Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an accelerating apparatus for a radiation device. The accelerating apparatus may include a plurality of acceleration cavity units including a plurality of acceleration cavities. Each of the plurality of acceleration cavity units may be configured to accelerate a radiation beam passing through an acceleration cavity. And the accelerating apparatus may further include a plurality of coupling cavity units each of which may include a coupling cavity. Two adjacent acceleration cavities may be electromagnetically coupled via the coupling cavity. The plurality of acceleration cavity units may have a plurality of holes each of which may be configured to be in fluidic communication with the corresponding coupling cavity. And an edge region of each of at least a portion of the plurality of holes may include continuously varying curvatures.

Abstract: A compact particle accelerator can include two or more cavities disposed along an axis of the particle accelerator, each of which is coupled to two or more drivers. The accelerator can also include a power supply coupled to the two or more drivers such that a particle beam traveling along the axis is accelerated. The power supply can be an interface with a commercial power outlet, battery power, or a combination thereof depending upon the use case. Example configurations of the accelerator include hand held or mobile devices that are capable of delivering up to and greater than a 1 MeV electron beam.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide radiotherapy treatment by focusing an electron beam on an x-ray target (e.g., a tungsten plate) to produce a high-yield x-ray output with improved field shaping. A modified electron beam spatial distribution is employed to scan the x-ray target, such as a 2D periodic beam path, which advantageously lowers the x-ray target temperature compared to the typical compact beam spatial distribution. As a result, the x-ray target can produce a high yield output without sacrificing the x-ray target life span. The use of a 2D periodic beam path allows a much colder x-ray target functioning regime such that more dosage can be applied in a short period of time compared to existing techniques.

Abstract: An electromagnetic mechanical pulser implements a transverse wave metallic comb stripline TWMCS kicker having inwardly opposing teeth that retards a phase velocity of an RF traveling wave to match the kinetic velocity of a continuous electron beam, causing the beam to oscillate before being chopped into pulses by an aperture. The RF phase velocity is substantially independent of RF frequency and amplitude, thereby enabling independent tuning of the electron pulse widths and repetition rate. The TWMCS further comprises an electron pulse picker (EPP) that applies a pulsed transverse electric field across the TWMCS to deflect electrons out of the beam, allowing only selected electrons and/or groups of electrons to pass through. The EPP pulses can be synchronized with the RF traveling wave and/or with a pumping trigger of a transverse electron microscope (TEM), for example to obtain dynamic TEM images in real time.

Abstract: An electromagnetic mechanical pulser implements a transverse wave metallic comb stripline TWMCS kicker having inwardly opposing teeth structured to retard a phase velocity of an RF traveling wave propagated therethrough to match the kinetic velocity of a continuous electron beam simultaneously propagated therethrough. The kicker imposes transverse oscillations onto the beam, which is subsequently chopped into pulses by an aperture. The RF phase velocity is substantially independent of RF frequency and amplitude, thereby enabling independent tuning of the electron pulse widths and repetition rate. The exterior surface of the kicker is conductive, thereby avoiding electron charging. In embodiments, various elements of the kicker and/or aperture can be mechanically varied to provide further tuning of the pulsed electron beam. A divergence suppression section can include a mirror TWMCS and/or magnetic quadrupoles.

Abstract: Plural pairs of connection plates are placed circumferentially around a plurality of circularly-arranged electromagnets, in which the plural pairs are each a pair of two connection plates placed with a gap in a radial direction and are arranged in a longitudinal direction of the connection plates. At a portion where one of the two connection plates forming a pair and one of the adjacent two connection plates forming another pair are connected, an end portion of the one of the two connection plates forming the pair and an end portion of the one of the two connection plates forming the another pair, are configured to be bent in the radial direction so that these end portions are apart from the other one of the two connection plates forming the pair, whereby the connection plates in the pair and the connection plates in the another pair are serially connected.

