Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for investigating an ageing condition of a battery (10) which is provided for power supply to an electric motor (20), comprising the steps of: determining at least one graphical progression of at least one operating parameter of the battery (10), checking the at least one graphical progression on at least one sinusoidal curve portion, if at least one sinusoidal curve portion is recognised, extracting the at least one sinusoidal curve portion, calculating an impedance of the battery (10) by means of impedance spectroscopy with reference to the at least one sinusoidal curve portion, and determining the ageing condition of the battery (10) with reference to the calculated impedance. The invention further relates to a computer program (30), a memory means, a control device (40) and a vehicle (100).

Abstract: A hybrid driving apparatus is provided which enables a driver to sufficiently enjoy a driving feeling of a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine. A hybrid driving apparatus includes an internal combustion engine that drive main driving wheels, a motive power transmission mechanism transmitting a driving force to the main driving wheels, a main driving electric motor driving the main driving wheels, an accumulator, sub-driving electric motors transmitting motive power to sub-driving wheels of the vehicle, and a control apparatus executing an electric motor traveling mode and an internal combustion engine traveling mode. The control apparatus causes the internal combustion engine to generate the driving force, the internal combustion engine is a flywheel-less engine, and the control apparatus causes the main driving electric motor to generate a torque for maintaining idling of the internal combustion engine in the internal combustion engine traveling mode.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for presenting in a hybrid electric vehicle display, proximate to or in some relation to each other, engine power usage, motor-generator power usage, and battery state of charge information. By combining the display of engine power usage, motor-generator power, and battery state of charge information, power distribution and related information may be presented to the operator of a vehicle to explain the vehicle's performance from a power split output and usage perspective. This can provide reassurance or confirmation that the vehicle is operating as it should, identify a problematic condition, etc.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present invention are directed at a method and system for recharging batteries for wireless electronic devices. According to one embodiment, a battery charging and monitoring system is disclosed. The system includes a host machine providing a plurality of charging slots and a plurality of wireless devices coupled to and powered by a plurality of batteries. The host machine is adapted to communicate with the plurality of wireless devices through a plurality of wireless links to monitor the plurality of batteries coupled to the wireless devices. According to another embodiment, an electronic device is disclosed. The electronic device is adapted to couple with at least a rechargeable battery and to negotiate with the rechargeable battery for an agreed range of power parameters. The electronic device is further adapted to accept power from and to provide power to the rechargeable battery at the agreed range of power parameters.

Abstract: A method for screening and matching cells for qualification and binning can include conducting a first and second impedance-based measurement of a cell separated by a rest interval of the cell and analyzing change/shift in the impedance spectrum obtained before and after the rest interval to afford algorithms to match, categorize, or group cells within a plurality of cells (C1 . . . Cn) that have the same, substantially the same, or fall within a range of structural or functional parameters based on the impedance change/shift in the impedance spectrum.

Abstract: A contactor includes: a first and second power terminal; a sub-circuit connected between this first and second power terminal and comprising the following three elements connected in series: an electrical conductor portion, a primary switch, and a fuse. The primary switch has a movable part driven by an actuator. The contactor further has a magnetic sensor for measuring a primary current flowing through the electrical conductor portion, and a controller connected to the magnetic sensor and to the actuator. The controller has a communication port for receiving commands. The contactor can detect whether the primary switch is actually open. The controller is configured for: (i) receiving a command to open the switch; (ii) operating the actuator, (iii) detecting if the primary switch is actually open; and (iv) blowing the fuse if the switch is not open.

Abstract: Through-the-road (TTR) hybrid designs using control strategies such as an equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) or an adaptive ECMS are implemented at the supplemental torque delivering electrically-powered drive axle (or axles) in a manner that follows operational parameters or computationally estimates states of the primary drivetrain and/or fuel-fed engine, but does not itself participate in control of the fuel-fed engine or primary drivetrain. BSFC type data particular to the paired-with fuel-fed engine allows an ECMS implementation (or other similar control strategy) to adapt to efficiency curves for the particular fuel-fed engine and to improve overall efficiencies of the TTR hybrid configuration.

