Abstract: Disclosed are a new Mercury-free flat light source structure capable of enhancing and adjusting brightness, maintaining stable and uniform discharge, and improving luminous efficiency, and a large flat light source apparatus using the same Mercury-free flat light source structure as a unit cell capable of adjusting the brightness and causing local discharges in selected areas, and a driving method thereof.

Abstract: To provide a gas field ion source having a high angular current density, the gas field ion source is configured such that at least a base body of an emitter tip configuring the gas field ion source is a single crystal metal, such that the apex of the emitter tip is formed into a pyramid shape or a cone shape having a single atom at the top, and such that the extraction voltage in the case of ionizing helium gas by the single atom is set to 10 kV or more.

Abstract: A gas discharge lamp including a crystal tube, a connecting portion and a metal electrode rod is provided. The crystal tube includes at least one terminal portion and an axial segment. The terminal portion is located at an end of the axial segment. The connecting portion is constituted by N glass ring bands. The glass ring bands are connected to the terminal portion along the axial line in sequence. The first glass ring band connected to the terminal portion has a first coefficient of thermal expansion. The metal electrode rod is embedded in the terminal portion, and an end of the metal electrode rod away from the terminal portion is connected to the Nth glass ring band. The Nth glass ring band has a second coefficient of thermal expansion greater than the first coefficient of thermal expansion.

Abstract: A lamp device includes a lamp, a socket, two magnetic electrodes, and two electrode boxes. The lamp comprises a bulb portion, a stem portion, and two magnetic contacts. The socket has a receptacle portion configured to accept the lamp. The two magnetic electrodes are disposed in the receptacle portion. Each of the two electrode boxes encloses each of the two magnetic electrodes. The magnetic electrode is free to move in the electrode box, and the magnetic electrode makes an electrical contact all the time. The lamp device may further comprise a guiding groove and an insulating wall. The guiding groove may be provided on a bottom surface of the lamp between the two magnetic contacts.

Abstract: A high pressure discharge lamp comprises a pair of electrodes that face each other in an electric discharge container, wherein an electrode axis of each electrode is buried in a sealing portion, each electrode axis is joined to a metallic foil, two or more grooves are formed in an axis direction on a portion of the electrode axis, which corresponds to the sealing portion, an upper shoulder portion of each groove is formed in a shape of a curved surface, a diameter of the electrode axis is 0.3 mm to 1 mm, and a curvature radius of the curved surface upper shoulder portion is 5 ?m-50 ?m.

Abstract: A lamp having: an arc tube (30) including a main tube portion and a pair of thin tube portions (46) provided at ends of the main tube portion; and an adjacent conductor (78) including a strip-shaped metal plate. In the adjacent conductor (78), a portion of the metal plate in the direction of length thereof, from the middle of the metal plate to just before an edge thereof, is a gripping portion (92) having a shape suitable for gripping the outer circumferential of one of the thin tube portions (46). One end of the gripping portion (92) is a free end. The gripping portion (92) is disposed along an outer circumferential surface of the thin tube portion (46) so as to be in contact with the outer circumferential surface, and is elastically deformable in accordance with expansion in the radial direction of the thin tube portion (46).

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to high intensity discharge (“HID”) lamps which have an electrically insulating arc tube including a central portion with an interior discharge region and two legs each extending from an end of the central portion, the central portion being a larger size than the legs. Electrical conductors extend through each of the legs and are ending in electrode components which are spaced apart from each other in the discharge region. A light transmitting envelope encloses the arc tube, and a frame member is electrically attached to one of the electrical conductors. Pursuant to some embodiments, an ignition aid is provided which includes an electrically conductive element disposed on one of the legs. The ignition aid includes a conductive layer that extends from the electrically conductive element to the central portion.

Abstract: A high intensity discharge lamp includes an electrically insulating arc tube including a central portion with an interior discharge region and two legs each extending from an end of the central portion. The central portion is a larger size than the legs. Electrical conductors extend through each of the legs and are spaced apart from each other in the discharge region. A light transmitting envelope encloses the arc tube. A frame member is electrically attached to one of the conductors. An ignition aid includes an electrically conductive foil disposed around one of the legs and in electrical contact with the frame member. An electrically conductive crown disposed in electrical contact with the foil is located on or near the central portion.