Abstract: An ion lens for reducing contaminant effects in an ion guide of a mass spectrometer is provided. The ion lens comprises a structural member comprising an orifice of a given radius, the structural member for supporting the ion lens at an exit region of the ion guide. The ion lens further comprises a conical member extending from the structural member, the conical member being hollow and comprising a given cone angle, and a base of the given radius, a perimeter of the base connected to a perimeter of the orifice. The conical member further comprises an aperture through an apex of the conical member, the aperture for receiving ions there through from the ion guide.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses an electron linear accelerator system. In the present disclosure, a fast-switching dual-path microwave system is proposed, wherein, one path can be directly connected to an accelerating tube, and the other path can be input into the accelerating tube after a magnitude of the microwave power is changed by devices such as an attenuator, a power divider, a pulse compressor or even an amplifier etc., so as to achieve fast switch of the power input into the accelerator and adjust the energy output by the accelerator.

Abstract: A low-voltage, multi-beam, multi-MW RF source that operates at a voltage less than or equal to approximately 60 kV and generates at least one MW. The RF source includes a cathode configured to generate a plurality of beamlets. An input cavity and output cavity are common to the plurality of beamlets. A plurality of gain cavities are provided between the input and output cavities, each having a plurality of openings corresponding to the plurality of beamlets. The power source may further include a plurality of cathodes, each cathode generating a plurality of beamlets, wherein the input and output cavities are common to the plurality of beamlets from each of the plurality of cathodes, and a separate set of gain cavities are provided for each cathode. A single cathode version generates approximately 2.5 MW, and a four cathode version having four independent cavity systems and a common magnetic system generates approximately 10 MW.

Abstract: An electromagnetic wave having a phase velocity and an amplitude is provided by an electromagnetic wave source to a traveling wave linear accelerator. The traveling wave linear accelerator generates a first output of electrons having a first energy by accelerating an electron beam using the electromagnetic wave. The first output of electrons can be contacted with a target to provide a first beam of x-rays. The electromagnetic wave can be modified by adjusting its amplitude and the phase velocity. The traveling wave linear accelerator then generates a second output of electrons having a second energy by accelerating an electron beam using the modified electromagnetic wave. The second output of electrons can be contacted with a target to provide a second beam of x-rays. A frequency controller can monitor the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave from the input to the output ends of the accelerator and can correct the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave based on the measured phase shift.

Abstract: An electromagnetic wave having a phase velocity and an amplitude is provided by an electromagnetic wave source to a traveling wave linear accelerator. The traveling wave linear accelerator generates a first output of electrons having a first energy by accelerating an electron beam using the electromagnetic wave. The first output of electrons can be contacted with a target to provide a first beam of x-rays. The electromagnetic wave can be modified by adjusting its amplitude and the phase velocity. The traveling wave linear accelerator then generates a second output of electrons having a second energy by accelerating an electron beam using the modified electromagnetic wave. The second output of electrons can be contacted with a target to provide a second beam of x-rays. A frequency controller can monitor the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave from the input to the output ends of the accelerator and can correct the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave based on the measured phase shift.

Abstract: Techniques for controlling a charged particle beam are disclosed. In one particular exemplary embodiment, the techniques may be realized as a charged particle acceleration/deceleration system. The charged particle acceleration/deceleration system may comprise an accelerator column, which may comprise a plurality of electrodes. The plurality of electrodes may have apertures through which a charged particle beam may pass. The charged particle acceleration/deceleration system may also comprise a voltage grading system. The voltage grading system may comprise a first fluid reservoir and a first fluid circuit. The first fluid circuit may have conductive connectors connecting to at least one of the plurality of electrodes. The voltage grading system may further comprise fluid in the first fluid circuit. The fluid may have an electrical resistance.

Abstract: A charged particle beam apparatus in which discharge is less likely to occur between a charged particle source, and an extraction electrode, and an acceleration electrode without the need for increasing the capacity of a high voltage power supply for extraction. The charged particle beam apparatus includes a charged particle source which emits charged particles, an extraction electrode which extracts the charged particles from the charge particle source and an acceleration electrode which accelerates the extracted charged particles. A surge absorber is electrically connected between at least two of the charged particle source, the extraction electrode, and the acceleration electrode.

Abstract: An RF accelerating cavity includes an accelerating cavity unit and an inductance varying device having a magnetic member connected parallel to an acceleration electrode gap. The RF accelerating cavity is tuned in such a fashion that a charged particle beam acceleration frequency matches a resonant frequency of the RF accelerating cavity by regulating inductance of the inductance varying device in accordance with a changing pattern of the charged particle beam acceleration frequency. Alternatively, impedance of the RF accelerating cavity is increased with the provision of a fixed inductance connected parallel to the acceleration electrode gap when the RF accelerating cavity has a narrow acceleration frequency range.

