Abstract: A mobile charger for a game controller includes a printed circuit board supporting a universal serial bus plug at one end of the board and a charging plug at the opposing end, the board further supporting a rechargeable battery, a housing body including a base form having an internal volume and a top plate, the housing body including opposing openings for the USB plug and the charging plug, the top plate including a mounting location for mounting the PCB, the top plate aligned over and mountable to the base form. The USB male plug may be inserted into a female USP port to receive a and whereby the male charging plug may be plugged into a female charge port on the wireless game controller to offload the charge in the rechargeable battery to the wireless game controller rechargeable battery while the controller is use during game play.

Abstract: The present invention provides a power factor correction circuit (21, 22), a power factor correction assembly (2) and an on-line uninterruptible power supply including the same. The power factor correction circuit (21) comprises a pulse width modulated rectifier (211, 221) and an isolated DC-DC converter (212, 222), wherein an output of the pulse width modulated rectifier (211, 221) is connected to an input of the isolated DC-DC converter (212, 222). The power factor correction assembly (2) comprises a plurality of power factor correction circuits (21, 22) described above, wherein inputs of pulse width modulated rectifiers (211, 221) in the plurality of power factor correction circuits (21, 22) are connected in series, and outputs of isolated DC-DC converters (212, 222) in the plurality of power factor correction circuits (21, 22) are connected in parallel.

Abstract: A control circuit, a power supply structure and an electronic cigarette are disclosed. The power supply structure includes a battery receiving casing, and at least two battery cells are received in the battery receiving casing. The power supply structure further includes a bottom plate provided with contacts, and the bottom plate is disposed in the battery receiving casing. When the at least two battery cells are connected to a first group of contacts on the bottom plate, the at least two battery cells form a serial connection relationship. When the at least two battery cells are connected to a second group of contacts on the bottom plate, the at least two battery cells form a parallel connection relationship.

Abstract: A portable power source includes a housing and a battery receptacle supported by the housing. The battery receptacle is configured to receive a battery. The portable power source also includes a first power tool battery pack port that is configured to receive a first power tool battery pack. The portable power source further includes a charging circuit coupled to the battery receptacle and the power tool battery pack, and an inverter. The charging circuit is configured to receive power from the battery receptacle and to provide power to the power tool battery pack port. The inverter includes a DC input coupled to the battery receptacle, inverter circuitry, and an AC output. The inverter circuitry is configured to receive power from the battery receptacle via the DC input, invert DC power received from the battery receptacle to AC power, and provide the AC power to the AC output.

Abstract: One embodiment discloses a DC-DC converter which, in a solar-related energy storage system, cuts-off the over-discharging of a battery, and a control method thereof. Specifically, disclosed are a DC-DC converter which protects a battery by appropriately switching between a sleep mode which minimizes battery consumption by maintaining only minimized functions and a cut-off mode which prevents the battery from over-discharging by physically cutting off a circuit connected to the battery, and a control method thereof. Also, an embodiment discloses a DC-DC converter or reverse wiring protection device for between a solar panel and a battery.

Abstract: A method includes determining a charging port mode by receiving a data contact detect (DCD) Complete signal, reducing a voltage on a first data pin of a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector of a portable device, and determining that a condition is true when a voltage on a second data pin of the USB connector is equal to or greater than 0.8 to 2.0 Volts (V), and is false otherwise. When the condition is true, a first signal is sent on a control circuit output indicating indicate that the PD is connected to a dedicated charging port (DCP) of Divider 0 mode. When the condition is false, a second signal is sent on the control circuit output indicating that the PD is connected to a DCP of 1.2V short mode.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide improved fault detection and mitigation systems, methods, and techniques used in a BMS in an energy storage system (for example, grid energy storage). Embodiments of the present invention may detect battery malfunction in a battery stack and take quick corrective and preventative measures accordingly. Embodiments of the present invention may also provide select redundant components to implement safety techniques described herein.

Abstract: Disclosed is an in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) system connected to a USB device by a USB cable. The IVI system includes a USB charging unit outputting internal power for low-speed charging, a switch unit outputting external power for high-speed charging, and a micro controller unit determining a USB connector type of a USB device according to a connector identification signal received from the USB device through the USB cable and controlling an operation of the USB charging unit and the switch unit to transfer the internal power or the external power to the USB device through the USB cable according to a result of determining the USB connector type.

