Abstract: [Problem] The present invention provides a motor control apparatus that is capable of making the whole system robust not only with respect to motor parameter variations such as the temperature variation and the manufacturing unevenness but also with respect to disturbances and an electric power steering apparatus mounting the motor control apparatus thereon.

Abstract: A portable external device for a mechanical circulation support system includes first and second power sources, e.g. batteries and control electronics for redundant uninterrupted operation of an implantable blood pump. The control and power source module may be configured to accommodate a variety of wearable configurations for patient convenience and comfort.

Abstract: There are provided a motor controlling device and a motor controlling method. The motor controlling device includes: an open loop driving unit performing open loop controlling using a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal; a closed loop driving unit performing feedback controlling using a difference between a current speed of a motor and the PWM signal; and a driving controlling unit calculating a duty ratio of the PWM signal and comparing the calculated duty ratio with a preset reference duty to thereby control any one of the open loop driving unit and the closed loop driving unit to operate signal.

Abstract: The present relates to a sensorless driving apparatus and a sensorless driving method for a brushless motor. In a state that the brushless motor is driven by rectangular waves, when the driving apparatus detects that a rotation speed of the brushless motor becomes higher than a predetermined speed and thereafter it detects that an angle of a rotor of the brushless motor becomes a predetermined angle, the driving apparatus switches the drive from rectangular wave drive to sign wave drive. The driving apparatus sets as the predetermined angle an angle at which energizing mode is switched in the rectangular wave drive or an angle at which a motor torque is at a peak value in the rectangular wave drive.

Abstract: A vehicle includes one or more inverter-fed electric machines such as permanent magnet synchronous motors. A controller operates an inverter in either six-step mode or PWM mode depending upon motor speed, motor torque, and the inverter input voltage. A method of selecting the operating mode may determine a transition threshold based on the ratio of rotor speed to inverter input voltage, reducing the approximation error associated with multi-dimensional lookup tables. When the speed and voltage vary while maintaining a constant ratio and constant torque, the transition threshold does not change. Consequently, the controller remains in the same mode.

Abstract: A system for controlling a motor of a hybrid vehicle that secures robustness and stability of control by selecting an optimal approximation model according to a driving condition of the motor and determines current order for controlling the motor by using the selected optimal approximation model is disclosed. In particular, a current order generator utilizes a reference current determination module to determine reference currents of the first and second axes, a compensation value determination module to determine compensation values of the reference currents of the first and second axes, and a current determination module to determine the currents of the first and second axes from the reference currents of the first and second axes and the compensation values of the reference currents of the first and second axes in order to control the motor more efficiently.

Abstract: A motor control device supplies a drive control signal to a drive circuit that drives a motor at a constant period using a motor drive signal based on the drive control signal, and shuts off the motor drive signal when a count value counted by a counter that reset the count value if a state of the motor changes exceeds a threshold corresponding to a plurality of driving periods of the motor. The motor control device includes: a control unit that controls a setting unit to set a rotational direction of the motor to a first rotational direction and a second rotational direction reverse to the first rotational direction at the constant period alternately, when a drive mode of the motor is a position holding mode to drive the motor so as to hold a rotational position of the motor.

Abstract: A power conversion device includes a power switching circuit that supplies AC voltages generated between switching elements operating as upper arms and switching elements operating as lower arms, and a control circuit that generates and supplies to the driver circuit signals for controlling the switching operation of the switching elements by a PWM method in a first operational region in which frequency of an AC power to be outputted is low, and that generates and supplies to the driver circuit signals for controlling the switching operation of the switching elements at timings based upon the phase of the AC power to be outputted in an operational region in which the frequency of the AC power to be outputted is higher than in the first operational region.