Abstract: A battery and an electrical battery monitoring device are disclosed having a first group of sensing switches connected in series on a first monitoring circuit, the sensing switches, a second group of electrical sensing switches connected in series on a second monitoring circuit, an input unit to provide an input to the first and second monitoring circuits, a monitoring unit to receive an output from the first and second monitoring circuits, wherein the monitoring unit receives at least two outputs from two measuring points of the first monitoring circuit, the two measuring points being separated by at least one sensing switch. The location of a defective battery cell may be early detected and precisely located by the monitoring of the battery cells in rows and columns.

Abstract: A method and system for AC battery operation. In one embodiment, the method comprises determining, at a battery management unit (BMU) coupled to an AC battery comprising a power converter and a battery that is rechargeable, a bias control voltage that indicates a state of a charge process of the AC battery; and coupling, by a bias control module of the BMU, the bias control voltage to the power converting for communicating the state of the charge process to and from the BMU and the power converter.

Abstract: There are provided a battery management apparatus, a battery management method and a battery pack. The battery management apparatus includes a sensing unit configured to detect a current, a voltage and a temperature of a battery, and a control unit. The control unit determines a first candidate value for a state of charge (SOC) of the battery using ampere counting. The control unit determines a Kalman gain and a second candidate value for the SOC using an extended Kalman filter. The control unit determines the first candidate value as the SOC when a difference value between the first candidate value and the second candidate value is larger than a threshold value. The control unit adjusts a ratio of second process noise to first process noise in the extended Kalman filter based on a first component and a second component of the Kalman gain.

Abstract: A method of determining the state of charge (SOC) of a battery. The method includes receiving battery parameters for a battery, and based on the received battery parameters for the battery, determining an estimated voltage of the battery and determining an estimated SOC of the battery. The method also includes receiving a measured voltage of the battery, determining a voltage error value based on the measured voltage of the battery and the estimated voltage of the battery, correcting, using the voltage error, the estimated SOC to determine a corrected SOC for the battery, and operating the battery based on the corrected SOC.

Abstract: A charge level of a sensor battery providing power to a sensor in a vehicle is determined. A charge depletion of the sensor battery is determined based on the charge level. A recharge rate to recharge the sensor battery is determined based on a time elapsed on a previously traveled path, a current charge level, and the charge depletion. Upon activation of the vehicle, one or both of a propulsion or a vehicle battery is actuated to recharge the sensor battery at the recharge rate.

Abstract: A method for ascertaining a variable which relates to the state of a motor vehicle battery of a first motor vehicle and which indicates a count value in order to count a previously effective service life of the motor vehicle battery, and wherein a starting count value is provided in order to ascertain the count value and at least one parameter which influences the effective service life of the motor vehicle battery is detected. An estimated value for the influence of the at least one detected parameter on the effective service life of the motor vehicle battery is calculated on the basis of the at least one detected parameter, and the starting count value is increased to a current count value on the basis of the calculated estimated value.

Abstract: A vehicle battery charger and a vehicle battery charging system are described and illustrated, and can include a controller enabling a user to enter a time of day at which the vehicle battery charger or system begins and/or ends charging of the vehicle battery. The vehicle battery charger can be separate from the vehicle, can be at least partially integrated into the vehicle, can include a transmitter and/or a receiver capable of communication with a controller that is remote from the vehicle and vehicle charger, and can be controlled by a user or another party (e.g., a power utility) to control battery charging based upon a time of day, cost of power, or other factors.

Abstract: An apparatus, computer program, storage medium and electrical energy storage system for operating an electrical energy storage unit. The procedure includes ascertaining at least one predefined first condition being checked which represents a use of the electrical energy storage unit and/or an accuracy of a mathematical model of the electrical energy storage unit. If the predefined first condition is satisfied, at least one value of a parameter of the mathematical model is ascertained and subsequently this parameter value is changed in the mathematical model. The electrical energy storage unit is subsequently operated with the changed mathematical model.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus according to the present invention sets a power mode of the electronic apparatus from among a plurality of power modes including a first power mode and a second power mode having maximum power consumption lower than maximum power consumption of the first power mode; determines, on a basis of a present power mode, a calculation method for calculating a remaining time which is a remaining usable time of the electronic apparatus; acquires the remaining time from information on a remaining amount of a battery supplying power to the electronic apparatus; switches from the second power mode to the first power mode according to an instruction from a user if a switching condition for switching to the first power mode is satisfied; and does not switch from the second power mode to the first power mode according to the instruction if the switching condition is not satisfied.

