Abstract: Provided are a terminal device and a method and system for monitoring battery safety in a terminal device. The method includes the following. Power-off information generated upon disconnection between a battery connector of the terminal device and a main board of the terminal device is acquired. Whether the disconnection between the battery connector and the main board is an unauthorized disconnection is determined according to the power-off information. Upon determining that the disconnection between the battery connector and the main board is the unauthorized disconnection, determine that a battery of the terminal device has safety hazard and control the terminal device to send reminder information indicative of battery abnormality.

Abstract: A battery management system and method to control charging of a battery is provided. The system determines whether a current capacity of the battery is greater than a predetermined threshold percentage of an original rated capacity of the battery, in response to initiation of a charging cycle of the battery being detected, controls the battery to be charged with a first voltage, in response to the current capacity of the battery being determined to be greater than the predetermined threshold percentage of the original rated capacity of the battery, and controls the battery to be charged with a second voltage, in response to the current capacity of the battery being determined to be less than or equal to the predetermined threshold percentage of the original rated capacity of the battery.

Abstract: A battery charging station includes a power bus, a power supplying unit, a first voltage converting unit and a processor. The power supplying unit receives a first power to generate a second power accordingly and transmits the second power to the power bus as a supplying power of the power bus. The first voltage converting unit is coupled to the power bus and is connected to a first battery removably disposed in the battery station. The processor sets the first voltage converting unit to operate in a first mode or a second mode, the first voltage converting unit in the first mode receives the supplying power from the power bus so as to charge the first battery. The first voltage converting unit in the second mode receives the electrical power from the first battery and generates a second mode power towards the power bus.

Abstract: An energy dispatch system, apparatus, and method are disclosed. The energy dispatch system includes a server and multiple site controllers respectively corresponding to multiple users. Each user corresponds to an energy storage device, and each energy storage device has a stage of charge. The server determines a scheduled power consumption target of each scheduling period for each user according to a total support power, multiple power consumption references of the users, and the stages of charge. The server transmits each scheduled power consumption target corresponding to a first scheduling period of the scheduling periods to the corresponding site controller.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present technology may provide methods and apparatus for a battery system. The apparatus may provide a fuel gauge circuit that operates in conjunction with a protection circuit to control discharging and/or current leakage at exposed terminals of the apparatus.

Abstract: An example of a vehicle electrical system includes a rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) having a first voltage and a power inverter selectively connected to the RESS. The system further includes an electric motor having a plurality of machine windings with each of the machine windings including a polyphase terminal electrically connected to the power inverter. The machine windings further include a neutral terminal separate from the polyphase terminals and configured to electrically connect to an off-board power source having a second voltage that is below the first voltage of the RESS. The power inverter is configured to cycle between first and second operational states, such that the power inverter and the electric motor steps up the first voltage to the second voltage.

Abstract: Various embodiments described herein relate to a battery that includes a battery cap with one or more cut-out sections. The battery cap may be used to at least partially cover a circuit board that is proximate an end of a battery cell. In various examples, the cut-out sections may be configured to accommodate one or more cell tabs of the battery that protrude above the circuit board.

Abstract: A battery pack diagnosing device mediating signal communication between a battery pack and a user terminal includes a controller generating a wake-up signal based on a user input to a third switch and transmitting the generated wake-up signal to the battery pack, and establishing a communication connection according to a first communication method with the battery pack turned on based on the wake-up signal and receiving state information of the battery pack through the established communication connection.

Abstract: A discharge energy recovery and formation capacity grading apparatus for a soft-package power battery comprises a rack, a condition-variable charge and discharge power box arranged on the rack, a battery formation capacity-grading clamping movement mechanism for clamping positive and negative electrode lugs of the soft-package power battery, a battery tray for, a movement mechanism control assembly for controlling the movement of the battery formation and capacity grading clamping movement mechanism, a safety protection sensor assembly, and a battery formation capacity-grading control mechanism. The charge and discharge power box, the battery formation capacity-grading clamping movement mechanism, the battery tray, the movement mechanism control assembly, and the safety protection sensor assembly are all in signal connection with the battery formation capacity-grading control mechanism.

