion. The anode has an anode tip portion that has a tapering portion and a flat tip end portion. Further, an outer diameter of the tip of the anode flat tip end portion is smaller than the outer diameter of the cathode rod portion, and an outer diameter of a back end of the anode tip portion is larger than that of the cathode rod portion.

Abstract: A high pressure discharge lamp includes a light emission section in which a pair of electrodes is arranged, sealing portions formed from both ends of the light emission section, external leads, and a trigger wire provided near the light emission section. The trigger wire includes a first coil portion, which is wound from a vicinity of a boundary between the light emission section and one of the sealing portions towards an outer end of the one of sealing portions, and a linear stretch-across portion, which extends from the first coil portion near the light emission section towards the external lead extending from an outer end of the other sealing portion and is fixed to the external lead. A second coil portion is formed around the other sealing portion. The wire, which forms the stretch-across portion, is held between the second coil portion and the other sealing portion.

Abstract: A wire includes a first wire section is of a first material and a second wire section is of a second material different from the first material. A joining section is adjacent both the first and second wire sections, the joining section comprising a first end and a second end. The first end of the joining section is of a material that is compatible with the first material of the first wire section and the second end of the joining section is of a material that is compatible with the second material of the second wire section.

Abstract: In a mercury free arc tube provided with a sealed glass chamber in which at least metallic halide for main light emission is sealed as well as rare gas by pinch-sealing both end openings of a glass tube and electrode bars are opposite to each other, the tip of a region projecting into the sealed glass chamber of each the electrode bars is formed of a single crystal. Owing to repetition of ON/OFF of the arc tube, the crystal at the tip of the electrode bar grows but the shape of the electrode end face formed of the single crystal remains unchanged. Further, even if the tip of the electrode bar is gradually consumed by thermal load acting on the tip of the electrode bar, the entire shape of the electrode end face is consumed nearly uniformly so that decline of the luminescent spot does not occur during discharging.