Abstract: A rechargeable cleaner includes a body, a rechargeable battery, a charger, and a body controller. The body is configured to generate suction power capable of sucking dust together with air using a motor. The rechargeable battery is configured to supply electric power to the motor. The charger is configured to charge the battery. The body controller is disposed in the body. The body controller controls at least one of a charging current and a charging voltage based on cell voltage information indicating a cell voltage, cell temperature information indicating a cell temperature, and battery identification information for identifying the battery that are acquired from the battery, and based on charger identification information for identifying the charger acquired from the charger.

Abstract: A charging wake-up circuit includes a first switch, a second switch, a first resistor, a second resistor, and a third resistor. The first switch has a first terminal for receiving a first voltage, and a control terminal for receiving a second voltage. The second switch has a first terminal coupled to the second terminal of the first switch. The first resistor has a first terminal coupled to the control terminal of the second switch, and a second terminal coupled to the first terminal of the second switch. The second resistor has a first terminal coupled to the second end of the second switch, and a second terminal. The third resistor has a first terminal coupled to the second terminal of the second resistor and a device to provide a control voltage to the device to wake up the device, and a second terminal to receive a third voltage.

Abstract: A docking station for charging an autonomous floor cleaner includes a transmitter that can transmit a signal for detection by the robot. The docking station can include an opaque shroud for the transmitter and/or spring-loaded charging contacts. The autonomous floor cleaner can comprise a passive receiver that detects signals emitted from the docking station and a time-of-flight sensor for position/proximity sensing. The robot can selectively turn off the time-of-flight sensor when docking with or avoiding the docking station. Methods for docking, re-docking, low power charging, docking station avoidance, obstacle response during docking, and close-proximity docking are disclosed.

Abstract: An all-solid-state secondary battery including: a cathode including a cathode active material layer; an anode including an anode current collector, and an anode active material layer on the anode current collector, wherein the anode active material layer includes an anode active material which is alloyable with lithium or forms a compound with lithium; and a solid electrolyte layer between the cathode and the anode, wherein a ratio of an initial charge capacity (b) of the anode active material layer to an initial charge capacity (a) of the cathode active material layer satisfies a condition of Equation 1: 0.01<(b/a)<0.5, wherein a is the initial charge capacity of the cathode active material layer determined from a first open circuit voltage to a maximum charging voltage, and b is the initial charge capacity of the anode active material layer determined from a second open circuit voltage to 0.01 volts vs. Li/Li+.

Abstract: A smart ring is configured harvest mechanical energy using piezoelectricity. The smart ring includes a ring-shaped housing, a power source disposed within the ring-shaped housing, and a charging circuit. The charging circuit includes a piezoelectric harvesting element, and is configured to charge the power source when user motion causes a mechanical deformation in the piezoelectric harvesting element. The smart ring further includes a component, disposed within the ring-shaped housing and configured to draw energy from the power source, and further configured to perform at least one of: i) sense a physical phenomenon external to the ring-shaped housing, ii) send communication signals to a communication device external to the ring-shaped housing, or iii) implement a user interface.

Abstract: A heating pad control apparatus capable of preventing a battery pack from maintaining a high-temperature state by controlling an operating state of a heating pad based on a temperature of the battery pack and a current flowing through the battery pack. There is an advantage in that the temperature of the battery pack may be prevented from rising above a certain level. Accordingly, since the temperature of the battery pack is maintained at a certain level, damage to the elements provided in the battery pack is reduced, and the use efficiency of the battery pack may be improved.

Abstract: A charging method and system, a charging box and Bluetooth earphones are disclosed. The charging method is applied to the charging box. The charging method comprises: when it is detected that Bluetooth earphones are placed in the charging box, acquiring current capacity information of the Bluetooth earphones; determining a number of Bluetooth earphones according to the current capacity information; if the number of Bluetooth earphones is two, calculating a capacity difference and a total charging capacity required according to a first current capacity and a second current capacity in the current capacity information; and acquiring a chargeable capacity of the charging box, comparing the chargeable capacity with the total charging capacity required and the capacity difference, and charging the Bluetooth earphones according to comparison results.

