Abstract: A process of a pixel electrode of a direct-sight type of reflection type liquid-crystal display device is simplified. A pixel electrode 120 of a reflection type liquid-crystal display device is formed of an aluminum film which is formed by sputtering. In forming the aluminum film, moisture is intentionally contained in atmosphere, and also a sample is heated. With this process, aluminum grains grow so that irregularities of &mgr;m order is formed on the surface of the aluminum film. The aluminum film thus formed allows the incident light to be irregularly reflected so that it is in a visually white muddy state. This is suitable to the pixel electrode for the reflection type liquid-crystal display device.

Abstract: A carbon arc lamp for use in a light fastness tester and other similar testers, and having a metal rod extending from a carbon electrode mounting part in the upper part of the lamp down to a point just below an upper metal plate. A portion of the rod is engaged by a ring clutch which is connected to an automatic feed control for the carbon electrode. The lower end of the metal rod has the upper end of the carbon electrode mounted thereon by a threaded connection.