Abstract: A device estimates the health of a battery by first collecting measurements of the battery over multiple charging and discharging cycles. Scores are assigned to the measurements according to scoring rules stored in a memory of the device. The device calculates battery based on an average of the measurements, where each measurement has an assigned score greater than a threshold.

Abstract: A system is provided for performing a power estimation process for an electric vehicle using a controller. The controller estimates an inner state of an energy storage supply of the electric vehicle. The inner state represents a state-of-charge (SOC) and/or a state-of-health (SOH) of the energy storage supply. The controller also estimates an SOC value and/or an SOH value of the energy storage supply based on at least one of: a present current level, a present voltage level, a present temperature, and time-based information. The controller further estimates a bounded SOC value based on the SOC value, a first upper bound, a the first lower bound, and/or estimates a bounded SOH value based on the SOH value, a second upper bound, and a second lower bound. The controller then controls an electrification process of the electric vehicle based on the bounded SOC and/or SOH values.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are disclosed for adjusting a maximum charge amount of a battery. Batteries have preferred usage parameters, such as charging rates, maximum charge amounts, heat, etc. Throughout a battery's lifespan, it is used in different ways that are outside of these parameters. This slowly degrades the quality of the battery. According to the present disclosure, this usage is monitored and accounted for so as to increase the lifespan of the battery and prevent or reduce further degradation. Specifically, the usage is separated into bins, such as temperature and voltage bins. Each bin is associated with a different weighting factors. The amount of time the battery has spent in each bin is multiplied by the corresponding weighting factors, and these values are summed to provide an overall degradation value of the battery. Charging or other aspects of the battery are then controlled according to this degradation value.

Abstract: A method of operating a control device includes performing an open load test or a current leakage test. The open load test includes activating a first current and then a second current and sensing with the first current and the second current activated, respectively, a first voltage drop and a second voltage drop between charge distribution pins and charge sensing pins of the control device. Respective differences are calculated between the first voltage drop and the second voltage drop sensed with the first current and the second current activated, respectively. These differences are compared with respective thresholds and an open circuit condition is declared as a result of the differences calculated reaching these thresholds.

Abstract: A vehicle battery charger and a vehicle battery charging system are described and illustrated, and can include a controller enabling a user to enter a time of day at which the vehicle battery charger or system begins and/or ends charging of the vehicle battery. The vehicle battery charger can be separate from the vehicle, can be at least partially integrated into the vehicle, can include a transmitter and/or a receiver capable of communication with a controller that is remote from the vehicle and vehicle charger, and can be controlled by a user or another party (e.g., a power utility) to control battery charging based upon a time of day, cost of power, or other factors.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and method for controlling step charging of a secondary battery. A charging control unit determines a SOC, an OCV and a polarization voltage of the secondary battery, determines an OCV deviation corresponding to a difference between the OCV and a predefined minimum OCV value, determines a correction factor corresponding to the polarization voltage and the OCV deviation, determines a look-up SOC by correcting the SOC according to the correction factor, determines the magnitude of a charging current corresponding to the look-up SOC, and provides the determined charging current to a charging device.

Abstract: An example operation includes one or more of determining, by a station, a first group of transports in need of charge and a second group of transports capable of providing charge, prioritizing, by the station, at least one transport of the second group to come to the station at a time prior to when at least one transport of the first group comes to the station, receiving, at the station, a first amount of charge from the at least one transport of the second group, and providing, from the station, a second amount of charge to the at least one transport of the first group.

Abstract: A method for predicting immanent damage to a connecting point between two electrical conductors in a motor vehicle electrical system is disclosed, wherein a value of an electrical variable is ascertained that is at least related to an electrical resistance of the connecting point, and wherein the prediction of the immanent damage is made depending on the value of the electric variable. The value of the electrical variable is repeatedly determined while the motor vehicle electrical system is in operation while an operating current of specified operating current strength flows through the connection point.