Abstract: This disclosure features a high intensity discharge lamp comprising an electrically insulating arc tube comprised of light transmissive material. Electrical conductors or electrodes are each spaced apart from each other inside the arc tube. A shroud comprised of light transmissive material encloses the arc tube. An electrically conductive frame member is disposed in an interior of the shroud and is electrically connected to one of the electrical conductors. An ignition aid is electrically attached to the frame member and comprises a coil of electrically conductive wire that is disposed around the arc tube.

Abstract: A light source device which can also advantageously control the growth of the projection using the DMD type is achieved in a light source device which has an ultrahigh pressure discharge lamp) in which the silica glass discharge vessel is filled with greater than or equal to 0.15 mg/mm3 mercury and bromine; a feed device; an oval reflector; and a color wheel by the electrode on the side of the opening of the oval reflector of the discharge lamp having an increased diameter, and the relation 0.06<W/I2<0.96 between the volume W (mm3) of the tip area with increased diameter and the current value I being satisfied.

Abstract: In a preferred method of formation embodiment, a metal foil or film is obtained or formed with micro-holes. The foil is anodized to form metal oxide. One or more self-patterned metal electrodes are automatically formed and buried in the metal oxide created by the anodization process. The electrodes form in a closed circumference around each microcavity in a plane(s) transverse to the microcavity axis, and can be electrically isolated or connected. Preferred embodiments provide inexpensive microplasma device electrode structures and a fabrication method for realizing microplasma arrays that are lightweight and scalable to large areas. Electrodes buried in metal oxide and complex patterns of electrodes can also be formed without reference to microplasma devices—that is, for general electrical circuitry.

Abstract: A short arc type discharge lamp wherein a cathode and an anode are arranged opposite to each other in an interior of a light emitting tube and said cathode consists of a main body part with tungsten as the main constituent and an emitter part comprised of thoriated tungsten, wherein an oxygen content of the main body part of said cathode is lower than that of the emitter part, and band-shaped tungsten carbide is formed at the tip end face of the emitter part of said cathode.

Abstract: A discharge lamp with excellent arc stability and excellent durability in which the use level of thoriated tungsten is restrained has an anode and a cathode in the interior of a discharge vessel, wherein said cathode is made up from a thoriated tungsten part with a tungsten filling ratio of at least 90 vol.-% and a main body part connected to said thoriated tungsten part and consisting of pure tungsten, wherein a ratio ST/S of a side surface area ST of said thoriated tungsten part and a side surface area S of said cathode is in a range of from 0.005 to 0.15, with the proviso that, in case the cathode has a length in the direction of the cathode axis which exceeds twice the maximum diameter of the cathode, a side surface area S is used for calculating the ratio ST/S which corresponds to the side surface area where the distance along the cathode axis from a tip end adjacent to the anode is twice the maximum diameter of the cathode.

Abstract: A high pressure discharge lamp has an electric discharge container with sealing portions formed at both ends of a light emission section, and electrodes made of tungsten. The electrode has a base end which is buried in the sealing portion. Tips of the electrodes face each other in the light emission section. Purity of the tungsten is 99.99% or more. The electrode has a large diameter portion formed at the tip of the electrode and an axis portion whose diameter is smaller than that of the large diameter portion. A part of a surface of the large diameter portion has a concavo-convex structure where a portion having grooves in a circumference direction and a portion having no groove are asymmetrically formed with respect to an axis of the electrode.

Abstract: The present invention provides a ceramic-glass composite electrode and a fluorescent lamp having the same. The ceramic-glass composite electrode according to the present invention is a ceramic-glass composite, which is disposed at the ends of a glass tube of the fluorescent lamp. A stopper is disposed at the end of the glass tube for pushing against the ceramic-glass composite electrode and limiting the position of the ceramic-glass composite electrode slipped on the glass tube. Thereby, flowing of adhesives into the glass tube is avoided when the adhesives are used for gluing the glass tube and the ceramic-glass composite electrode, and hence extending the lifetime of the fluorescent lamp.