Abstract: A method of calculating a control parameter for a component in an HVAC system includes receiving a plurality of input signals, and calculating a value of the control parameter using a control parameter equation having a plurality of predetermined coefficients and a plurality of variables, each variable corresponding to one of the input signals. This equation is stored in and subsequently fetched from memory associated with a component of the HVAC system, such as a blower motor controller or a system controller. In some embodiments, the equation is stored in a device for interfacing a system controller with a blower motor assembly.

Abstract: The invention discloses a reciprocal radial field electric machine based on the soft magnetic attraction principle, characterized by a plurality of active elements organized as a bi-dimensional cylindrical machine matrix and fed sequentially by an external power converter in order to derive a motoring or generation effect. The machine is comprised of a fixed stator matrix featuring salient poles and electrical coils, and a mobile rotor matrix featuring salient poles. The machine works on the principle of time integration of the discrete actions performed by its active elements. The bi-dimensional matrix organization of the active elements and the algorithms of their activation in both motoring and generation modes are key features for the functional cohesion of the machine. The design of this machine is based on a unique digital modeling method developed by the inventors, using exclusively the matrix calculus adapted to cylindrical matrices.

Abstract: A permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) includes a stator and rotor powered by an inverter. A device to control the PMSM includes a sensor to sample a measurement ?m of the position of the rotor, a control unit to control an operating point of the PMSM according to the position of the rotor and settings, and an estimation unit to determine an estimate {circumflex over (?)} of the rotor position. The device also includes a malfunction detector to detect a malfunction of the sensor and a switch to connect the control unit to the sensor so that the control unit receives the measured position ?m of the rotor while the malfunction detector does not indicate any sensor malfunction, and otherwise to connect the control unit to the estimation unit so that the control unit receives the estimated position {circumflex over (?)} of the rotor when the malfunction detector indicates a sensor malfunction.

Abstract: Brushless direct-current (“BLDC”) motor and control for a power tool. A BLDC motor of a power tool is controlled in either a pulse-width modulation (“PWM”) commutation mode or a centerline commutation mode. When the motor is rotating slowly, the motor is operated using PWM commutation. When the motor is rotating at a speed greater than a threshold speed value, the operation of the motor is transitioned to the centerline commutation mode. When operating in the centerline commutation mode, the high-side field-effect transistors (“FETs”) and low-side FETs can each be used for motor speed control. By switching between speed control using the high-side FETs and speed control using the low-side FETs, the heat generated by freewheeling currents can be approximately evenly distributed among the high-side and low-side FETs.

Abstract: A method of controlling an electric synchronous machine having a stator and a moving part includes operating the machine with a deceleration moment so that a speed of the moving part of the machine is reducing, monitoring the movement of the moving part of the machine, and, upon detection of a direction reversal or a speed of the moving part of approximately zero, transitioning to a holding mode by impressing at least one current pattern of string currents in the stator of the machine. The method also includes maintaining the current pattern until a stable equilibrium of moments between the external moment and a braking moment of the machine is established.

Abstract: A brushless motor drive circuit has a first AD converter which converts a voltage value depending upon a power supply voltage supplied from a power supply to drive a three-phase brushless motor, to a digital signal and outputs the digital signal. The brushless motor drive circuit has an energization timing adjustment circuit which outputs an adjustment signal for adjusting a lead angle value or a lag angle value of energization timing of the three-phase brushless motor, in response to the digital signal which is output by the first AD converter. The brushless motor drive circuit has an energization timing setting circuit which sets the energization timing of the three-phase brushless motor.

Abstract: A motor, including: a stator, a rotor, and a motor controller. The motor controller is connected to a network interface circuit (NIC). The motor can be directly connected to a network, which makes it possible for technicians to facilitate remote control, debugging, remote diagnosis, and troubleshooting. The motor is easy to be identified, and features improved functions, wider application range, and more convenient use.