Abstract: An electronic device and a method of a power supply protection for a connection port are provided. The electronic device includes a first connection port with a first switch and a first controller and a first control circuit. The first controller determines a first preset value according to a state of the first switch activation signal correspondingly, and detects whether the first input voltage of the first connection port is greater than the first preset value. When the first input voltage is greater than the first preset value, the first controller enables a first abnormal signal on the first abnormal state detection pin. In response to a first forced closing signal being enabled, the first controller controls the first switch to disconnect both terminals.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a charging control method, a charging control device and a device to be charged. The method includes: in a charging process, performing K constant current charging stages on a battery in the device to be charged, where K is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1; in each constant current charging stage, performing constant current charging on the battery with a preset current corresponding to the constant current charging stage until the battery is charged to a preset voltage corresponding to the constant current charging stage, wherein the preset voltage corresponding to the Kth constant current charging stage is a charging cut-off voltage greater than a rated voltage of the battery; and when the voltage of the battery reaches the charging cut-off voltage in the Kth constant current charging stage, stopping charging the battery.

Abstract: A vehicle includes an electric machine, a traction battery pack, and a battery controller. The traction battery pack includes a plurality of cell modules electrically connected with the electric machine. Each of the cell modules includes a housing having a battery cell, a passive circuit element isolated from the battery cell, and a module controller contained therein. The passive circuit elements are electrically connected in series or parallel. The battery controller is in communication with each of the module controllers and is electrically connected with the passive circuit elements. Responsive to signals from the module controllers indicative of a total number of the cell modules and a measured parameter associated with the passive circuit elements being indicative of a same total number of the cell modules, the battery controller operates the battery cells according to power limits defined by the total number.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present disclosure, an energy storage system includes one or more power sources, one or more energy storage components, and one or more solid state circuit breakers disposed between the one or more power sources and the one or more energy storage components such that electrical power is exchanged between the one or more power sources to the one or more energy storage components through the one or more solid state circuit breakers. The energy storage system also includes a controller configured to operate the one or more solid state circuit breakers to control current exchanged with the one or more energy storage components and protect the one or more energy storage components from the one or more power sources during a fault condition.

Abstract: A system for optical wireless power transmission to a power receiving apparatus generally situated in a mobile electronic device. The transmitter has an optical resonator with end reflectors and a gain medium positioned between them, such that an optical beam is generated. The frequency of the beam is selected such that it is absorbed by almost all transparent organic materials in general use. A beam steering unit on the transmitter can direct the beam in any of a plurality of directions, and the beam is absorbed on the receiver by means of an optical-to-electrical power converter, through a low reflection surface. The band gap of this power converter is selected to be smaller than that of the gain medium. The receiver has a voltage converter including an inductor, an energy storage device and a switch. A beam steerer controller ensures that the beam impinges on the receiver.

Abstract: A charging control method and apparatus, and a device to-be-charged are provided. The method is applicable to the device to-be-charged. The device to-be-charged includes a battery which includes multiple cells. In charging of the device to-be-charged, K stages of constant-current charging is applied to the battery, where K is a positive integer greater than or equal to one. In each of the K stages, a preset current corresponding to the stage is applied to the battery for constant-current charging until a voltage of the battery reaches a preset voltage corresponding to the stage. In each of the K stages, a charging voltage applied to the battery and a voltage across each of the multiple cells are detected. When the charging voltage and/or a voltage across any of the multiple cells is higher than the preset voltage corresponding to the stage, proceed to a next constant-current charging stage.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for a redox flow battery system. In one example, the redox flow battery is adapted with an additive included in a battery electrolyte and an anion exchange membrane separator dividing positive electrolyte from negative electrolyte. An overall system cost of the battery system may be reduced while a storage capacity, energy density and performance may be increased.

Abstract: A charging management chip includes a switching charging circuit and a direct charging circuit. The switching charging circuit receives charging power, and passes through the charging power to a first node, and charges a battery according to a switching charging method and controls generation of a system voltage provided to an electronic system. The direct charging circuit receives the charging power applied to the first node via an input node, and charges the battery according to a direct charging method by providing the charging power to an output node based on a switching circuit therein. The switching charging circuit charges the battery through a first charging path including an inductor arranged outside the charging management chip, and the direct charging circuit charges the battery through a second charging path through which the charging power transferred to the output node is directly provided to the battery.