Abstract: The invention describes a mercury-free high-intensity gas-discharge lamp (1) comprising a discharge vessel (5) enclosing a fill gas in a discharge chamber (2) and comprising a pair of electrodes (3, 4) extending into the discharge chamber (2), for which lamp (1) the fill gas is derived from a salt fill introduced into the discharge chamber (2) prior to sealing, which salt fill is free of scandium and includes a halide composition comprising a sodium halide to a proportion of at least 65 wt % and at most 97.2 wt %,a thallium halide to a proportion of at least 2 wt % and at most 25 wt %, and an indium halide to a proportion of at least 0.5 wt % and at most 25 wt %. Eliminating the highly reactive scandium from the fill gas significantly improves lumen maintenance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrode device (1, 2) for gas discharge sources and to a gas discharge source having one or two of said electrode devices (1, 2). With the proposed design of the cover (8), an efficient cooling of the electrode wheel (7) is achieved, allowing high electrical powers for operating gas discharge sources with such an electrode device.

Abstract: A transparent glass substrate, associated with a transparent electrically conductive layer capable of constituting an electrode of a photovoltaic module, and composed of a doped oxide, characterized by the interposition, between the glass substrate and the transparent electrically conductive layer, of a layer of one or more first nitride(s) or oxynitride(s), or oxide(s) or oxycarbide(s) having good adhesive properties with the glass, then of a mixed layer of one or more second nitride(s) or oxynitride(s), or oxide(s) or oxycarbide(s) having good adhesive properties with the glass, and of one or more third nitride(s) or oxynitride(s), or oxide(s) or oxycarbide(s) capable of constituting, optionally in the doped state, a transparent electrically conductive layer.

Abstract: In various embodiments, an electrode for a discharge lamp is provided. The electrode may include a metal pin that has a section around which a coil made of metal wire is wound, wherein the metal wire is flattened.

Abstract: A fused joint structure comprises a metallic foil; and a conductive member made of high melting point metal, wherein a concave portion is formed in the metallic foil and the conductive member on an area where the metallic foil is put together on a surface of the conductive member, and wherein a circumferential edge of the concave portion is covered with the conductive member.

Abstract: A fluorescent tube 30 of the present invention includes a glass tube 31 and electrodes 32 opposed to each other on both end portions 31a of the glass tube 31, characterized in that the electrode 32 has a closed-end hollow shape opened on the opposite side from the end portion 31a of the glass tube 31, and the electrode 32 constituting the closed-end hollow shape has an inner surface 35 configured to be tapered toward the end portion 31a of the glass tube 31. With this configuration, it is possible to contain accelerated electrons not only in the bottom face 33 of the electrode 32 but also in the inner surface 35 of the electrode 32, thereby suppressing sputtering. Consequently, it is possible to increase the life of the fluorescent tube 30.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a discharge lamp with a floor plate and a roof plate, which is designed for dielectrically impeded discharge, with at least two electrodes of different polarity being allocated to the sections of the discharge space, which is divided by rib-like support elements, with the electrodes located at a distance from the longitudinal support elements.

Abstract: The invention relates to a discharge lamp with a floor plate and a roof plate designed for dielectrically impeded discharge, in which the minimum discharge distances are at least 10 mm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a high pressure discharge lamp that includes a pair of electrodes, which face each other in an electric discharge space. Further, an electrode axis of one of the electrodes is joined to a metallic foil in a sealing portion, and two or more grooves are formed in an axis direction on a portion corresponding to the sealing portion on the electrode axis. Furthermore, a remaining portion that lacks grooves is left on the electrode axis in a metallic foil side thereof, and the metallic foil side ends of the grooves are not aligned with each other in the axis direction thereof.

Abstract: A metal halide lamp includes a ceramic discharge vessel and two electrodes. The discharge vessel encloses a discharge volume containing an ionizable gas filling including at least a metal halide, two current lead-through conductors connected to the respective electrodes, and a seal of a sealing material through which at least one of the respective current lead-through conductors issues to the exterior of the discharge vessel. The sealing material of the seal includes a ceramic sealing material including cerium oxide, aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide as a mixture of oxides and/or one or more mixed oxides.

Abstract: Provided is a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) that can be used as an illumination light source. The CCFL includes cold cathode electrodes disposed at both ends of a glass tube, a fluorescent layer being formed on an inner surface of the glass tube. Each of the cold cathode electrodes includes: a base metal connected to front ends of lead wires for connection with a power source; a helical wire coil formed by helically winding a tungsten or tungsten-alloy wire around a cup shape, the helical wire coil being connected to the base metal in a manner such that the helical wire coil is erected in a length direction of the glass tube; and an emitter-coated coil inserted in the helical wire coil and coated with an emitter for inducing emission of electrons.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp includes a discharge tube having an inner wall forming a discharge chamber. One or more coiled electrodes are disposed within the discharge tube. A mercury containing composition is disposed on at least one coiled electrode.

