Abstract: Envelope tracking systems for power amplifiers are provided herein. In certain embodiments, an envelope tracker supplies power to a power amplifier that amplifies an RF signal. The envelope tracker includes a multi-level switching circuit that generates an output current based on an envelope signal indicating an envelope of the RF signal. The envelope tracker further includes a combiner that combines a DC voltage with the output current of the multi-level switching circuit to generate a power amplifier supply voltage for the power amplifier. Accordingly, the output current of the multi-level switching circuit and a DC voltage are combined to generate the power amplifier supply voltage. Implementing the envelope tracking system in this manner can provide enhanced efficiency and/or higher bandwidth relative to an envelope tracking system in which a multi-level switching circuit directly outputs a power amplifier supply voltage.

Abstract: Sensing circuitry and clock management circuitry provide transient load management. The sensing circuitry detects a voltage, current, and/or activity associated with a system-on-chip (SoC) and determines whether the detected voltage, current, and/or activity meets a threshold. The clock management circuitry generates clocking signals for the SoC and alters a frequency of the generated clocking signals in response to the detected voltage, current, and/or activity meeting the threshold to alter an amount of power consumed by the SoC.

Abstract: A device for controlling a converter has a first output variable and a second output variable adjusted by a duty of a switching element. The device includes a first controller that generates a first duty based on a first error between a predetermined limitation reference value corresponding to a reference value limiting a size of the first output variable and a measurement value of the first output variable measured at a load of a converter. A second controller generates a second duty based on a second error between a predetermined reference value of the second output variable and a measurement value of the second output variable measured at the load of the converter. A duty determination unit derives a final duty of the switching element based on the first duty and the second duty.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes a print section configured to perform printing on a recording medium, a first detector configured to detect a moving object within a first detection range, a second detector configured to detect the moving object within a second detection range, and a controller configured to switch between a normal mode in which printing by the print section is enabled and a power-saving mode in which printing by the print section is disabled. The controller returns to the normal mode when, after the controller enters the power-saving mode, in response to detection of the moving object by the first detector or the second detector, the first detector or the second detector detects the moving object for a first predetermined period of time or more, and the first detector and the second detector detect the moving object for a second predetermined period of time or more.

Abstract: A lighting device includes a light source, a conducting wire, a controller and a coding switch. The conducting wire is connected to the light source. The controller is connected to a power source and a conducing wire. The coding switch is connected to the controller. The coded value of the coding switch is adjustable, such that the coded value is corresponding to the wire length of the conducting wire. The controller adjusts the duty cycle of a driving signal according the wire length corresponding to the coded value, and outputs the driving signal to the light source in order to drive the light source. The lighting device can provide the illumination compensation function via the coding switch without a phototube, which can significantly reduce the cost of the lighting device in order to satisfy the actual requirements.

Abstract: Systems and techniques are described for monitoring energy use habits of consumers. In some implementations, a method includes obtaining temperature data from a monitored property. An energy model of the monitored property is generated based on the obtained temperature data. The current temperature data is obtained from the monitored property. The current temperature data is provided to the generated energy model to generate a duty-cycle for turning an HVAC system of the monitored property off an on during the on-peak hours. The HVAC system of the monitored property is instructed to cycle off and on during the on-peak hours based on the generated duty-cycle.

Abstract: A method for detecting a bad contact of a charging cable comprises: measuring a cooling fluid temperature of a cooling fluid flowing through the charging cable; measuring a connector base temperature of a connector base of the charging cable, which connector base carries an electrical contact element of the charging cable; estimating a contact temperature of the electrical contact element by determining the contact temperature from a difference of the connector base temperature and the cooling fluid temperature; and deciding presence of a bad contact, when the estimated contact temperature is higher than a threshold temperature.

Abstract: An isolated switched-mode power converter converts power from an input source into power for an output load. A digital controller senses a secondary-side voltage, such as a rectified voltage, of the power converter. The secondary-side voltage is divided down using a high-impedance voltage divider. The resultant divided-down voltage is provided to a voltage sensor within the digital controller. The voltage sensor level shifts the provided voltage, and buffers the resulting level-shifted voltage. The buffered, level-shifted voltage is provided to a tracking analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for digitization. The buffered signal provided to the tracking ADC has a high current capability, such that the voltage input to the tracking ADC may quickly converge before the tracking ADC outputs a digital value for the sensed secondary-side voltage.