Abstract: A switch diagnosing apparatus and method capable of effectively diagnosing a charging switch and a discharging switch provided to a battery pack. It is possible to effectively diagnose the state of a switch as at least one of a normal state, an open stuck state, a closed stuck state and a drift state, thereby improving the diagnosing efficiency.

Abstract: Electrical power supply system having a DC distribution bus; a rechargeable battery module which delivers DC power to the DC distribution bus in a discharge mode, and absorbs DC power from the DC distribution bus in a recharge mode; a DC/DC converter comprising an inductor and plural switches, the DC/DC converter being connected between the DC distribution bus and the rechargeable battery module; and a heat transfer arrangement configured to transfer heat between the DC/DC converter and the rechargeable battery module. The module has an idling mode of operation in which it neither delivers nor absorbs DC power to/from DC distribution bus, wherein the converter is repeatedly switchable between (i) a ramping-up configuration in which a current is withdrawn from a source, and (ii) a freewheeling configuration in which the current from the ramping-up configuration is isolated from the source to flow in a continuous loop within the converter.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a charging method, a terminal and a computer storage medium. The charging method includes: detecting a battery power and a power consumption parameter before turning on a fast charging function; determining an estimated charging time according to the battery power and the power consumption parameter; determining whether an abnormal charging occurs according to the estimated charging time after turning on the fast charging function; and turning off the fast charging function when determining that the abnormal charging occurs.

Abstract: An electronic device is provided that enables a secondary battery to be used until the end of an assumed battery life by appropriately setting charging conditions in accordance with an environment in which the secondary battery has been used. An electronic device is provided that includes: a measurement unit that measures an operation environment of a secondary battery; and a controller that reduces a charging voltage of the secondary battery by a predetermined amount, when the operation environment satisfies a predetermined condition.

Abstract: A management apparatus that controls charging and discharging between an electric power system and a secondary battery which is mounted on a vehicle and which stores electric power used for traveling of the vehicle includes: an acquisition part that acquires at least one of registration information indicating a use acceptance of the electric power and information indicating a use application of the electric power; and a management part that controls a supply of the electric power from the secondary battery to the electric power system in accordance with the presence or absence of the registration information or the use application of the electric power.

Abstract: An illustrative example embodiment of a buck-boost converter includes at least three input/output ports, at least three sets of switches, and at least two ripple current limiters. One of the sets of switches is associated with each of the input/output ports. Each of the ripple current limiters is associated with a respective one of the sets of switches between the associated set of switches and another one of the sets of switches.

Abstract: Electrical energy store (1) having at least two electrical energy storage modules (3, 13, 23, 33), a control unit (2), a voltage connection (11) and switching elements (4, 6, 14, 16, 24, 26, 34, 36). In one example, the electrical energy store (1) has a first voltage rail (9) and a second voltage rail (10) that are each connected to the voltage connection (11), and the electrical energy storage modules (3, 13, 23, 33) are configured to be connected to the first voltage rail (9) or to the second voltage rail (10) or to one another by means of the switching elements (4, 6, 14, 16, 24, 26, 34, 36).

Abstract: A charging method and a charging apparatus are provided. The method includes the following. A battery is charged in a constant current stage until a voltage of the battery reaches a first voltage, where the first voltage is a charging cut-off voltage corresponding to the constant current stage. When the voltage of the battery reaches the first voltage, the battery is charged in a constant voltage stage by applying a second voltage to the battery, where the second voltage is lower than the first voltage.

Abstract: A power conditioner with iterative switching for charging a battery pack from a photovoltaic panel senses sunlight on panel cells, senses battery cells charges, senses panel output voltage and battery pack voltage, connects the panels to battery packs upon sensing sunlight and panel output voltage greater than battery pack voltage, disconnects the panels when battery cells approach full charge, reconnects the panels to the battery pack when battery charges drop and iteratively switches the connections on and off according to the readings from voltage sensors.

Abstract: A hybrid energy storage module system includes a first power stage having a short circuit switch to connect the first power stage to a power bus, a second power stage stacked in series with the first power stage and having a short circuit switch to connect the second power stage to the power bus, and a controller. The controller is operably connected to the first and second power stage short circuit switches to discharge one of the first and second power stage through the other of the first and second power stage in a state of charge balancing mode. Aircraft electrical systems and methods of controlling connectivity of hybrid energy storage modules to electrical systems are also described.