Abstract: A method of forming a discharge lamp and the resultant discharge lamp include providing an arc tube having first and second ends offset from a central arcuate or curvilinear portion of the discharge chamber formed between the arc tube ends. Electrodes extend from the first and second ends and at least partially into the discharge chamber which is locally substantially rotationally symmetric, i.e., substantially circular cross-section over a length thereof. Preferably, the arc tube and discharge chamber have a curvilinear conformation where the first and second ends are located below the central portion of the arc tube and associated discharge chamber in horizontal orientation during operation. Terminal ends of the electrodes preferably follow a local axis of the curvilinear conformation. The wall thickness of the discharge chamber may be alternatively constant or non-constant along a longitudinal extent thereof.

Abstract: A planar filament comprising two bonding pads and a non-linear filament connected between the two bonding pads. The planar filament may be wider in the center to increase filament life. The planar filament can form a double spiral-serpentine shape. The planar filament may be mounted on a substrate for easier handling and placement. Voltage can be used to create an electrical current through the filament, and can result in the emission of electrons from the filament. The planar filament can be utilized in an x-ray tube.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for starting a discharge lamp are disclosed. In some embodiments, a lamp has an outer envelope connected at one end to a base and enclosing multiple double-ended arc tubes. Each arc tube is electrically connected at one end to an electrical lead positioned proximate the base of the lamp and at the other end to an electrical lead positioned proximate the distal end of the envelope. A voltage pulse is applied to the electrical lead positioned proximate the distal end of the envelope. Random starting of the arc tubes may thus be effected so that each arc tube is about equally likely to start, promoting uniformity of arc tube usage and long lamp life. Multiple arc tubes may be bulbous and staggered in axial displacement for space efficiency, and a diffusing shroud may improve optical characteristics. A heat barrier may facilitate fast restrikes.

Abstract: An arc tube for a discharge bulb includes: an electrode assembly that has an electrode bar and a molybdenum foil, wherein an overlapping portion of an end portion of the electrode bar and a molybdenum foil is joined by spot welding; a pinch seal portion that seals a part of the electrode assembly, the part including at least the molybdenum foil; and a closed glass bulb, into which a tip of the electrode bar protrudes, the closed glass bulb forming a discharge light-emitting portion, wherein the size of a recess, which is a weld mark, in the molybdenum foil on the side opposite to a joint portion, at which the molybdenum foil and the electrode bar are joined with each other, is within a range from 0.07 mm2 to 0.25 mm2.

Abstract: This cold cathode tube lamp comprises a glass tube (11) into which at least a rare gas is filled and a discharge tube composed of a pair of an electrode (21) and an electrode (22) disposed facing each other at both ends inside the glass tube (11). In the respective electrode (21) and electrode (22), lead terminals (31a, 31b, 31c) and lead terminals (32a, 32b, 32c), one end of each of which is connected to the electrode and the other end of each of which is led out to the outside of the glass tube (11) are provided.

Abstract: An electrode for a discharge lamp is provided with a mayenite compound in at least a part of the electrode that emits secondary electrons, and the mayenite compound is fired in a vacuum atmosphere with an oxygen partial pressure of 10?3 Pa or less, an inert gas atmosphere with an oxygen partial pressure of 10?3 Pa or less, or a reducing atmosphere with an oxygen partial pressure of 10?3 Pa or less.

Abstract: In an electrode having a structure in which a coil is wound around an electrode rod, an ignition performance is ensured while preventing abnormal discharge and sputtering, an appropriate electrode temperature is obtained during drive, and having this operation maintained even if the lamp is repeatedly turned on and off. A discharge lamp electrode (30) having an electrode rod (10) and a coil (20) wound around a discharge portion (11) of the electrode rod includes a first welding portion (41) in which a front end of the coil is welded to the discharge portion, a second welding portion (42) in which a rear end of the coil is welded to the discharge portion, and a weld-joining portion (50) in which at least a pair of adjacent coil portions in windings of the coil are welded to each other.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a high pressure discharge lamp may comprise a ceramic elongate discharge vessel with an axis and with a central middle part and two tapering ends, wherein the ends are closed by seals containing electrode systems, and wherein a filling comprising metal halides is situated in the discharge vessel, in which the lamp further comprises a fin-like structure including at least three fins located on at least one tapering end, the structure comprising an attachment having a leading root directly on the discharge vessel and having a trailing root from which an undercut extends in the direction of the seal, wherein the axial length of the attachment is chosen and wherein the axial length of the undercut is at least 30% of the length of the attachment.