Abstract: Technology is disclosed herein for per pin internal reference voltage generation for data receivers in non-volatile memory systems. A receiving circuit may have an on-die voltage generator that has inputs to receive a separate voltage magnitude select signal for each data receiver on the receiving circuit. The on-die voltage generator provides a separate reference voltage for each data receiver. This allows the reference voltage for each data receiver to be calibrated separately. A separate reference voltage for each data receiver compensates for variations between data paths, and provides for a wider data valid window than if the same reference voltage were used for all data receivers. Generating the different reference voltages on-die can potentially require a large area, as well as consume considerable power and/or current. A voltage divider and multiplexers may provide the different reference voltages, which saves space and is power and current efficient.

Abstract: A power supply system includes a high voltage circuit; a system ECU that controls the high voltage circuit; and a backup power supply unit that supplies electric power in the high voltage circuit to the system ECU. The system ECU includes a discharge controller that performs discharge control to discharge the electric charges in a smoothing capacitor until a secondary-side voltage is reduced to a discharge termination determination voltage or lower; and a vehicle state monitor that determines whether a vehicle is in a stopped state, and determines whether the secondary-side voltage is lower than or equal to a re-rise determination voltage in a monitoring period from termination of the discharge control until the vehicle is determined to be in the stopped state. When the secondary-side voltage is determined to be higher than the re-rise determination voltage by the vehicle state monitor, the discharge controller performs the discharge control again.

Abstract: There is provided a power supply apparatus for supplying power to an external electrical load, including a power transmission line or cable through which an alternating or direct current may flow, a power supply module, a control unit, an output terminal for connection to the external electrical load, and a converter. The power supply module includes an input terminal connected to the power transmission line or cable, and includes switching elements and energy storage device(s). The control unit controls the switching elements to selectively switch each energy storage device into circuit to direct a current flowing in the power transmission line or cable to flow through each energy storage device so as to store energy to form a power source. The converter draws power from the power source and supplies the drawn power to the output terminal.

Abstract: A method and system are disclosed for implementing a power saving mode for broadband devices. The method includes setting a delay to enter power saving mode on a broadband device, the delay to enter power saving mode configured to delay transition of the broadband device into a power saving mode for a set period of time when power is lost to the broadband device; and setting a delay to exit power saving mode on the broadband device, the delay to exit setting configured to delay transition of broadband device to a normal power mode for a set period of time after power is restored to the broadband device.

Abstract: An electronic locker system for parcel deposit and pick-up, comprising: a remote shipping system, a long distance communication network, at least one mobile device communicating via the long distance communication network with the remote shipping system, at least one parcel locker constituted of at least one autonomous compartments cluster including at least one compartment equipped with a door and including a locking module, which electronically controls locking and unlocking of the door and which establishes a local communication with the at least one mobile device via a short distance communication, wherein the locking module comprises: an energy management module configured for managing transitions of energy modes and allowing the at least one autonomous compartments cluster to be run in a deep sleep mode or in a sleep mode and regularly allowing a wake-up from said deep sleep mode to said sleep mode, a radio transceiver module equipped with an antenna, and at least one processor running a firmware config

Abstract: A driver comprises a controller coupled with a LED, and an interface circuit configured to be coupled between the controller and an external device. The interface circuit comprises an interface port configured to be coupled to the external device, an analog interface module, a digital interface module and a power supply module. The analog interface module is coupled between the interface port and the controller and configured to transmit an analog signal therebetween the external device and the controller in a first mode. The digital interface module is coupled between the interface port and the controller and configured to transmit a digital signal between the external device and the controller in a second mode and a third mode. The power supply module is coupled to the interface port and configured to provide energy to the external device in the first mode and the third mode.