Abstract: A power tool includes a housing, a brushless DC motor housed inside the housing, a power supply, a control unit, and an input unit such as a trigger switch actuated by a user. The control unit controls the commutation of the motor through a series of power switches coupled to the power supply. The control unit initiates electronic braking of the motor after occurrence of a condition in the input unit, such as trigger release or reduced speed, indicative of the power tool shut-down. A mechanism is provided to power the control unit for a predetermined amount of time after the detection of the condition from the input unit in order to complete the electronic braking of the motor.

Abstract: A power tool includes a brushless DC motor housed inside a tool housing, an input unit, and a control unit. The motor includes a rotor, a stator, and at least one sensor positioned to sense a state of the rotational position of the rotor inside the stator. A control unit controls commutation of the motor through a series of power switches coupled to the power supply. The control unit receives a current sensor state from the sensor and a user-selected speed from the input unit and determines whether the motor has reversed direction using the user-selected speed and the current sensor state. The control unit disables commutation of the motor if the motor has reversed direction until a proper current sensor state is received from the sensor.

Abstract: A system and method are presented for aligning a rotor in a motor. The motor may include the rotor and a plurality of pairs of electromagnets. One or more pairs of electromagnets may be excited at a first excitation level. The one or more pairs of electromagnets may be less than all of the plurality of pairs of electromagnets. The excitation of the one or more pairs of electromagnets may be increased to a second excitation level over a first period of time. The excitation of the one or more pairs of electromagnets may be decreased to a third excitation level over a second period of time. Exciting the one or more pairs of electromagnets, increasing the excitation, and decreasing the excitation may cause the rotor to stop in a known position.

Abstract: A slide-out or retractable room for a mobile living quarters, such as a recreational vehicle, is provided with actuating assemblies mounted on opposite side walls of the slide-out room and the adjacent wall of the main living area. The actuating assemblies include a pair of parallel gear racks mounted on the side wall, which are engaged by pinions rotated by torque shafts mounted on the main living quarters. Each torque shaft is rotated by a separate motor. A roller engages a bearing surface on the lower portion of the gear racks. Accordingly, the slide-out room is extended and retracted by rotating the torque shafts to cause the gear racks and the attached slide-out room to extend and retract. The weight of the slide-out room is supported by the rollers, thereby supporting the slide-out room off of the floor of the main living quarters as it extends and retracts.

Abstract: Provided are rotational position detection means detecting the rotational position of a multiplex-winding rotary machine; failure determination means determining failure of the rotational position detection means; control means calculating a voltage instruction for each winding group, based on the rotational position detected by the rotational position detection means; and voltage application means applying voltage to each winding group, based on the voltage instruction. According to the failure determination by the failure determination means, the control means outputs a voltage instruction for rotational position estimation to the voltage application means, and estimates the rotational position ?e, based on at least one of voltage and current obtained from the winding group in accordance with the voltage instruction.

Abstract: A command current setting portion has a target value corrector that calculates d-axis and q-axis current command values idc, iqc that are to be supplied to an open-loop controller, based on d-axis and q-axis current target values id*, iq*. When d-axis and q-axis voltage target value vd*, vq* calculated from the d-axis and q-axis current target values id*, iq* by the motor circuit equations exceed a voltage limit, this target value corrector 26 corrects the d-axis and q-axis current target values id*, iq* by the field weakening control such that d-axis and q-axis voltages vd, vq and d-axis and q-axis currents id, iq satisfy ?(vd2+vq2)?Vlim and ?(id2+iq2)?Ilim respectively. The d-axis and q-axis current command values idc, iqc are obtained by this correction.

Abstract: When performing PWM control in accordance with an overmodulation mode, an ECU variably sets a switching determination value, which is used for determination of switching control modes between the overmodulation mode and a sinusoidal wave modulation mode, based on a switching state of an inverter at present. Then, the ECU compares the degree of modulation, which is calculated from voltage command values, with the switching determination value so as to determine whether to switch to the sinusoidal wave modulation mode or to maintain the overmodulation mode. In particular, when an influence of a dead time is likely to cause generation of a voltage command that requires switching to the overmodulation mode just after switching to the sinusoidal wave modulation mode, the switching determination value is variably set to prevent the transition from the overmodulation mode to the sinusoidal wave modulation mode. This prevents chattering in which the control modes are frequently switched therebetween.