Abstract: The electrode lengths of a plurality of electrodes linearly arranged in an acceleration cavity are proportional to the velocity of a traveling ion beam. Further, the electrode length is so designated that, in each half of a predetermined cycle in the ion beam direction of travel, the absolute value of a difference, relative to a length that is proportional to the beam traveling velocity is equal to or greater than a value corresponding to the phase width of the traveling ion beam, is provided for electrodes that do not exceed three units and that are fewer than electrodes allotted to half the predetermined cycle.

Abstract: A system for fueling a plasma includes a gyrotron for radiating microwave energy into a waveguide. Also included is a module having a deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel pellet, a diamond, quartz or sapphire window, and a pusher medium located between the pellet and window that is made of frozen deuterium (D2) and metallic particles. With the module in the waveguide, the gyrotron is activated. Radiation from the gyrotron is then directed into the waveguide and through the window to cause the inducement of current in the metal particles, causing the particles to become hot. The absorbed microwave energy is then transferred to the pusher medium by conduction resulting in a gaseous expansion of the pusher medium. This ejects the pellet from the waveguide and into the plasma.

Abstract: The present invention provides a multi-beam klystron apparatus. In the above-described multi-beam klystron apparatus, the magnetic field generating element of the electron-gun-unit-side magnetic field generating unit is disposed around the electron gun unit, and a plurality of magnetic gaps are provided in the inner peripheral surface of the magnetic pole, which covers the magnetic field generating element, in the direction of travel of the electron beams. Therefore, lines of magnetic force, which are parallel to the center axis of the radio-frequency interaction unit, can be generated. Thus, even the electron beam, which is generated from the location apart from the center axis of the electron gun unit, can be guided to the radio-frequency interaction unit in the same manner as in the location at the canter axis of the electron gun unit.

Abstract: Standing-wave linear accelerators (linac) having a plurality of accelerating cavities and which do not have any auxiliary cavities are provided. Such linacs are useful for industrial applications such as radiography, cargo inspection and food sterilization, and also medical applications such as radiation therapy and imaging. In one embodiment, the linac includes an electron gun for generating an electron beam, and a plurality of accelerating cavities which accelerates the electron beam by applying electromagnetic fields generated by a microwave source. At least two adjacent accelerating cavities of the plurality of accelerating cavities are coupled together by at least one resonant iris. The electromagnetic fields resonate through the plurality of accelerating cavities and the at least one resonant iris.

Abstract: A device for generating a particle beam includes a particle source, and a structure having a first section and a second section, the first section coupled to the particle source, the first section having a first power input, and the second section having a second power input, wherein the first section is configured to produce a particle beam having a first energy E1, and the second section is configured to increase or decrease the first energy E1 by an amount E2, the absolute value of E2 being less than E1.

Abstract: A method for generating an electron beam includes prescribing a location, and generating an envelope of electrons, the envelope having a waist, wherein the generating is performed such that the waist of the envelope is at or adjacent to the prescribed location. A device for generating an electron beam includes a gun source for generating electrons, and a plurality of electromagnetic cavities coupled in series to form a body, the electromagnetic cavities configured to accelerate at least some of the electrons to create a beam of electrons at an energy level having a value between 5 MeV and 20 MeV, the beam of electrons having a cross sectional dimension that is 0.02 ? (or 2 mm) or less.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for accelerating charged particles are disclosed, wherein the method comprises using at least a transverse component of a temporally and spatially shaped electromagnetic field to accelerate one or more charged particles.

Abstract: A laparoscopic tumor therapy method and an articulated electron beam transport system are provided for use with a high power, long focus electron source for tumor therapy. The high power, long focus electron source generates an e-beam. The e-beam is transported through a laparoscopic tube proximate a target tumor for electron irradiation therapy.

Abstract: An electrostatic fluid acceleration and method of operation thereof includes at least two synchronously powered stages. A single power supply or synchronized and phase controlled power supplies provide high voltage power to each of the stages such that both the phase and amplitude of the electric power applied to the corresponding electrodes are aligned in time. The frequency and phase control allows neighboring stages to be closely spaced at a distance of from 1 to 2 times an inter-electrode distance within a stage, and, in any case, minimizing or avoiding production of a back corona current from a corona discharge electrode of one stage to an electrode of a neighboring stage. Corona discharge electrodes of neighboring stages may be horizontally aligned, complementary collector electrodes of all stages being similarly horizontally aligned between and horizontally offset from the corona discharge electrodes.