Abstract: An information handling system may include at least one information handling resource and a power management subsystem configured to: receive signals from a plurality of power supply units, each signal indicative of an environmental parameter associated with a respective power supply of the plurality of power supply units; determine, for each of the plurality of power supply units, a respective environmental effective power capacity based on the respective signal indicative of the environmental parameter for such power supply unit and an environmental profile for such power supply unit; and manage power consumption of the at least one information handling resource based on environmental effective power capacities of the plurality of power supply units.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a processor includes at least one core to execute instructions, one or more thermal sensors associated with the at least one core, and a power controller coupled to the at least one core. The power controller has a control logic to receive temperature information regarding the processor and dynamically determine a maximum allowable average power limit based at least in part on the temperature information. The control logic may further maintain a static maximum base operating frequency of the processor regardless of a value of the temperature information. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: Some embodiments include apparatuses and methods of using such apparatuses. One of the apparatuses includes a control circuitry to generate error information based on a value of the feedback voltage generated from an output voltage, generate output information to control a power switching unit based on the error information provided to a forward path in the control circuitry, and adjust a gain of the forward path based on a gain factor computed based at least in part on a first value of the output information in order to cause the output information to have a second value. The control circuitry also computes a value of correction information when the output voltage is within a target value range, and adjusts the control information, based on the correction information, when the output voltage is outside the target value range.

Abstract: The invention relates to a rechargeable battery pack, in particular for a hand-held electrical power tool, comprising: at least two rechargeable battery cells and/or rechargeable battery cell blocks, which are connected in series or in parallel, a housing with a cell carrier for receiving the rechargeable battery cells and/or rechargeable battery cell blocks in rows arranged one above the other, and a printed circuit board, wherein the rechargeable battery cells are connected to the printed circuit board via conductor plates when the rechargeable battery packs are in the installed state, and wherein at least one of the conductor plates at least partially surrounds at least two conductor plate layers when the rechargeable battery pack is in the assembled state with the printed circuit board.

Abstract: A computer including a processor is programmed to determine that an object including ferrous material is in a charging field of an inductive charger, actuate the inductive charger, and determine a temperature of the object. The processor is further programmed to determine, based on the temperature, whether the inductive charger is operational.

Abstract: With conventional technology, since calculation of system stability is performed regarding all imaginable failure cases for the combinations of all objects to be controlled to determine an object to be controlled, there has been a problem of not being able to determine an object to be controlled in all the imaginable failure cases within a calculation period due to longer calculation time.

Abstract: The invention is to a controller for a DC electric motor having a first drive circuit and a second drive circuit that operate in a first state and a second state wherein, in the first state, circuits are connected with terminals input and are responsive to the control signals for receiving a load current and selectively energising winding to create torque in motor. In the second state, circuit is disconnected from terminal such that: circuit is able to be responsive to current for generating a first DC charging current to batteries; and circuit is able to connect with a terminal and be responsive to a second DC charging current for selectively directing an energizing current through winding.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, an electronic device may include a display disposed in a first housing, an input device comprising input circuitry disposed in a second housing arranged to face the display device, a first sensor module disposed in at least a portion of the first housing, a second sensor module disposed in at least a portion of the second housing, a communication module comprising communication circuitry, and a processor electrically connected with the display, the input device, the first sensor module and the second sensor module. The processor may be configured to determine whether sensing data received from the first sensor module and sensing data received from the second sensor module meet a predetermined condition, and to operate the input device in an external input mode if the sensing data provided by the first sensor and the sensing data provided by the second sensor meet the predetermined condition.

Abstract: An EV-PCS, which is a charger/discharger, includes: a power converter, which is a charging/discharging unit that controls at least one of charging a storage battery mounted on an EV and discharging the storage battery; a charging/discharging cable extending from the power converter; and a charging/discharging connector for connecting the charging/discharging cable to the EV. The charging/discharging connector includes a temperature detection element having a surface covered with resin, the temperature detection element detecting the internal temperature of the charging/discharging connector. The power converter reduces a value of current flowing to the charging/discharging cable during the charge or discharge of the storage battery as the temperature detected by the temperature detection element rises.

Abstract: The invention is to a controller for a DC electric motor having a first drive circuit and a second drive circuit that operate in a first state and a second state wherein, in the first state, circuits are connected with terminals input and are responsive to the control signals for receiving a load current and selectively energising winding to create torque in motor. In the second state, circuit is disconnected from terminal such that: circuit is able to be responsive to current for generating a first DC charging current to batteries; and circuit is able to connect with a terminal and be responsive to a second DC charging current for selectively directing an energizing current through winding.