Abstract: Control of rotational speed of a motor is provided using an apparatus and method that provides a staging and a driving mode. A processor controls speed of the motor in three different modes to provide different control that is appropriate for different situations. Control-input indications are received by a processor indicating that a stepping mode is selected. In stepping mode, a sequence of commutation states are chosen in succession at a given stepping frequency for a given control selection. In an active-holding mode, the same phase in the commutation sequence is pulsed at low power to hold a motor location. In a closed-loop motor-control mode, the commutation state is sensed and state transition time is controlled relative to neutral timing. These modes may be used to advantage to simulate a drag race. An operator controls a remote-control vehicle in a stepping mode to drive toward a first beam at a drag start line.

Abstract: A driving apparatus is configured to switch states in one modulation period so as to include a conductive state in a first drive direction, a conductive state in a second drive direction having a polarity different from the conductive state in the first drive direction, and a ground state at least when a motor output is in a low output region including a case where a duty ratio of a PWM control is at zero, in which the duty ratio is changed by changing periods of the respective states.

Abstract: The motor driving circuit includes a driving controlling signal generating circuit that controls a driver with a driving controlling signal. The motor driving circuit includes a detecting circuit that outputs a first voltage signal based on a driving current flowing to the driver in a case where the motor is being driven by direct-current excitation driving. The motor driving circuit includes a calculating circuit that removes a direct-current component from the first voltage signal and outputs a resulting second voltage signal. The motor driving circuit includes a determining circuit that determines, based on an amplitude of the second voltage signal, whether or not to make the motor transition from the direct-current excitation driving to forced commutation driving and outputs a determination signal according to a result of the determination to the driving controlling signal generating circuit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a control method implemented in a variable speed drive for determining the inductances (Ld, Lq) of a permanent magnet synchronous machine comprising three phases (a, b, c), each oriented along a direction, a stator, and a rotor. For each phase, one after the other, said method includes steps of: applying, along the direction of the phase (a, b, c), a voltage vector (V1, V3, V5) in the positive direction and a voltage vector (V2, V4, V6) in the negative direction for a predetermined duration; measuring the current obtained in the phase after applying the voltage vectors in both directions; determining an angle (?r) for the position of the rotor in relation to the stator based on the measured current; and determining the flow (Ld) and torque (Lq) inductances of the machine based on the predetermined angle (?r).

Abstract: An AC electric motor, an inverter and a controller are mounted on an electric powered vehicle. The controller includes a voltage deviation calculating unit, a modulation factor calculating unit, and a mode switching determination unit. The voltage deviation calculating unit calculates a voltage deviation between a first voltage command when the rectangular wave voltage control is executed and a second voltage command when pulse width modulation control is executed, by inputting a current deviation to a voltage equation of the AC electric motor. Modulation factor calculating unit calculates the modulation factor based on the first voltage command and the voltage deviation. The mode switching determination unit determines whether or not control mode of the AC electric motor from the rectangular wave voltage control to the pulse width modulation control is necessary, based on the modulation factor.

Abstract: A control system and method for a multi-phase motor substantially reduces or eliminates jitter resulting from. drive mismatch by replacing a conventional trapezoidal drive profile with a drive profile that causes the voltage applied across active phases of the motor to match the back-EMF across those phases. In an ideal motor, the back-EMF is substantially sinusoidal, and although the drive profile applied to each phase is not truly substantially sinusoidal, the drive voltage across the active phases is substantially sinusoidal. In a non-ideal motor, the back-EMF is not truly sinusoidal and the drive profiles applied to each phase are calculated to cause the drive voltage across the active phases to match the back-EMF across those phases.

