Abstract: A device for evaluating characteristics of a target ground containing a metal component is proposed. The device includes a penetration probe having a main frame and a pair of side frames respectively installed at opposite side ends of the main frame, wherein each side frame has a lower end thereof extending downward from the main frame; a plurality of electrodes installed to be exposed to outside on the main frame; an electrode measurement part for measuring apparent chargeability of the target ground by applying power for measurement to the plurality of electrodes; and a main processor for calculating a weight ratio of a metal component of the target ground on the basis of the apparent chargeability measured by the electrode measurement part and calculating a volume ratio of the metal component of the target ground on the basis of the calculated weight ratio of the metal component.

Abstract: A modular power tile and method of operating a power distribution system includes generating a predetermined identifying pattern, by a reflectometry module of a power distribution node, injecting, by the reflectometry module, the predetermined identifying pattern, receiving, at the reflectometry module, a reflected incident signal of the predetermined identifying pattern, and scheduling a maintenance task.

Abstract: Disclosed is a TDR measuring apparatus for determining the dielectric constant and material properties derived therefrom of a medium flowing through a pipeline. The apparatus includes signal generation electronics which generate TDR measurement signals, transmitting and receiving electronics, a coupling-in/coupling-out apparatus which couples the TDR measurement signals into and out of an electrically conductive measuring probe of a predefined length, and control/evaluation electronics which use the propagation time of the TDR measurement signals to determine the dielectric constant. The measuring probe is arranged in an electrically insulated manner outside of the pipeline.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a method and system to develop finite element (FE) models of as-manufactured turbomachinery blades using a combination of optical topography measurements, mesh morphing and strain gauge measurements. The method and system improves strain gauge to blade tip timing correlation using as-manufactured blade dimensions with finite element modeling.

Abstract: The invention relates to a distance-measuring device for determining a distance between a reflection body in a conducting structure and a coupling region for electromagnetic waves, which region is provided on an end section of the conducting structure, said measuring device comprising a transmitting and receiving device, and a conduction junction (1) provided on the coupling region, for coupling the transmitting and receiving device to the conducting structure containing a medium, in order to couple an electromagnetic wave into the conducting structure, and to decouple the electromagnetic wave, reflected on the reflection body, from the conducting structure. Said measuring device also comprises an evaluation device for determining the distance between the coupling region and the reflection body from the complex reflection coefficient between the coupled electromagnetic wave and the decoupled electromagnetic wave. The invention also relates to the corresponding method.

Abstract: There is disclosed a probe used with a measurement instrument including a pulse circuit for generating pulses. A coaxial connector is secured to the probe case so that the probe case is electrically connected to the ground shield. A center rod has a top end received in the probe case and to extend into a process liquid. The center rod is electrically connected to the center terminal for conducting the pulses. Ground rods are spaced around the center rod and are secured to the probe case. The probe provides an open configuration less susceptible to build-up between the center rod and the ground rods. One or more of the ground rods may by tubes, connected to a flushing port, with nozzles for cleaning the enter rod. Another ground rod may be tubular for carrying a conductor connected to a bottom of the center rod for bottom-up measurement.

Abstract: A point level switch for industrial interface detection is described, the switch including a microwave waveguide sensor in place of the more commonly encountered vibrating fork.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for heating a load using microwaves is disclosed. The apparatus includes a transmission line, configured to transmit microwaves from a microwave generator to a cavity. A sensing device configured to measure a standing wave for providing information about the phase and the amplitude of a reflection coefficient that represents a ratio between the amount of microwaves reflected back towards the microwave generator and the amount of microwaves transmitted in the transmission line from the microwave generator. A control unit configured to detect whether the measured standing wave correspond to a reflection coefficient having a phase within a certain interval of phases and an amplitude within a certain interval of amplitudes. Additionally, certain intervals of phases and amplitudes correspond to an operating region of the microwave generator. The control unit controls feeding of microwaves to the cavity based on this detection.

Abstract: According to various examples, a method for non-destructive detection of defects in a semiconductor die is described. The method may include positioning an emitter above the semiconductor die. The method may include generating an emitted wave using the emitter that is directed to a focal point on a surface of the die. The method may include generating a reflected wave from the focal point. The focal point may act as a point source reflecting the emitted wave. The method may include positioning a receiver above the die to receive the reflected wave. The method may also include measuring the reflected wave to detect modulations in amplitude in the reflected wave.

Abstract: An optical characteristics measuring device includes a first light source capable of irradiating a sample with light and a second light source capable of irradiating the sample with microwaves. A measuring device measures microwave power of the reflection of the microwaves from the sample. A calculation unit calculates a parameter relating to the electrical conductivity of the sample using the microwave power of the reflected waves measured by the measuring device. A control unit controls the intensity of the light of the first light source so that the parameter becomes approximately a predetermined value. The calculation unit specifies first to n-th intensities of the light at which the parameter becomes approximately the predetermined value for each of the first to n-th wavelengths of the light and obtains relationships between the first to n-th wavelengths and the first to n-th intensities corresponding to the respective first to n-th wavelengths.