Abstract: Adaptive power control may be provided. First, a network configuration change event may be detected by a computing device disposed in a node. Next, the computing device may determine, in response to detecting the network configuration change event, a bias current value for a forward launch amplifier disposed in the node based on the network configuration change event. The computing device may then cause, in response to determining the bias current value, the forward launch amplifier to be driven with the bias current value.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, an electronic device may include a display disposed in a first housing, an input device comprising input circuitry disposed in a second housing arranged to face the display device, a first sensor module disposed in at least a portion of the first housing, a second sensor module disposed in at least a portion of the second housing, a communication module comprising communication circuitry, and a processor electrically connected with the display, the input device, the first sensor module and the second sensor module. The processor may be configured to determine whether sensing data received from the first sensor module and sensing data received from the second sensor module meet a predetermined condition, and to operate the input device in an external input mode if the sensing data provided by the first sensor and the sensing data provided by the second sensor meet the predetermined condition.

Abstract: A vehicle includes an electric motor; a battery that is detachable from a body of the vehicle; a connector that electrically connects the battery with the vehicle body; and a temperature sensor that detects a temperature of the connector. In accordance with an electric power supplied from the battery via the connector, the electric motor generates a driving force to cause the vehicle to move. During movement of the vehicle and when the detected temperature is equal to or greater than a first threshold value, a controller performs control to lower power consumption of the vehicle compared to when the detected temperature is less than the first threshold value.

Abstract: An electronic device includes: a connector, arranged for coupling to a power supply external to the electronic device, wherein the power supply is arranged to provide a supply voltage to the electronic device to charge a battery of the electronic device; and a charger, coupled to the connector and selectively operated in a normal mode or a self-test mode, wherein when the charger operates in the normal mode, the charger is arranged for receiving the supply voltage via a power pin of the connector to charge the battery of the electronic device; and when the charger operates in the self-test mode, the charger provides a specific voltage to the power pin of the connector. The charger includes a detector to detect the current or voltage of at least one pin of the connector to generate a detecting result, and the supply voltage is set based on the detecting result.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer programs are provided for controlling power in a computing device. One embodiment is a system comprising a plurality of power rails coupled to one or more computing device components. Each power rail has a primary power supply for producing current at a corresponding requested voltage. The system further comprises a shared secondary power supply selectively coupled to the plurality of power rails for providing a current increase. A controller selects one of the plurality of power rails to receive the current increase. The controller generates a control signal to electrically couple the shared secondary power supply to the selected power rail to receive the current increase.

Abstract: In a method for operating an inverter system and a corresponding inverter system, which includes from the network filter to the inverter, values are determined using the data unit, and a value spectrum of the determined values is determined using an evaluation unit. The value spectrum is compared to a predetermined or predefinable limit spectrum using an assessment unit, and a switching frequency of the inverter can be adapted while in operation by using an adapter unit arranged downstream of the data unit, the evaluation unit and the assessment unit in the return path.

Abstract: Disclosed are an electronic device and a method of short range wireless communication in an electronic device. The method of operating the electronic device may include: when a cover is connected to the electronic device through a short range wireless communication connection, determining generation of an event related to the cover. The method further comprises, when the event is generated, supplying power to the cover through wireless communication, when the cover is driven by the supplied power, transmitting event information to the cover through the short range wireless communication connection to display the information related to the generated event on the cover, and, when an operation of the cover according to the event is completed, switching to a standby mode after releasing the short range wireless communication connection with the cover.

Abstract: Electronic devices employing adiabatic logic circuits with wireless charging are disclosed. In one aspect, an electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a power circuit employing an alternating current (AC) coupler circuit configured to receive a wireless AC signal and generate a wired AC signal based on the wireless AC signal. The power circuit includes a power output configured to provide an AC power signal based on the wired AC signal generated by the AC coupler circuit. The AC power signal is generated based on the wireless charging capability of the AC coupler circuit. The electronic device employs a digital logic system that includes a power rail electrically coupled to an adiabatic logic circuit. The AC power signal is provided to the power rail to provide power to the adiabatic logic circuit. Wirelessly charging the adiabatic logic circuit consumes less power than conventional non-wireless charging circuitry.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a low power consumption communication method. The method includes: obtaining, by a first network device, a data interval policy, where the data interval policy is determined according to a task status of the first network device, and the data interval policy includes a data segment length and a time interval between data segments; sending, by the first network device, the data interval policy to a second network device; and sending, by the first network device, data to the second network device according to the data interval policy or receiving data that is sent by the second network device according to the data interval policy. an electric quantity can be recovered in a time interval between data segments by using a battery recovery effect, thereby reducing electricity consumption during communication, and prolonging a usage time of a battery of a network device.