Abstract: A method of controlling an electric machine that includes exciting a winding of the electric machine in advance of zero-crossings of back emf by a fixed advance time over a range of speeds. Additionally, a control system for an electric machine, and a product incorporating the control system and electric machine.

Abstract: In a motor controller, a current detection unit detects an electric current flowing through a brushless motor. An open loop control unit determines a command value indicating a level of a command voltage in accordance with a motor circuit equation, based on a command current value indicating an amount of electric current to be supplied to the brushless motor and an angular velocity of a rotor in the brushless motor. A correction unit calculates a correction value based on a difference between the command current value and a current value detected by the current detection unit when the electric current is detected by the current detection unit and corrects the command value according to the correction value, and corrects the command value according to the correction value even when an electric current is not detected by the current detection unit.

Abstract: An automatic power-off and actuation circuit for a fan comprises a drive unit, a detection unit, a voltage-modulating unit, a comparison unit, an auto-restart unit, a regulation unit and a controlled IC, wherein the detection unit is electrically connected to the drive unit, the voltage-modulating unit is electrically connected to the detection unit, the comparison unit is electrically connected to the voltage-modulating unit, the auto-restart unit is electrically connected to the comparison unit, the regulation unit is electrically connected to the auto-restart unit and the drive unit, and the controlled IC is electrically connected to the regulation unit and the drive unit.

Abstract: Triggered by a position detection sensor detecting that a rotor is positioned at any one of K predetermined electrical angles, for example, 60°, 180°, and 300°, a voltage vector to be given to a motor is updated. When, for example, the rotation frequency is equal to or higher than a specified value, the predetermined electrical angles is changed into M, for example, into one angle of 60°.

Abstract: An inverter apparatus basically includes an inverter, a rotational speed detecting component and a control component. The inverter includes a plurality of pairs of switching elements. The control component controls an on-off status of the switching elements to convert a direct current from a direct current power source into alternating current by alternately executing first and second controls when a rotational speed of a motor connected to the switching elements is larger than a prescribed rotational speed. The first control turns on the switching elements that are directly connected to a positive electrode of the power source, and turns off the switching elements that are directly connected to a negative electrode of the power source. The second control turns on the switching elements that are directly connected to the negative electrode and turns off the switching elements that are directly connected to the positive electrode.

Abstract: Methods and systems for operating an inverter having a plurality of high switches and a plurality of low switches coupled to an electric motor are provided. An event indicative of deceleration of the electric motor is detected. The inverter is alternated between a first mode of operation and a second mode of operation during the deceleration of the electric motor. In the first mode of operation, each of the plurality of high switches is activated and each of the plurality of low switches is deactivated or each of the plurality of low switches is activated and each of the plurality of high switches is deactivated. In the second mode of operation, each of the plurality of high switches is deactivated and each of the plurality of low switches is deactivated.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a motor-generator includes a stator including multi-phase coils, a rotor, a multi-phase inverter one arm of which includes a switch element and a free-wheeling element, and a power supply connected between a neutral point of the coils and a negative electrode of the inverter. When the switch elements are driven by rectangular wave, the low-side switch element connected to the high-side switch element is subject to PWM switching control while the high-side switch element is off. When a time point, at which the high-side switch element is turned off, is defined as a base point, if ? is defined as a time when switching of the low-side switch element starts, and ? is defined as a time when the switching ends, ?-? is 120 degrees in electrical degree or more, ? is more than 0 degrees, and ? is less than 180 degrees.

Abstract: A PWM strategy can be implemented to reduce device power losses and hotspot temperature in an inverter circuit that drives a synchronous motor. A method includes migrating a phase current from a power device with higher losses to a power device with lower losses. A PWM modulation signal can be modified to alter the inverter duty cycle and migrate phase current in the direction of lower losses. As an example, a PWM reference signal can be shifted to a lower value. A PWM loss reduction strategy can be performed while a motor is in a rotor-lock state to reduce device hotspot temperature. The PWM loss reduction strategy can also be performed when a motor is operating in a normal state, pushing PWM to DPWM, reducing switching and overall losses. The strategy can be practiced while a PMSM is operating as a motor, and can also be practiced during regenerative braking.