Abstract: A charger and a control method are disclosed. A charger according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a transceiver configured to obtain, from a battery of a cleaner, temperature information of the battery, and a processor configured to apply power to the battery based on the temperature information transmitted from the transceiver, wherein the processor applies a pulse wave of a first period to the battery when the temperature of the battery is measured within a predetermined first section. Accordingly, even if the temperature of the battery is outside the charge allowance range due to the discharge of the battery built in the cleaner, the battery can be charged more quickly, thereby reducing the total time required for charging the battery.

Abstract: Rechargeable battery monitoring and control is provided using a non-linear rate-of-change failure threshold. A non-linear rate-of-change failure threshold is obtained indicative of an operational state abnormality in a rechargeable battery cell, and during the operational state of the rechargeable battery cell, a control compares an actual voltage rate-of-change of the rechargeable battery cell to the non-linear rate-of-change failure threshold. Based on the actual voltage rate-of-change of the rechargeable battery cell exceeding the non-linear rate-of-change failure threshold, the control identifies the operational state abnormality in the rechargeable battery cell. Based on identifying the operational state abnormality in the rechargeable battery cell, the control discontinues the operational state of the rechargeable battery cell.

Abstract: A method includes determining a threshold capacity associated with at least a first unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a second UAV. The method includes initially setting a target charge voltage of a first battery of the first UAV to less than a full charge voltage to limit a state of charge of the first battery based on the threshold capacity. The method includes, over a lifetime of the first battery of the first UAV, periodically comparing a full charge capacity of the first battery to the threshold capacity. The method includes, based on the comparing, periodically adjusting the target charge voltage of the first battery, such that, as the full charge capacity of the first battery decreases with age, the target charge voltage increases towards the full charge voltage of the first battery.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus includes: an acquisition unit configured to acquire information on a remaining time representing a remaining usable time of the electronic apparatus; and a control unit configured to perform control to set any of a plurality of modes including a first mode and a second mode having power consumption of the electronic apparatus that is lower than power consumption of the electronic apparatus in the first mode, wherein the control unit performs processing to provide notification to prompt a user to switch from the first mode to the second mode in a case where the remaining time corresponding to the information acquired by the acquisition unit is less than a threshold and a predetermined condition for switching from the first mode to the second mode is satisfied in the first mode.

Abstract: A method for improving cycling performance of a battery includes, in a first stage, charging the battery with a first-stage current until a voltage of the battery reaches a first-stage voltage value and in a second stage, charging the battery with a second-stage current until the voltage of the battery reaches a second-stage voltage value. The second-stage voltage value is greater than the first-stage voltage value, and the second-stage current is less than the first-stage current.

Abstract: A battery management system includes a control device and a storage. The storage stores at least one trained neural network. The trained neural network includes an input layer that accepts input data that represents a numeric value for each pixel in an image where a prescribed CCV waveform (a CCV charging waveform or a CCV discharging waveform) of a secondary battery is drawn in a region constituted of a predetermined number of pixels, and when input data is input to the input layer, the trained neural network outputs a full charge capacity of the secondary battery. The control device estimates the full charge capacity of a target battery by inputting input data obtained for the target battery into the input layer of the trained neural network.

Abstract: A battery system includes a rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) having battery cells, and a battery controller network configured to execute two-level logic to detect a thermal runaway condition. The network includes RESS-embedded cell monitoring units (CMUs) electrically connected to a respective cell group, and measuring and wirelessly transmitting cell data. A battery control module (BCM) is in communication with the CMUs. Thermal runaway sensors are mounted on the CMUs and/or the BCM. A master controller connected to the BCM includes a thermal runaway detection algorithm configured to detect a thermal runaway condition occurring within the RESS. The BCM uses data from the CMUs and thermal runaway sensors to execute first logic level which determines when to wake up the master controller. The master controller, in response to receipt of a wakeup signal, executes a second logic level to execute the algorithm.

Abstract: A processor-implemented method with battery state estimation includes estimating a current state of charge (SOC) of a target battery by correcting a first electrochemical model corresponding to the target battery using a first voltage difference between a measured voltage of the target battery and an estimated voltage of the target battery that is estimated by the first electrochemical model, estimating an end SOC of the target battery by correcting a second electrochemical model using a second voltage difference between an estimated voltage of a virtual battery that is estimated by the second electrochemical model and a preset voltage, and estimating a relative SOC (RSOC) of the target battery based on the current SOC and the end SOC of the target battery, wherein the second electrochemical model is based on the virtual battery corresponding to the target battery being discharged to reach the preset voltage.