Abstract: A smart ring charging system comprises a charging source integrated into an object, the object configured to be held by a user wearing a smart ring. The smart ring may include a ring-shaped housing and a power source disposed within or at the ring-shaped housing and configured to receive energy from the charging source while the user is wearing the smart ring and holding the object. A controller may be disposed within or at the ring-shaped housing, or at the object with the charger and configured to estimate a charging rate at which the power source receives the energy from the charging source. The system may further include one or more indicators configured to indicate the charging rate.

Abstract: An information processing device, an information processing method, and a program are proposed that make it possible to allow an autonomous moving body to make battery replacement more easily. The information processing device includes a controller. The controller couples, in a first region, a connection terminal to the autonomous moving body. The first region is provided for ejection of a first battery included in the autonomous moving body. The connection terminal is provided for power supply and included in a power supply apparatus disposed in the first region. The controller moves the autonomous moving body with the connection terminal coupled, from the first region to a second region in which a charged second battery is disposed.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a processor configured to provide a notification about reservation information related to a reservation of a reserved private room in a case where an entry to the private room is not confirmable before a predetermined time from a usage start time point according to the reservation of the private room.

Abstract: An electrical device includes a memory storing a value indicative the remaining available rated capacity of one or more batteries. The stored value is changed in use to reflect reducing capacity. The initial stored value is chosen so that there is a very high (e.g. >99.9%) confidence that the one or more batteries will provide at least the capacity indicated by the initial stored value. This reduces the chance of failure during emergency procedures. The one or more batteries may be integral to the electrical device. An override facility is provided.

Abstract: A heating appliance of the electric radiator type, including a housing containing a DC operated electrical energy storage device charged by an electrical power supply source outside the appliance, and at least one heating body that can be powered by the electrical power supply source and/or by the electrical energy storage device. The housing also comprises at least one air inlet arranged in a lower part of the housing to allow air to enter the space internally defined by the housing, and at least one air outlet arranged in an upper part of the housing to allow the air to leave the space. The electrical energy storage device is arranged across the air flow that circulates, in the space, from the at least one air inlet to the at least one air outlet, in a location situated, as observed in the direction of circulation of the flow, between the at least one air inlet and the at least one heating body.

Abstract: A smart ring charging system comprises a charging source integrated into an object, the object configured to be held by a user wearing a smart ring. The smart ring may include a ring-shaped housing and a power source disposed within or at the ring-shaped housing and configured to receive energy from the charging source while the user is wearing the smart ring and holding the object. A controller may be disposed within or at the ring-shaped housing, or at the object with the charger and configured to estimate a charging rate at which the power source receives the energy from the charging source. The system may further include one or more indicators configured to indicate the charging rate.

Abstract: A multi-function onboard charging module (OBCM) operable for charging a battery pack using a wide variety of offboard charging systems, such as to enable the OBCM to charge a battery pack using electrical power provided from different types of direct current (DC), single-phase alternating current (AC), and/or three-phase AC offboard charging systems.

Abstract: An electronic device may determine whether a user wears the electronic device by means of at least one sensor; measure a first bio-signal of the user by means of the at least one sensor while the user wears the electronic device; drive an RF sensor included in a charging device while the electronic device is connected to the charging device including the RF sensor through an interface, thereby measuring a second bio-signal of the user that is generated by the RF signal oscillated from the RF sensor; receive at least one of electric power for charging the battery from the charging device and the second bio-signal through the interface; generate health information of the user on the basis of at least the first bio-signal and the second bio-signal; and display the generated health information on a display.

Abstract: A battery cell balancing system contains a switch mode circuit employing voltage sensors across the cells and current on the balancing legs to enable reliable and efficient cell balancing during battery charge.

Abstract: Adapters that can mount phones or other electronic devices on camera stabilizers, where the adapters are portable, can capable of charging, and can allow cameras on the phones to be easily leveled or adjusted to any orientation. An adapter can include a base portion having an opening, where a fastener in the opening can attach the adapter to a camera stabilizer, as well as an upright portion having an enclosure and a contacting surface. The enclosure can house a first magnet array for magnetically attracting a second magnet array in a phone, such that the phone can be readily mounted to a camera stabilizer. The enclosure can further house near-field communication circuits and components for identification. The upright portion and base portion can be connected by a fixed right angle or by a hinge, which can allow the adapter to fold into a more convenient form.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods are provided herein for delivering medication (e.g., insulin) via a wearable pump having a patch-style form factor for adhesion to a user's body. The reusable pump may be coupled to a disposable cap housing a microdosing system for delivering precise, repeatable doses of medication to a cannula configured to deliver medication to a target infusion area beneath the user's outer skin layer. The system further may include an applicator for inserting the cannula into the user's skin and/or applying an adhesive pad to the skin.