Abstract: A power transmitter (101) is arranged to transfer power to a power receiver (105) via a wireless inductive power transfer signal transmitted from a transmit coil (103) to a power receiver (105). A first communication unit (305) communicates a message to the power receiver (105) on a first communication link A second communication unit (307) receives data from the power receiver (105) on a separate second communication link having a longer range. The power receiver (105) comprises a third communication unit (405) which receives the first message. A response generator (407) generates a response message to the message and a fourth communication unit (409) transmits the response message to the power transmitter (103) over the second communication link.

Abstract: Systems and methods for digital voltage compensation in a power supply integrated circuit are provided. In at least one embodiment, a method comprises receiving a digital voltage code, the digital voltage code corresponding to an output voltage value; setting an output count on a first counter to change from a present first digital count corresponding to a present voltage code value toward a target first digital count corresponding to a new voltage code value; and setting a second count to an offset count value on a second counter when the new voltage code value is received. The method also comprises combining the second count with the output count to form a combined count value; and decrementing the second count value from the offset count value to zero when the first counter reaches the target first digital count.

Abstract: An anti-theft proximity alert system that includes a wearable smart charm with a charm housing, and an object monitor having a power saving feature comprising at least one operating instruction to select a power consumption mode of the object monitor based upon a condition of the object monitor.

Abstract: Techniques disclosed herein decouple a document's structure from its general content wherein the structure is retained in plaintext (both at a client device and in a server system) and the data is retained in cyphertext, and where the cloud-based server system is not tasked with the saving or management of the relevant cryptographic keys. Because the network- or cloud-based server system has “zero-knowledge” about the document's data content or the relevant cryptographic keys, an attack on the server system does not put the security of the document's data at risk. In addition, the network- or cloud-based server system may be used to perform the computationally intensive tasks of converting the document between a first format (often associated with a full-function document processing application not supported by the client device) and a second format (easily displayed and manipulated by a client device).

Abstract: An information processing apparatus according to the present embodiment is capable of transiting to a power saving state and retains a status of a resume requesting device before the information processing apparatus transits to the power saving state. When resuming from the power saving state, the information processing apparatus acquires a status of the resume requesting device. The information processing apparatus further determines a device to which power is supplied based on a result of comparison between the status of the resume requesting device retained and the status of the resume requesting device acquired.

Abstract: An apparatus of a transmitter for signal processing in a wireless communication system is provided. The apparatus includes a first signal processing module set configured to process a first signal transmitted to a base station and a second signal processing module set configured to process a second signal transmitted to a terminal, wherein the first signal processed by the first signal processing module set has a different bandwidth than the second signal processed by the second signal processing module set.

Abstract: An electrical load controller includes an electrical switching device and an actuator assembly having at least one user actuator for use in turning power on and off to the load and for use in adjustably controlling the level of power to the load. A frame attached to the actuator includes an integrally formed backlightable indicator region having an outer continuous solid surface. Light from an illumination assembly related to the level of power to the load is directable onto a portion of an inner surface of the backlightable indicator region, transmittable through the backlightable region from the inner surface to the outer surface, emittable from a portion of the outer surface, and observable by the user.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, switching control section calculates a current control value based on a comparison result between a smoothed voltage of an output of a switching circuit and a target value, and controls a dead time of the switching circuit based on the current control value.