Abstract: A lamp having: an arc tube (30) including a main tube portion and a pair of thin tube portions (46) provided at ends of the main tube portion; and an adjacent conductor (78) including a strip-shaped metal plate. In the adjacent conductor (78), a portion of the metal plate in the direction of length thereof, from the middle of the metal plate to just before an edge thereof, is a gripping portion (92) having a shape suitable for gripping the outer circumferential of one of the thin tube portions (46). One end of the gripping portion (92) is a free end. The gripping portion (92) is disposed along an outer circumferential surface of the thin tube portion (46) so as to be in contact with the outer circumferential surface, and is elastically deformable in accordance with expansion in the radial direction of the thin tube portion (46).

Abstract: An extra-high pressure mercury lamp includes an arc tube made of quartz glass. The lamp includes an arc tube portion and sealing portions connected to the arc tube portion, and encloses 0.15 mg/mm3 or more of mercury. A pair of electrodes are disposed face to face in the arc tube. Each electrode has a rod portion and a base end portion. The base end portion of each electrode is embedded in one of the sealing portions. One of the pair of electrodes serves as a cathode and includes a head portion, which has a larger diameter than the rod portion. A cylinder portion is connected to a rear end portion of the head portion. The cylinder portion extends in the axis direction of the electrode and surrounds the rod portion. The cylinder portion has an inner surface separated from the rod portion.

Abstract: A metal halide lamp is comprised of an airtight tube having a discharge section in which a discharge space is formed; a discharge medium which is enclosed in the discharge space, contains metal halide exhibiting a molar ratio of sodium halide to scandium halide of 1.5 or below and 8 atm or higher of xenon but does not substantially contain mercury; and a pair of electrodes with their tip ends arranged to oppose to each other in the discharge space, wherein halogen atoms bonded to metal in the metal halide mostly consist of iodine and bromine atoms, and a ratio of the bromine atoms is in a range of 10 to 50% and the total amount of the metal halide enclosed is 0.02 mg/?l or less.

Abstract: A high intensity discharge lamp comprising a discharge vessel having a wall enclosing a discharge space, an ionizable material contained in said space, and at least two electrodes each having an embedded portion and an electrode shaft extending from the wall of the discharge vessel and ending with a tip of the electrode, the electrodes being arranged in said space for establishment of an electric arc between said tips. Each of the electrode shafts of the electrodes comprises a thickened portion arranged between the embedded portion and the tip of the electrode, a first shaft section extending between the embedded portion and the thickened portion, the first shaft section having a first length and a first shaft diameter, and a second shaft section extending between the thickened portion and the tip of the electrode, the second shaft section having a second length and a second shaft diameter.

Abstract: The invention describes a mercury-free high intensity gas-discharge lamp (1) comprising a discharge vessel (5) enclosing a fill gas in a discharge chamber (2) and comprising a pair of electrodes (3, 4) extending into the discharge chamber (2), for which lamp (1) the fill gas in the discharge chamber (2) is free of zinc iodide, and the fill gas includes a halide composition comprising sodium iodide and scandium iodide to a combined proportion of at least 30 wt % and at most 95 wt %, and thulium iodide, to a proportion of at least 5 wt % and at most 70 wt %.

Abstract: The invention relates to a discharge lamp with a discharge vessel (2) and at least one bulb neck (I, II) connected thereto with an inner quartz bar (6) and a first foil arrangement (9), which is arranged on the outer side (63) of the quartz bar (6) and is connected to power supply lines (7a, 7b) for an electrode (4, 5) which are arranged on both sides of the quartz bar (6), wherein the bulb neck (I, II) comprises at least one second foil arrangement (13), which is connected to the power supply lines (7a, 7b) and has a greater distance with respect to the longitudinal axis (A) of the quartz bar (6) than the first foil arrangement (9). The invention also relates to a method for producing a bulb neck of a discharge lamp.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp includes at least two lighting elements, which emit lights with different color temperatures. In addition, the lighting illuminations of the lighting elements can be controlled by independent driving devices. Thus, the user can adjust the color temperature of the light emitted from the fluorescent lamp.