Abstract: A charging apparatus for inductive charging. The charging apparatus comprises one or more charging coils configured to transfer power to a mobile apparatus and at least one flexible diaphragm configured so that movement of the flexible diaphragm directs air flow towards the mobile apparatus. At least one of, the one or more charging coils or actuating circuitry for actuating the one or more charging coils are mounted on the flexible diaphragm.

Abstract: A battery charger may include a printed circuit board (PCB) having a first portion supporting alternating current (AC) electrical components and a second portion supporting direct current (DC) electrical components; an indicator including a light-emitting diode (LED) supported on the first portion of the PCB and operable to emit light; and an isolating member positioned on the first portion between the AC electrical components and the LED. A trace on the PCB may be electrically connected to the second portion of the PCB, the trace extending from the second portion and along the first portion, and the LED may be electrically connected to and receiving DC power through the trace, the LED being selectively positioned along a length of the trace. The LED may be positioned more than about 8 mm from the AC electrical components.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for managing charging and discharging of battery packs. In one or more aspects, a system and method are provided to minimize overcharging of battery cells of specific battery chemistries while still enabling fast charging cycles. In other aspects, a buck converter may be used to reduce a voltage of power used to charge the cells. In further aspects, a fast overcurrent protection circuit is described to address situations involving internal short circuits of a battery cell or battery pack. In yet further aspects, a bypass circuit is provided in series-connected battery packs to improve the charging of undercharged battery packs while also increasing the efficiency of the overall charging process. In other aspects, a circuit is provided that permits a controller to determine a configuration of battery packs.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes one or more aspects of a space-saving, serviceable modular battery assembly that may be used as part of a user equipment. The space-saving, serviceable modular battery assembly includes a battery cell electrically coupled to a first module assembly that monitors a state of the battery cell, a first alignment bracket located at a first end of the battery cell, and a second alignment bracket located at a second end of the battery cell. The first module assembly overlaps a second module assembly that supports system-level functions of the user equipment.

Abstract: Described herein are active rectification methods and systems for a rectifier of a wireless power system. Exemplary methods can include detecting, by a zero-crossing detector, one or more zero-crossings of a current at an input of the rectifier and determining a first delay time based on at least one wireless power system parameter and the zero-crossings. The methods can include generating first and second control signals for first and second switches of the rectifier, respectively, based on the first delay time; inserting a first dead time between the first control signal and the second control signal; and providing the first and second control signals to the first and second switches, respectively.

Abstract: Gaps between transmitters and receivers in wireless power systems and related systems, methods, and devices are disclosed. A housing includes an internal surface configured to face a receive power coil and an external surface configured to face a wireless power transmitter. The external surface is shaped to define one or more gaps between the external surface and a surface of the wireless power transmitter responsive to placement of the external surface into engagement with the surface of the wireless power transmitter. An electronic device includes a receive power coil and a barrier including an internal surface facing the receive power coil and an external surface configured to face a transmit power coil. The external surface defines a gap between the external surface and a surface of the wireless power transmitter responsive to placement of the external surface in engagement with the surface of the wireless power transmitter.

Abstract: The present patent application describes a charger for electric vehicles that features a fault ride through capability, allowing it to use power from the vehicle's battery as a backup power source during low voltage faults of the grid. The charger includes a backup circuit that comprises a first coupling circuit connected to the power path of the electric vehicle battery through the charger, a second coupling circuit connected to the power path of the charger's power supply, and optionally a connection or conditioning circuit to match the voltages of the coupling circuits. The backup circuit enables the control and communication units of the charger to keep operating during low voltage faults of the grid, which can vary in duration from milliseconds to several seconds. The coupling circuits may be placed at various points in the charger's circuitry, such as the input, output, or internal points of the converter or power supply.