Abstract: A digital current sensing circuit and related apparatus is provided. In one aspect, a digital current sensing circuit can be configured to estimate a battery current in a coupled circuit based on a voltage corresponding to the battery current. More specifically, the digital current sensing circuit generates an analog sense current proportional to the battery current based on the voltage and digitally processes the analog sense current to generate a battery current indication signal indicative of an estimation of the battery current. In another aspect, a number of digital current sensing circuits can be provided in an apparatus to concurrently estimate a number of battery currents in a number of circuits (e.g., charge pump circuits). As a result, it may be possible to test, debug, and/or fine-tune the apparatus based on the estimated battery currents for improved performance.

Abstract: The present embodiments are directed to methods and apparatuses for operating a battery charger in computing systems having certain system load requirements, battery configurations and external device power supply support. According to some aspects, the present embodiments provide methods and apparatuses for providing a reverse boost mode of operation when the battery charger is providing system power from a battery, such as when an adapter is not connected. The reverse boost mode of operation according to embodiments provides a regulated output voltage, thereby allowing a load such as a CPU to operate at maximum performance, even when the battery has discharged below a threshold discharge level.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for powering an Information Handling System (IHS) that receives a high-power transmission from a multimode AC adapter supporting USB-PD transmission and also supporting the high-power transmissions of a voltage greater than the supported USB-PD voltages. A power circuit converts the high-power transmission to a charging voltage used to charge a battery system of the IHS. After the multimode AC adapter is unplugged from the IHS, power is drawing power from the battery system of the IHS. When the battery system drops below a low-voltage threshold, the power drawn from the battery system is routed to the same power circuit. While operating this low-voltage threshold, power is drawn from the battery system via the power circuit. When the battery system drops below a second low-voltage threshold, an off power state of the IHS is initiated.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus including a battery; a charging module; at least one sensor configured to sense a temperature of the battery; and a controller configured to control the charging module not to charge the battery when the sensed temperature is outside a predetermined temperature range, and when the sensed temperature is within the predetermined temperature range, control the charging module to charge the battery according to a set end of charge (EoC) current value of the battery.

Abstract: A bidirectional DC/DC converter and an energy storage system are provided. The bidirectional DC/DC converter includes: a first half-bridge circuit, a second half-bridge circuit, an inductor circuit, an inductor current detection circuit, and a control circuit. The control circuit is configured to: according to an operating mode, determine one of the first and second half-bridge circuits as a target half-bridge circuit; determine a target switch circuit and a freewheeling switch circuit; control the target switch circuit to be turned on and off periodically; control the freewheeling switch circuit to be turned off when the target switch circuit is turned on; control the freewheeling switch circuit to be turned on when the target switch circuit is turned off; and when an amplitude of a current flowing through the inductor circuit is less than or equal to a preset threshold value, control the freewheeling switch circuit to be turned off.

Abstract: A rapid heating-charging process for charging a rechargeable battery is disclosed. Such a process can be implemented by an integrated heating and battery system can include a rechargeable battery and a heating element in thermal contact with the at least one cell of the battery and electrically connected in series to a switch wherein the heating element and switch form a switch-heater assembly. The switch-heater assembly can be electrically connected in parallel with the battery to form a battery-switch-heater circuit. Advantageously, the battery-switch-heater circuit is configured to be directly electrically engaged with a charger so that the heating element is powered mainly by the charger and electrically connected to the battery when the heating element is powered by the charger.

Abstract: A power conversion device includes a first inverter, a second inverter, first and second controller to control the first and second inverters, and a driving circuit to apply a control signal to turn on the low side switch elements of the first inverter when a fault occurs on the first inverter side, and apply a control signal to turn on the low side switch elements of the second inverter when a fault occurs on the second inverter side. The first power voltage generated on the first inverter side is supplied to the driving circuit when a fault occurs on the second inverter side, and the second power voltage generated on the second inverter side is supplied to the driving circuit when a fault occurs on the first inverter side.