Abstract: A brushless motor device switches between a 120-degree energization method and a 180-degree energization method of advancing an electrical angle by 30 degrees to drive a brushless motor 1 according to the result of a comparison between the rotational speed of the brushless motor 1 and a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A method of braking a washing machine from an operational speed to a reduced non-zero speed is provided (as well as a washing machine incorporating the method) for a washing machine driven by one of a synchronous or asynchronous motor. Upon receipt of a speed reduction signal, the motor rotating magnetic fields are collapsed for a defined time period. After the defined time period, DC braking voltage is applied to the motor stator windings at a controlled ramp-up rate to an amplitude to generate a controlled ramped braking torque on the motor until the motor has slowed to a defined reduced speed. Thereafter, the amplitude of the DC braking voltage is set to 0V and the motor is soft started to an amplitude and reduced frequency needed to maintain the defined reduced speed.

Abstract: A motor driving circuit receives a control pulse signal pulse-width modulated according to a target rotational speed, and drives a fan motor. A start pulse signal generating unit generates a start pulse signal having a predetermined duty ratio. A driving unit drives the fan motor by pulse width modulation according to the driving pulse signal received from a control unit. When the duty ratio of the control pulse signal is switched from zero to a nonzero value when the fan motor is in the stopped state, the control unit commences the driving operation for the fan motor. The control unit outputs, as the driving pulse signal, the start pulse signal, in a predetermined start period Ts from the commencement of the driving operation. After the start period elapses, the control unit outputs the control pulse signal as the driving pulse signal.

Abstract: A motor driving circuit has a motor operated with a forward operation, a reverse operation, an inactivating operation, and/or a brake operation under a constant current mode, a constant voltage mode, and/or a full swing mode. The motor driving circuit also prevents usage of multiple operational amplifiers and errors brought by the usage of the multiple operational amplifiers with simple circuit designs.

Abstract: Methods and systems for controlling an electric motor are provided. The electric motor includes at least one winding. A winding current flowing through the at least one winding is monitored. The winding current has an oscillating component and an offset component. The offset component of the winding current is isolated from the oscillating component of the winding current. The electric motor is controlled based on the offset component of the winding current.

Abstract: A system and method are presented for aligning a rotor in a motor. The motor may include the rotor and a plurality of pairs of electromagnets. One or more pairs of electromagnets may be excited at a first excitation level. The one or more pairs of electromagnets may be less than all of the plurality of pairs of electromagnets. The excitation of the one or more pairs of electromagnets may be increased to a second excitation level over a first period of time. The excitation of the one or more pairs of electromagnets may be decreased to a third excitation level over a second period of time. Exciting the one or more pairs of electromagnets, increasing the excitation, and decreasing the excitation may cause the rotor to stop in a known position.

Abstract: A blower motor assembly having a variable speed motor that is suitable for direct, drop-in replacement in a residential HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system that employs a PSC motor. The blower motor assembly includes at least a neutral input and two hot AC line connections, one for connection to the heating power source and the other to the cooling power source. A sensing circuit senses which of the inputs is energized by sensing either voltage or current on the inputs. The sensing circuit delivers a corresponding signal to a motor controller to control the speed of the variable speed motor. The blower motor assembly may also be equipped with additional hot AC inputs, more than one neutral line, and several sensing circuits for sensing current or voltage in the hot inputs and/or the neutral lines for controlling various aspects of the variable speed motor.