Abstract: A charging control apparatus, a device to be charged, and a charging control method are provided. The charging control apparatus includes: a first charging channel configured to charge a plurality of cells coupled in series according to a charging signal provided by a first-type power supply device; a second charging channel configured to charge a part of the cells in the plurality of cells according to a charging signal provided by a second-type power supply device; and an equalizing circuit configured to equalize a voltage of the plurality of cells during an operating process of the second charging channel.

Abstract: An electronic device-charger set is provided including an electronic device, and a charger with which the electronic device is configured to interlock. The electronic device includes a body including a batter and a connector electrically connected to the battery, a clip extending along the body, and a magnet provided at the clip. The charger includes a charging connector disposed at a position connecting with the connector in state in which the electronic device is interlocked with the charger, a recess formed at a position to house the clip in state in which the electronic device is interlocked with the charger, and an attracting magnet provided at an opposing portion of the recess opposing the magnet and configured to generate an attraction force between the attracting magnet and the magnet.

Abstract: A method and a device for acquiring a charging electricity amount, and an electronic device are provided. When a controller determines based on at least operation state information of an external electric meter that the external electric meter is in a fault state, the first amount of electricity, outputted by the charging pile when the external electric meter is in the fault state, can be calculated based on at least first electric energy output data of the charging pile acquired by the charging module of the charging pile when the external electric meter is in the fault state. That is, the amount of electricity consumed by the charging pile can be calculated even when the external electric meter is in the fault state, so that the controller calculates the cost based on the amount of electricity consumed by the charging pile.

Abstract: A system and method for wireless charging a wireless earbud. The wireless earbud having a body that includes a passive magnetic shield and a coil. The coil is wound around a portion of the body comprising the passive magnetic shielding. The wireless earbud receiving wireless energy in response to the placement of the body within an electromagnetic field, which results in the charging of a battery of the wireless earbud.

Abstract: A magnetic wireless charging holder includes a holder body and a main body. The main body is disposed on the holder body. The main body includes a housing, a wireless charging module, and a first magnet configured to attract a built-in magnet of a mobile phone. A magnetic shield is fixed in the housing for attracting and positioning the first magnet. With the first magnet, the product has a magnetic attraction function. The first magnet and the built-in magnet of the mobile phone are mutually attracted each other to achieve a rapid and accurate alignment.

Abstract: A charging device may include a housing having a front portion and a rear portion coupled to the front portion, at least one support disposed within and coupled to the housing, an inductive charging mechanism disposed within and coupled to the housing, and at least one support that is disposed at an angle toward the inductive charging mechanism. The back surface of the front portion may contain an indentation, and the inductive charging mechanism may be disposed in the indentation. The housing may contain at least one opening to ventilate the housing. At least one support may be coupled to an interior surface of the housing. The charging device may include a means for providing power to the inductive charging mechanism and/or a means for coupling the housing to a surface.

Abstract: An energy storage device (ESD) manager determines charge conditions that result in charge-related aging of an energy storage device (ESD), such as a battery, cell, or the like. The ESD manager may determine charge-related costs for charge operations, which may quantify charge-related aging imposed by subjecting ESD to specified charge conditions. The ESD manager may evaluate and/or modify charge operations to reduce charge-related aging. The ESD manager may be further configured to model charge-related aging behavior over time and/or under variable charge conditions. The ESD manager may configure charge operations to ensure that charge-related performance loss remains below a threshold for a specified usage duration.

Abstract: An enclosure system includes multiple walls forming an interior volume. The enclosure system is configured to couple to an equipment front end module (EFEM) of a substrate processing system. The enclosure system further includes a charging assembly including a first charging coil. The enclosure system further includes one or more first support structures disposed within the interior volume under the first charging coil. The one or more first support structures are configured to support a first validation wafer within a threshold distance of the first charging coil to charge the first validation wafer via the charging assembly.

Abstract: A system, including a mobile robot, including: at least one charging contact; a battery; a first signal receiver, and a second signal receiver, and a recharging station, including: at least one charging contact for connecting with the at least one charging contact of the mobile robot; a power supply electrically coupled with the at least one charging contact; a first signal emitter emitting a first signal; and a second signal emitter emitting a second signal, wherein: the mobile robot aligns with the recharging station based on the signals received by the first signal receiver and the second signal receiver of the mobile robot; and the mobile robot is positioned to drive in a forward direction and dock with the recharging station when the first signal receiver detects the first signal and the second signal receiver detects the second signal simultaneously.