Abstract: A power conversion apparatus includes a first inverter, a second inverter, a drive circuit to provide control signals turning on low-side switch elements in the first inverter to the low-side switch elements when a failure has occurred on a first inverter side, and provide control signals to turn on low-side switch elements in the second inverter to the low-side switch elements when a failure has occurred on a second inverter side, and a control circuit. When a failure has occurred on the second inverter side, a first power supply voltage generated on the first inverter side is supplied to the drive circuit, while when a failure has occurred on the first inverter side, a second power supply voltage generated on the second inverter side is supplied to the drive circuit.

Abstract: Vehicle depots or yards adapted to charge multiple electric vehicles include multiple charging electrodes to simultaneously direct power to multiple electric vehicles. The charging electrodes may direct power to the electric vehicles from an utility grid or from a secondary power source.

Abstract: An AC-DC type uninterruptible power supply includes a rectifying unit, a battery control unit and a switching unit, wherein the rectifying unit is used for rectifying an AC from a power network and outputting a DC; a battery is controlled by the battery control unit to be charged or discharged and outputs a DC during interruption of the AC from the power network; and the switching unit is used for selectively outputting the DC from the rectifying unit or the DC from the battery. Inversion of the UPS and double rectification of a load are omitted.

Abstract: A positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery includes nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide secondary particles, in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated. The primary particles include polycrystalline primary particles composed of 2 to 10 single crystals, and each of the single crystals has a particle diameter of about 0.5 ?m to about 3 ?m.

Abstract: The disclosure discloses an electronic apparatus including a charging device, a plurality of operation mechanisms, and a CPU. The CPU is configured to execute an information acquisition process, a voltage decision process, and a charging control process. In the information acquisition process, capacity-related information corresponding to a charging capacity required for operation of the operating mechanisms is acquired. In the voltage decision process, a charge stop voltage is decided in accordance with the capacity-related information acquired. In the charging control process, the charging device is controlled to stop the charging process by using as a trigger an attainment of the charge stop voltage decided after start of the charging process.

Abstract: A vehicle drive system includes: a power supply in which a battery and a capacitor are connected in series; a primary drive motor to which a voltage of the battery is provided; secondary drive motors to each of which a total voltage (Vin) of the battery and the power supply capacitor is provided; a charging circuit; and a control circuit that controls charging/discharging of the power supply. The control circuit operates switches SW1, SW2 of the charging circuit so as to control charging/discharging of the battery and the capacitor.

Abstract: A terminal, a power adapter, and a method for handling a charging anomaly are provided. The terminal includes a battery and a charging interface. The terminal forms a charging loop with the power adapter via the charging interface. The terminal also includes a communication unit, an anomaly detection unit, and an anomaly handling unit. The communications unit receives charging parameter information from the power adapter. The handling detection unit determines whether an anomaly occurs on the charging loop according to the charging parameter information. When the anomaly occurs on the charging loop, the anomaly handling unit controls the charging loop to enter into a protection state. Therefore, the security of the charging process is improved.

Abstract: A charging and discharging apparatus including a temperature measuring device suitable for measuring a temperature of each secondary battery and a cooling fan for cooling secondary batteries by utilizing temperature information using the temperature measuring device, such that a temperature deviation between the secondary batteries, which may occur during charging and discharging in a formation process and a capacity test after a secondary battery assembly process, is provided. The charging and discharging apparatus includes a movable non-contact temperature measuring device and cooling fans of which directions of wind and outputs are individually adjusted based on temperature information measured by the temperature measuring device according to a location in each secondary battery.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to the battery monitoring field, and provide a load power supply circuit and a terminal. The load power supply circuit includes a charging manager and a step-up circuit. The charging manager includes a first pin, a second pin, and a third pin. The first pin of the charging manager is electrically connected to a load, and the second pin of the charging manager is electrically connected to a battery. The step-up circuit includes a first end, a second end, and a control end. The first end of the step-up circuit is electrically connected to the load, the second end of the step-up circuit is electrically connected to the battery, and the control end of the step-up circuit is electrically connected to the third pin of the charging manager.