Abstract: A motor control system for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) applications is described. The motor control system includes a thermostat and an electronically commutated motor (ECM) coupled to the thermostat. The ECM is configured to retrofit an existing non-ECM electric motor included in an HVAC application and to operate in one of a plurality of HVAC modes. The HVAC modes include at least one of a heating mode, a cooling mode, and a continuous fan mode. The HVAC mode is determined based at least partially on outputs provided by the thermostat.

Abstract: A differential amplifier detects a coil current Is at the time of steady rotation of a synchronous motor. An application voltage S0 at this time is detected from an output of an ATT circuit and so on. With the use of the coil current Is which is detected, the application voltage S0 at that time, and a predetermined scaling factor As, an induced current Ib is obtained based on Ib=As·S0?Is. The application voltage to the motor is controlled based on the induced current Ib which is obtained.

Abstract: Provided are a switching device for an electric vehicle and a method of controlling the switching device. The switching device includes a switch, a signal selection part, an inverter, and a controller. The switch generates a first or second switching signal according to an operation mode. The signal selection part receives the first or second switching signal, and selects the first or second switching signal according to the operation mode to output the selected switching signal. The inverter performs a direct current/alternating current conversion process on power according to the switching signal output from the signal selection part, and outputs the power. The controller determines the operation mode, and generates a control signal according to the operation mode such that the signal selection part selects the first or second switching signal.

Abstract: Consistent with an example embodiment there is a method for controlling a deceleration process of a DC motor, wherein the DC motor is driven by a bridge driver coupled to a power supply intended to provide a supply voltage VDD at a power supply output. The method comprises applying a deceleration PWM signal to the bridge driver for decelerating the DC motor, and controlling the bridge driver such that a motor-induced back current is reduced, if the voltage at the power supply output exceeds a first voltage threshold which is higher than VDD. In accordance with the example embodiment, the method includes the following: if the voltage at the power supply output falls below a second voltage threshold which is lower than the first voltage threshold, control of the bridge driver is terminated such that the motor-induced back current is reduced.

Abstract: A LIN receiver includes a voltage divider that divides an input voltage and outputs the divided voltage, and a peak hold circuit that outputs a peak voltage of the input voltage. The LIN receiver is configured to generate a threshold voltage to be used for determining a voltage signal of a communication bus. The threshold voltage is generated from a voltage signal of the communication bus such that the peak value of the voltage signal (i.e., equivalent to a battery voltage) is held by the peak hold circuit and divided by the voltage divider. Although the communication bus is connected to an on-vehicle battery of which voltage varies with time, by using the voltage signal of the communication bus, a 5V system ECU can generate a threshold voltage which varies responding to the variation of the battery voltage. Hence, the voltage signal can be determined correctly as either high or low level.

Abstract: The present invention provides a permanent-magnet-type rotating electrical machine capable of realizing variable-speed operation in a wide range from low speed to high speed at high output and improving, in a wide operating range, efficiency, reliability, and productivity. A narrow magnetic path 11 is formed in a rotor core 2 of a rotor 1 at an inter-pole yoke that magnetically connects adjacent pole core portions 7 to each other, so that the narrow magnetic path is magnetically saturated with flux of a magnetic field created by a predetermined magnetizing current passed to an armature coil 21. Each of first permanent magnets 3 at each of the pole core portions 7 is magnetized with a magnetic field created by a magnetizing current passed to the armature coil 21, to irreversibly change the flux amount of the first permanent magnet.

Abstract: In an apparatus, a predicting unit predicts, based on a target value of a drive mode of a power converter at a next timing, a first value of a controlled variable. The drive mode is indicative of a switching-state of each of a plurality of switching elements. The target value of the drive mode of the power converter at the next timing is temporarily set at a present timing prior to the next timing. A driving unit drives the plurality of switching elements based on the target value of the drive mode at the next timing while limiting a number of switching-state changes in the plurality of switching elements from the present timing to the next timing as long as the deviation between the predicted first value of the controlled variable at the further next timing and a command value therefor is within a threshold range.