Abstract: A device for charging a portable electronic device includes a housing having a first surface configured to adhere to the portable electronic device, and a cable having an end that is configured to connect to a power source. The cable may have another end that is connected to an inductive charging component and/or another connector of a cable that connects to a charging port of the portable electronic device. A battery of the portable electronic device is capable of being charged when either the connector of the cable is connected to the charging port of the portable electronic device or the other end of the cable is connected to the power source or via the inductive charging component. The housing defines a cavity configured to store the cable within the cavity when the cable is not in use.

Abstract: A charging method and a battery pack are provided. The charging method for charging multiple cells of the battery pack include steps of: charging the cells of the battery pack using a charging voltage, and detecting a voltage difference ?VTDV between the cells, wherein a value of the charging voltage is a rated charging voltage value; and obtaining a new charging voltage value smaller than the rated charging voltage value according to the voltage difference ?VTDV between the cells, and decreasing the charging voltage to the new charging voltage value for charging the cells.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a thermal runaway of a battery for an electric vehicle includes an exterior case, a plurality of battery cells provided inside the exterior case, a sensing module provided in one of the plurality of battery cells and detecting pressure of the battery cell, and a printed circuit board transmitting a voltage and a temperature of the battery cell, and the pressure of the battery cell detected by the sensing module, to a battery management system.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus includes: N pairs of probes that are respectively connected to a positive electrode and an external member of N rechargeable batteries that have a capacitance connected in parallel between the positive electrode and the external member; a scanner that selectively switches to one pair of probes out of the N pairs; a measuring apparatus that measures the voltage between the selected probes; and a controller. A plurality of resistance configurations to be connected between each pair of probes are provided. After a standby time has elapsed in a state where the N pairs of probes are connected to the positive electrodes and external members of the N rechargeable batteries, the controller outputs control signals to the scanner to successively switch to each pair of probes and causes the measuring apparatus to measure the voltage between the selected probes every time switching is performed.

Abstract: Eyewear including a see-through display, a battery, and a frame forming at least one electrical contact for connection to a battery charger for battery charging. The electrical contact is large compared to the size of a battery charging contact to allow easy alignment. The frame may be tied to ground in one example, and to a positive potential in another example. In another example, the frame may be formed into a left portion that is electrically isolated from a right portion. The left portion has a contact coupled to a ground electrode of the battery and is configured to connect to a ground electrode of the battery charger. The right portion has a contact coupled to a positive electrode of the battery and is configured to connect to a positive potential of the battery charger.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for managing a temperature of a battery energy storage system (“BESS”). A method may comprise obtaining a charge/discharge schedule for a battery energy storage system (BESS) for a first time period; identifying, from the charge/discharge schedule, a charge or discharge time period of the BESS within the first time period; calculating a beginning time of a temperature control time period in which equipment operates to control a temperature of the BESS to reach a target temperature by a beginning time of the charge or discharge time period; and controlling the equipment operating to control the temperature of the BESS for the temperature control time period such that the temperature of the BESS reaches the target temperature by the beginning time of the charge or discharge time period.

Abstract: Protection circuitry for a vehicle power supply with storage units includes at least a first output circuit and a second output circuit for providing power to the storage units. At least a first microcontroller and a second microcontroller are each adapted to prevent the first output circuit or the second output circuit, or both, from providing power.

Abstract: A direct current power supply system includes N power supply devices, N triple-pole direct current switches, a positive bus, an M bus, and a negative bus. A positive input terminal of an ith triple-pole direct current switch is coupled to a first output terminal of an ith power supply device, an M input terminal of the ith triple-pole direct current switch is coupled to a second output terminal of the ith power supply device, a negative input terminal of the ith triple-pole direct current switch is coupled to a third output terminal of the ith power supply device, a positive output terminal of the ith triple-pole direct current switch is coupled to the positive bus, an M input terminal of the ith triple-pole direct current switch is coupled to the M bus, and a negative output terminal of the ith triple-pole direct current switch is coupled to the negative bus.