Abstract: A mercury-free arc tube for a discharge lamp unit including a closed glass bulb in which main light emitting substances of NaI, ScI3, and ScBr3 and buffer substances of InI and ZnI2 are enclosed together with Xe gas, and wherein an amount of enclosed ScBr3 is in a range of about 5 wt % to about 24 wt % relative to a total weight of the substances enclosed in the closed glass bulb. The mercury-free arc tube may also include a shroud glass tube, which is surrounds the closed glass bulb and a pair of electrodes, which are disposed to be opposed to each other in the closed glass bulb.

Abstract: A discharge lamp includes: an emitting portion in which a pair of electrodes are disposed, an electric discharge being generated between the pair of electrodes so as to emit light; at least either one electrode of the pair of the electrodes including: a small-diameter portion; and a large-diameter portion provided on an end of the small-diameter portion closer to the other electrode, the large-diameter portion having a larger diameter than the small-diameter portion; and the large-diameter portion including a projecting part, the projecting part projecting outward from the large-diameter portion.

Abstract: A spark gap includes two terminal electrodes enveloping a cavity. The cavity includes an electrical discharge space between the two terminal electrodes. The spark gap also includes an electrical insulator between the two terminal electrodes.

Abstract: A high pressure discharge lamp lighting apparatus includes a high pressure discharge lamp and a power supply apparatus, wherein in a steady state lighting operation, an alternating current of a steady state lighting frequency and alternating current of a low frequency are supplied by turns to the high pressure discharge lamp, and wherein in a small electric power lighting in which electric power to be applied is smaller than that of the steady state lighting, alternating current of a small electric power lighting frequency and direct current are supplied by turns to the high pressure discharge lamp.

Abstract: Provided is an electrode for a high pressure discharge lamp, which prevents spring-back of an electrode coil, and which has high productivity and high accuracy in positioning the coil. The electrode for the high pressure discharge lamp includes: an electrode core bar (30); and a coil (35) mounted on the electrode core bar, and is configured as follows. The electrode core bar (30) includes: a small-diameter section (31) on a power supply side; and a large-diameter section (32) on a leading end side. The large-diameter section (32) has: a large-diameter portion (32a) on the small-diameter section side; a small-diameter portion (32b) having a smaller outer diameter than the large-diameter portion, the small-diameter portion forming a step (s) with the large-diameter portion therebetween; and a leading end portion (32c). The coil (35) covers a portion between the step (s) and the leading end portion.

Abstract: A preferred embodiment low stress electrode and a preferred array of microcavity plasma devices of the invention include a plurality of thin metal first electrodes and stress reduction structures and/or geometries designed to promote the flatness during and after processing. The first electrodes are buried in a thin metal oxide layer which protects the electrodes from the plasma in the microcavities. In embodiments of the invention, some or all of the electrodes are connected. Patterns of connections in a one- or two-dimensional array of microcavities can be defined. In preferred embodiments, the first electrodes comprise circumferential electrodes that surround individual microcavities. A second thin layer having a buried, second electrode is bonded to the first thin layer. A packaging layer, e.g., a thin glass or plastic layer, seals the discharge medium (a gas or vapor, or a combination of the two) into the microcavities.

Abstract: A xenon lamp having a lamp tube made of silica glass containing titanium oxide and having a discharge chamber with a light emitting part containing xenon and in which a cathode and an anode are arranged in opposition to each other, the cathode and anode being mounted on an end of a respective lead rod, the lamp tube also having side tube parts extending from each of opposite sides of the light emitting part, each lead rod being sealed by a gradient binding part which is arranged in a respective side tube part, and the side tube parts having a narrowed shrink part in a region facing the light emitting part, wherein a conductive film is provided on an outer surface area of the shrink part and an adjoining area of an outer surface of the light emitting part at the cathode side of the lamp tube; and wherein the conductive film is electrically connected to the cathode.

Abstract: An emitter is disclosed. The emitter includes a base layer comprising an array of nanocavities on an emission surface of the base layer, wherein facets of the nanocavities are substantially along equivalent crystallographic planes of one or more families of planes having substantially equal surface energies, wherein the equivalent crystallographic planes have surface energies equal to or lower than a surface energy of the crystallographic plane of the emission surface. Methods of making such emitters and radiation sources including such emitters are also disclosed.