Abstract: Some embodiments include an accelerator waveguide having a plurality of cavities, and at least two RF power sources, each of the at least two RF power sources being separately coupled to a respective one of the plurality of cavities.

Abstract: Some embodiments include an accelerator waveguide to receive RF power, the accelerator waveguide comprising a side cavity, an element fixedly disposed within the side cavity, and a device coupled to the element, wherein the device and the element are operable to control a resonant frequency of the side cavity.

Abstract: An electrostatic fluid acceleration and method of operation thereof includes at least two synchronously powered stages with final or rear-most electrodes of one stage maintained at substantially the same instantaneous voltage as the immediately adjacent initial or forward-most electrodes of a next stage in an airflow direction. A single power supply or synchronized and phase controlled power supplies provide high voltage power to each of the stages such that both the phase and amplitude of the electric power applied to the corresponding electrodes are aligned in time. The frequency and phase control allows neighboring stages to be closely spaced at a distance of from 1 to 2 times an inter-electrode distance within a stage, and, in any case, minimizing or avoiding production of a back corona current from a corona discharge electrode of one stage to an electrode of a neighboring stage.

Abstract: A method of producing synchrotron radiation comprising the steps of accelerating and compressing an electron beam generated from an electron source by means of a pre-accelerator, further accelerating the electron beam in a main accelerator to produce synchrotron radiation on a recirculation orbit, decelerating the electron beam in the main accelerator to recover its energy and discarding it into a beam dump, said pre-accelerator being an energy-recovery pre-accelerator and posited before the main accelerator on said recirculation orbit so that it also performs energy recovery through beam deceleration, thereby reducing the rf power it is supplied with externally for beam acceleration.

Abstract: A drift tube linear accelerator (linac) that can be used for the acceleration of low energy ion beams. The particles enter the linac at low energy and are accelerated and focused along a straight line in a plurality of resonant accelerating structures interposed by coupling structures up to the desired energy. In the accelerating structures, excited by an H-type resonant electromagnetic field, a plurality of accelerating gaps is provided between drift tubes supported by stems, for instance alternatively horizontally and vertically disposed. A basic module composed of two accelerating structures and an interposed coupling structure, or a modified coupling structure connected to a RF power generator, is if necessary linked to a vacuum system and equipped with one or more quadrupoles.

Abstract: An electron beam accelerator system includes a high voltage supply circuit having a high voltage output. A cathode structure is coupled to the high voltage supply circuit at the high voltage output. An anode structure is spaced from the cathode structure and has a voltage associated therewith such that a voltage difference exists between the cathode structure and the anode structure. This voltage difference creates an electron beam flowing between the cathode structure and the anode structure. An electron beam output is adjacent to the anode structure. A control grid is located between the cathode structure and the anode structure and receives a time-varying voltage. This time-varying voltage prevents ringing of the high voltage output, reducing the risk of dielectric breakdown and failure due to transient high voltages.

Abstract: An accelerator comprises a plurality of accelerating cells arranged to convey a beam, adjacent cells being linked by a coupling cell, the coupling cells being arranged to dictate the ratio of electric field in the respective adjacent accelerating cells, at least one coupling cell being switchable between a positive ratio and a negative ratio. Such an accelerator in effect inserts a phase change into the E field by imposing a negative ratio, meaning that the beam will meet a reversed electric field in subsequent cells and will in fact be decelerated. As a result, the beam can be developed and bunched in early cells while accelerating to and/or at relativistic energies, and then bled of energy in later cells to bring the beam energy down to (say) between 100 and 300 KeV. Energies of this magnitude are comparable to diagnostic X-rays, where much higher contrast of bony structures exists. Hence the accelerator can be used to take kilovoltage portal images.

Abstract: A continuous wave electron-beam accelerator that accelerates a continuous wave electron beam having a large average current includes an electron beam generator, an electron-beam accelerating unit using a radio-frequency electric field having a frequency of approximately 500 MHz to accelerate an continuous wave electron beam, and electron-beam bending units located across the electron-beam accelerating unit and that bend the continuous wave electron beam a number of times. Each electron-beam bending unit includes divided magnets having identical-polarity magnetic fields, and controls the continuous wave electron beam so that the beam passes through the electron-beam acceleration unit a number of times on almost the same path.