Abstract: The present application discloses a system and method for providing a constant power source. The system includes: a main control module configured to receive a wake-up time and send the wake-up time to a timer device; a timer power supply module configured to supply power to the timer device according to electric energy in a high-voltage battery pack; a high-voltage power supply module configured to supply power to a power conversion module according to the electric energy in the high-voltage battery pack; the timer device configured to set a wake-up clock according to the wake-up time, start timing when a battery management system (BMS) enters into sleep, and send a discharge instruction to the high-voltage battery pack when the timing reaches the wake-up time; the power conversion module configured to convert high-voltage electric energy output from the high-voltage battery pack into low-voltage electric energy and supply power to the BMS.

Abstract: A wireless battery charging system includes a trickle power device (e.g., FET) that generates a trickle charging current for charging a battery and a trickle charging regulator that controls the trickle power device. A fast charging device generates a fast charging current for charging the battery, where the fast charging current is greater than the trickle charging current. A fast charging regulator controls the fast charging device. A digital control module generates a trickle charging codeword to control the trickle charging regulator and a fast charging codeword to control the fast charging regulator. Each charging regulator has a programmable current mirror that generates a mirrored current signal based on a codeword from the digital control module. The digital control module instructs the charging regulators to control the power devices to operate in a trickle charging mode, a fast charging mode, and transitions between those modes.

Abstract: A chargeable battery abnormality detection apparatus configured to detect an abnormality of a chargeable battery includes a processor; and a memory storing instructions executable by the processor, wherein the processor performs the following when executing instructions: calculating a value of an internal resistance of the chargeable battery; determining whether the chargeable battery is being charged or being discharged; determining that an abnormality has occurred in the chargeable battery if either one of the following occurs: the calculated value of the internal resistance decreases while the chargeable battery is being discharged; and the calculated value of the internal resistance increases while the chargeable battery is being charged; and outputting a determination result of the abnormality.

Abstract: A battery pack, comprising: a plurality of battery modules; a battery management system (BMS) controlling charging or discharging of the battery pack; a wake-up control unit controlling wake-up of the BMS; a protection circuit unit protecting the battery pack; and a main field-effect transistor (FET), one end being connected to the protection circuit unit, and another end being connected to a positive output terminal of the battery pack, to control an output of the battery pack in response to control by the BMS, the protection circuit unit comprising a blocking switch, one end being connected to a positive terminal of the plurality of battery modules, another end being connected to the BMS and the main FET, so that the blocking switch is set to an on state and then is turned off upon receiving a blocking signal from the BMS to block the output of the battery pack.

Abstract: A system may include a power train comprising a rectifier and power factor correction stage configured to receive an alternating current (AC) input voltage waveform and convert the AC input voltage waveform into a regulated direct current (DC) voltage on a bulk capacitor configured to store electrical charge and a controller configured to control the rectifier and power factor correction stage to perform power factor correction between the AC input voltage waveform and an AC input current waveform related to the AC input voltage waveform. The controller may implement a voltage regulation loop configured to regulate the regulated DC voltage on the bulk capacitor to a desired constant average value based on a combination of a DC current signal associated with the power train and a voltage loop error signal based on the regulated DC voltage and a current loop regulating the shape of the AC input current waveform to a sinusoidal value in phase with the AC input voltage waveform.

Abstract: A vehicle battery charger and a vehicle battery charging system are described and illustrated, and can include a controller enabling a user to enter a time of day at which the vehicle battery charger or system begins and/or ends charging of the vehicle battery. The vehicle battery charger can be separate from the vehicle, can be at least partially integrated into the vehicle, can include a transmitter and/or a receiver capable of communication with a controller that is remote from the vehicle and vehicle charger, and can be controlled by a user or another party (e.g., a power utility) to control battery charging based upon a time of day, cost of power, or other factors.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling a battery operating mode. The method includes connecting an electronic processor to a first electrical contact of a battery interface via a switch; generating, with the electronic processor, an initialization pulse for a signal demultiplexer of a battery; transmitting the initialization pulse to the signal demultiplexer; generating, with the electronic processor, a data word indicating a desired operating mode; transmitting the data word to the signal demultiplexer; generating, with the signal demultiplexer, a signal to electrically connect a first battery switch to the first electrical contact, the first battery switch selected based on the data word; receiving, with an analog to digital converter of the electrical device, a signal indicating the operating mode voltage; and verifying, with the electronic processor, a correct operating mode based on the operating mode voltage.