Abstract: A load estimation device measures a voltage and a current supplied to a load connected to a portable power-supply, obtains a feature amount of the load from the voltage and the current. The device obtains a stored feature amount of each of loads, and related load information indicating a plurality of loads which are used in association with each other. The device estimates a load connected to the power-supply on the basis of the obtained feature amount and a stored feature amount, and predicts a load which is not connected to the power-supply and which is a load related to the estimated load on the basis of the related load information.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating an electric energy storage device are described. The systems and methods may generate a state of charge estimate that is based on negative electrode plating. An overall state of charge may be determined from the state of charge estimate that is based on negative electrode plating and a state of charge estimate that is not based on negative electrode plating.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for providing power from an energy storage system (ESS). A method may include, for each of a plurality of energy storage units, calculating a length of time to complete discharge for the energy storage unit according to a rated power capacity of the energy storage unit and an amount of stored energy in the energy storage unit; determining a discharge control protocol for the plurality of energy storage units based on the calculated lengths of time to complete discharge, the discharge control protocol indicating a period of time to discharge power to an energy grid and an amount of power to discharge to the energy grid during the period of time; and discharging the plurality of energy storage units to the energy grid according to the discharge control protocol.

Abstract: Provided is a management system that can effectively manage a power supply device when the power supply device of an electric moving body is used for secondary use. A power supply device management system 1 includes: an electric moving body 100 including power supply devices 110 and 111, a communication unit 120, and a control unit 130; and a server device 300, in which a first identification number is assigned to each module unit in the power supply devices 110 and 111, and the server device 300 includes a communication section 310 that can communicate with the communication unit 120, and a storage unit 320 that stores characteristic information and failure history of the power supply devices 110 and 111, together with the first identification number.

Abstract: A method for estimating the state of charge (SOC) of a lithium-ion battery system based on artificial intelligence (AI) is provided. In the method, the relationship between the charging data segments and the SOC of the battery system is established through deep learning, and the SOC at any stage of the charging process can be corrected. SOC in a discharging process is estimated through ampere-hour integration. The estimation method is adaptively updated with a change in the working state of the battery system.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a computer-implemented method for operating a system comprising a central processing unit, which is in communication with a multiplicity of battery-operated machines that each have an equipment battery, and for providing an action for extending the service life of the equipment battery of the machine in a machine-specific manner.

Abstract: An information handling system includes an motion sensor, an embedded controller, and a battery charge indicator. The motion sensor detects a battery charge request, and provides a trigger signal in response to the battery charge request being detected. The embedded controller receives the trigger signal from the motion sensor, and requests a relative state of charge of a battery in response to the trigger signal. The embedded controller then receives the relative state of charge of the battery, and provides a relative state of charge indication signal. The battery charge indicator receives the relative state of charge indication signal, and outputs an indication of the relative state of charge of the battery based on relative state of charge indication signal.

Abstract: The present inventions, in one aspect, are directed to techniques and/or circuitry to applying a charge pulse to the terminals of the battery during a charging operation, measure a plurality of voltages of the battery which are in response to the first charge pulse, determine a charge pulse voltage (CPV) of the battery, wherein the charge pulse voltage is a peak voltage which is in response to the first charge pulse, determine whether the CPV of the battery is within a predetermined range or greater than a predetermined upper limit value and adapt one or more characteristics of a charge packet if the CPV is outside the predetermined range or is greater than a predetermined upper limit value.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for charging an electrochemical cell of a rechargeable battery with charging pulse control (PL), the pulses (PL) being driven in voltage control mode in the form of voltage steps (Pt) of variable amplitude. According to the invention, the method consists in calculating the value (Ut+1) of each voltage step (Pt+1) with respect to the value (Ut) of the preceding voltage step (Pt) and according to a progression variable representative of the variation in the internal resistance of the cell (d(R)/dt), for a period ending on the preceding step (Pt), with respect to a predetermined tolerated variation threshold (?), where Var=d(R)/dt??. The method applies to high-voltage electric battery charging protocols for electromobility or stationary applications, or portable device batteries, for example.