Abstract: An electron beam accelerator system includes a high power switching device coupled between the direct current voltage source and the pulse forming network. A pulse control circuit is connected to control the high power switching device to selectively allow a current to flow to the pulse forming network. A voltage difference between a cathode and an anode structure creates an electron beam flowing therebetween. A control grid drive circuit is operatively coupled to the pulse control circuit and the control grid, and is operable to apply a time-varying voltage to the control grid synchronized with the pulse control circuit. The control grid therefore effectively provides a load on the high voltage output of a step-up transformer that prevents overshoot in the transformer output, reducing the risk of dielectric breakdown and failure due to transient high voltages.

Abstract: A device for use in a linear accelerator operable to accelerate charged particles along a beam axis. The device includes a first end section, a second end section, and a transition section interposed between the first and second end sections. The sections are coupled together to form a plurality of accelerating cavities aligned along the beam axis. The first and second sections are configured to operate in a fixed collective resonant mode and the transition section is tunable such that resonant modes of the transition section may be tuned to lie at generally the same frequency as the resonant mode of the first and second sections.

Abstract: A new radio frequency (rf) linear accelerator (linac) is disclosed in this invention. The rf linac includes a plurality of resonators each includes an inductor circuit L(k), k=1,2,3, . . . , n′ where n′ is a second integer, wherein the inductor circuit connected to at least two electrodes E(j′), j′=1,2,3, . . . (n−1), for applying an accelerating rf voltage thereto. The rf linac further includes a plurality sets of transverse focusing lenses, represented by Lenses(j), where j=1,2,3, . . . n, and n is an integer, for guiding and focusing an ion beam. Each of the electrodes E(j′) disposed between and aligned with two sets of the transverse focusing lenses Lenses(J′) and Lenses(J′+1), j′=1,2,3, . . . (n−1), as a linear array. In a preferred embodiment, at least two of the adjacent electrodes E(j′) and E(j′+1) are connected to a same inductor circuit L(k).

Abstract: An industrial X-ray/electron beam source includes an accelerator having a) a coaxial cavity b) an electron gun for emitting an electron beam to be accelerated, c) at least one deflection magnet positioned outside of the cavity, and d) a radio frequency power supply means for supplying power of a radio frequency to the cavity to induce TM010 mode as an accelerating mode in the cavity; and a beam irradiator having a two-dimensional scanning magnet which deflects accelerated beam by the accelerator, an extracting window for extracting the deflected electron beam to be irradiated to an object, and means for guiding the deflected beam toward a center of the extracting window in a radial direction. The source is advantageous in that the electron beams do not intersect inside the cavity, which can reduce beam loss, and that beams or X-rays are irradiated to the object spatially uniformly.

Abstract: A standing wave accelerator structure that has both inline coupling cavities and side coupling cavities combined into one structure. Additionally, the invention uses a prebunching (re-entrant) cavity, excited electrically or magnetically, through apertures between a first accelerating cavity and the prebunching cavity.

Abstract: There is provided a high-performance magnetic core with a high &mgr;′Qf-value for an RF accelerating. The strip wound magnetic core has a thin strip of nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy, whose bcc solid solution with an average grain size less than 100 nm has a volume fraction more than 50% of the whole structure of the alloy, and around which an interlayer insulation film at least on one side thereof. A gap is formed in at least a part of a magnetic path of the magnetic core. Stack cores formed by arranging in series a plurality of the magnetic cores are oppositely installed via a high-voltage gap, making it possible to provide an excellent RF accelerating cavity.

Abstract: A drift tube linear accelerator (DTL) incorporating an improved drift tube design, wherein the DTL comprises a resonance chamber maintaining a vacuum and having an inlet port and an exit port, an RF field source producing an oscillating radio frequency field within the chamber, and a plurality of substantially cylindrical drift tubes comprising a hollow body having a low energy end and a high energy end and housing a magnet, a low energy end cap attached to the low energy end of the hollow body and a high energy end cap attached to the high energy end of the hollow body, and a stem extending from said hollow body to an inner surface of the resonance chamber.