Abstract: An intermediate electronic device, arranged to be coupled to a host system and an electronic device. The intermediate electronic device includes: a controller, enabled by an enable signal to process the data transmission between the host system and the electronic device; and a power transmission unit disposed between the host system and the electronic device. The power transmission units detect whether the power transmission unit is coupled to the host system or an external power source. When the power transmission unit detects that the power transmission unit is coupled to the host system, but not coupled to the external power source, the power transmission unit informs the host system to raise the voltage output to the intermediate electronic device to supply power to the electronic device, and outputs the enable signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided to regulate a supply voltage of a load circuit. For example, a system includes a voltage regulator circuit that includes a passgate device. The system includes a passgate strength calibration control module which is configured to (i) obtain information which specifies operating conditions of the voltage regulator circuit, (ii) access entries of one or more look-up tables using the obtained information, (iii) use information within the accessed entries to determine a maximum load current that could be demanded by the load circuit under the operating conditions specified by the obtained information, and to predict a passgate device width which is sufficient to supply the determined maximum load current, and (iv) set an active width of the passgate device according to the predicted passgate device width.

Abstract: A power supply includes a power circuit for converting an input voltage or current to an output voltage or current, at least one interface port for receiving signals from one or more external devices, and a control circuit coupled to the power circuit and the at least one interface port. The control circuit is adapted to operate the power circuit in response to control signals having a plurality of different control signal formats that are received by the at least one interface port.

Abstract: The signal receiver circuit includes a selection signal generator generating first and second selection signals in response to at least one of an electrical open/short state of a fuse and test mode signals, an internal reference voltage generator amplifying an external reference voltage signal after reducing static electricity created by the external reference voltage signal to generate a plurality of internal voltage signals and generating an internal reference voltage signal using the plurality of internal voltage signals in response to the first and second selection signals, and a buffer buffering an internal signal in response to the internal reference voltage signal to generate a control signal for controlling an internal circuit.

Abstract: An integrated circuit with multi-functional parameter setting and a multi-functional parameter setting method thereof are provided. The multi-functional parameter setting method includes the following steps: providing the integrated circuit, wherein the integrated circuit includes a multi-functional pin and a switch unit, wherein the multi-functional pin is coupled to an external setting unit, and the switch unit includes an operational amplifier; sensing a programmable reference voltage of the external setting unit through one operation of the switch unit and executing a first function setting according to the programmable reference voltage; and sensing a programmable reference current related to the external setting unit through another operation of the switch unit and executing a second function setting according to the programmable reference current, wherein a value of the programmable reference current is related to the programmable reference voltage.

Abstract: In accordance with an embodiment, a method of operating a charging port having a power connection and a first data connection includes determining whether a compatible device is coupled to the charging port and receiving a serial data stream from the compatible device via the first data connection. The serial data stream includes a plurality of symbols representing a request for a power supply voltage and/or current, and the method further includes applying the requested power supply voltage and/or current to the power connection.

Abstract: In a power supply device, the controller outputs a control signal specifying a voltage value. The voltage conversion unit converts a first voltage to a second voltage in response to a control signal specifying a voltage value output from the controller. The voltage conversion unit converts the first voltage to a start voltage, as the second voltage, in response to a first control signal specifying a start voltage value output from the controller and further converts the first voltage to a target voltage, as the second voltage, in response to a second control signal specifying a target voltage value output from the controller. A transition period of time is intervened between generation of the start voltage and generation of the target voltage during which the controller outputs a third control signal specifying the intermediate voltage value between the start voltage value and the target voltage value.

Abstract: A method of differently producing driving clock signals for a shift register of a gate lines driving circuit of a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), the method includes the steps of determining whether an ambient temperature is greater than or not in comparison to a predetermined threshold temperature; in response to the determining indicating that the ambient temperature is greater, using a first ON voltage and a first charge canceling method; and in response to the determining indicating that the ambient temperature is not greater, using a second ON voltage and a second charge canceling method, where the second ON voltage is different from the first ON voltage and where the second charge canceling method is different from the first charge canceling method. The second charge canceling method may have a shorter duration than that of the first charge canceling method. The second ON voltage may be greater than the first ON voltage.

Abstract: An LED driver circuit for controlling direct current supplied to a plurality of serially connected segments of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) is disclosed. In one embodiment, the LED driver circuit comprises a self-commutating circuit, which comprises a plurality of current control elements, each current control element having two ends, a first end connected to a different end of each segment along the plurality of serially connected segments of LEDs and a second end connected to a path to ground. The path to ground comprises a sense resistor and the path to ground is shared by the second end of each current control element. Each current control element is coupled to an adjacent current control element by a cross-regulation circuit and controlled by a signal from an adjacent current control element.