Abstract: Provided is a device or the like that can improve the accuracy of battery performance evaluation of a rechargeable battery. Parameter values of a rechargeable battery model are identified on the basis of a measurement result of a complex impedance Z of a first rechargeable battery 221. The rechargeable battery model expresses an impedance of an internal resistance of the first rechargeable battery 221 with transfer functions representing IIR and FIR systems, respectively. Performance of a second rechargeable battery 222 is evaluated on the basis of a result of contrast between a voltage response characteristic V(t) that is output from a rechargeable battery 220 as the second rechargeable battery 222 when an impulse current I(t) is input to the second rechargeable battery 222, and a model voltage response characteristic Vmodel(t) when the impulse current is input to the rechargeable battery model having the parameter values identified.

Abstract: An electronic device according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a wireless power reception unit for wirelessly receiving power from an external device; a communication unit for transmitting data to the external device; and a processor for controlling the communication unit such that the communication unit transmits data to the external device when power is received from the external device through the wireless power reception unit, and since data is transmitted to the external device on the basis of a signal outputted from the wireless power reception unit, the data can be transmitted to the external device without requiring separate settings.

Abstract: Provided is a charge and discharge control apparatus including: a first power supply circuit configured to supply power to a power supply target based on received power; a charging circuit configured to charge a charging target based on received power; a second power supply circuit configured to supply power to the power supply target based on discharge power output from the charging target; and a control unit configured to control operations of the first power supply circuit and the second power supply circuit, wherein when a voltage of the charging target is lower than a predetermined value, the control unit causes the first power supply circuit to supply power to the power supply target.

Abstract: An endothermic/electric hybrid propulsion system for a vehicle comprises a first propulsion unit, of the electrical type, provided with at least a first electric machine (EM1) coupled to a transmission shaft, a second propulsion unit, of the hybrid type, provided with an output shaft and comprising at least one internal combustion engine (ICE) and at least one second electric machine (EM2) which can be selectively coupled together to provide torque to the output shaft in an independent or combined manner and a coupling member operatively interposed between the output shaft of the second propulsion unit and the transmission shaft of the first propulsion unit.

Abstract: A system and method for performing a vehicle battery test includes a battery tester having a controller programed to obtain a first battery parameter and a second battery parameter of a primary battery from a vehicle controller, compare the first battery parameter to a first threshold, compare the second battery parameter to a second threshold and perform a reserve charge test on the battery using the battery tester or generating a display indicative of high corrosion or a bad cell in response to the compare the first battery parameter and compare the second battery parameter steps being performed by the controller.

Abstract: A system, an electrical combination and a method for powering a load device. The combination may include a burst circuit configured to provide power to the load device to perform a burst operation, the burst circuit including a supercapacitor, a first switch between a power source and the supercapacitor and operable to control whether power is provided from the power source to charge the supercapacitor, and a second switch between the supercapacitor and the load device and operable to control whether power is provided from the supercapacitor to the load device; and an electronic processor configured to control the first switch and the second switch based at least in part on a voltage of the supercapacitor.

Abstract: An energy hub apparatus includes a first communicator for receiving state of charge (SOC) information and state of health (SOH) information from a plurality of battery management systems (BMSs), each BMS monitors and controls an energy storage system (ESS) rack, a controller for determining at least one to perform discharging or charging using at least one of load output information, SOC information, and SOH information received from an external device among the plurality of ESS racks, and an energy storage for receiving power from the at least one ESS rack and transmitting the power to an external load.

Abstract: A charging system includes: a first battery, a second battery, a charging component, and a control component. A capacity of the second battery is smaller than that of the first battery. The second battery includes a cell and a switch device connected to the cell. The charging component is connected to the first battery and connected to the second battery via the switch device, and configured to output a charging current to the first battery and the second battery. The control component is connected with the first battery and the second battery, and configured to detect electric quantity of the first battery and the second battery during a charging process and control the switch device to turn on or turn off based on the electric quantity.

Abstract: A system and method for using unrecoverable energy in a battery cell is disclosed in this application. A system includes a battery cell, the battery cell includes an excess amount of cathode or anode that can function as half cells in an emergency. A user, such as a pilot, can command a controller to utilize unrecoverable energy based on battery data presented to the user.