Abstract: An oil-based mud wellbore imaging apparatus for measuring formation permittivity and resistivity includes a reflectometry-type microwave scanning system. The system contains at least one high-Q microstrip resonator with one or more slots on the top surface. The microstrip resonator is excited by one port, which is fed with electromagnetic signals by a coaxial cable. From the phase detection of signal at the port, the formation resistivity and permittivity can be determined and corresponding borehole images can be generated.

Abstract: A digitally controlled hybrid (active-passive) tuning system includes a passive slide screw tuner using a slabline in which also fixed and adjustable signal couplers (wave-probes) are mounted, leading to and from an active feedback loop, digitally controlled using an electronic tuner. The wave-probes control the static amplitude and phase of the feedback signal and the electronic tuner controls the actual dynamic (high speed) amplitude and phase of the re-injected signal. The slide screw tuner serves as an additional static pre-matching for reducing the required feedback injection power. Appropriate passive and active calibration and search routines allow identifying tuner states satisfying DUT parameter targets.

Abstract: A radome for vehicles comprising an internal base layer (1) formed of a radio transmissive resin; an intermediate decoration layer (2); and an external transparent resin layer (3), which is characterized in that the radome also comprises a camera (4) placed inside the radome or aligned with the external surface of the transparent resin layer (3). It allows more freedom for car designers by offering an integrated solution which is aesthetically pleasant, and it decreases part manufacturing complexity.

Abstract: A switch arrangement includes a switch with a source lead and a load lead, a sensor coupled to the switch, and a switch monitor. The switch monitor is in communication with the sensor and is responsive to instructions recorded on a memory to receive a measurement of a switch parameter from the sensor, compare the measurement to a baseline associated with the switch, and determine switch margin using the comparison of the measurement with the baseline associated with the switch. Aircraft electrical systems and methods of monitoring electrical systems are also disclosed.

Abstract: A device implementing antennas transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves for measuring the surface dielectric of a pre-defined surface area is disclosed herein. This area can be a small portion of a large surface, or a surface of a sample extracted from a larger volume. The sample might be cylindrical in shape. The device includes a dielectric spacer of known dielectric properties and geometries, placed between the material under test and the transmitting and receiving antennas. The dielectric value and thickness of the dielectric spacer are selected so as to control the effective area over which the dielectric is measured.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting low level pulses of millimeter wave electromagnetic radiation has an electromagnetic field receiver including: a receiving antenna configured to receive an input signal at one or more frequencies ranging from 10 GHz to 100 GHz, and a diode detector coupled to the receiving antenna, the diode detector providing an output voltage signal in response to the input signal. The apparatus also has an electronic signal processor. This produces an amplified voltage signal. The electronic signal processor also produces from the amplified voltage signal a reduced bandwidth, unipolar voltage signal proportional to a peak power of the input signal. The electronic signal processor uses this to produce an amplified reduced bandwidth, unipolar voltage signal. At least the electronic signal processor is encased in an electronically shielded housing.

Abstract: A method calculates mean speed of a fluid flowing in an open channel or a partially filled duct. Fluid having a free surface of width L1 extending between walls of the channel or duct includes local speed measurements at the surface of the fluid over a zone of width L2, the set of local measurements generating a spectrum of discrete data expressed in a temporal domain. The spectrum of discrete data is converted into a spectrum of data expressed in a frequency domain via a Fourier transform. A Gaussian curve is fitted to the spectrum and the mean ? and the standard deviation ? of the Gaussian curve are calculated. L2 and ? enable calculating the distribution of speeds over L2. The ratio L2/L1 is calculated and the mean speed of the fluid within the channel or duct is determined based on the Gaussian curve and the ratio L2/L1.

Abstract: A monitoring system configured to automatically detect that an amount of items in an environment has fallen below a threshold amount and in response automatically trigger a shipment of one or more additional items. The disclosed monitoring system addresses deficiencies of traditional ‘subscription orders’ by ensuring stock is only replenished when it falls below a user-specified threshold, rather than at periodic intervals whether required or not.

Abstract: Provided are a non-metallic cylinder for electromagnetic compatibility testing, a rotary angle adjustable antenna device, and a rotary angle adjustable antenna system. The rotary angle adjustable antenna device provided by the present disclosure includes a non-metallic cylinder, a first adapting piece, and an antenna; the antenna is mounted in the first mounting hole with a rotary sleeve arranged outside, at least one end of the antenna extends out of the first mounting hole; the first adapting piece is further provided with a second mounting hole, the first piston rod of the non-metallic cylinder is placed in the empty slot of the first adapting piece after passing through the end cover of the non-metallic cylinder then passing through the second mounting hole of the first adapting piece; the first piston rod of the non-metallic cylinder is connected with the rotary sleeve.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for the detection, characterization and assessment of the quality of a spray which is produced by atomizing liquids with nozzles of different designs and constructional forms. The spray may have an application-specific droplet size distribution ranging from fine to very coarse droplets which move at different speeds. A radar signal is directed into and reflected by the spray. The reflected radar signal is subject to a Doppler shift caused by the movement of the droplets in the spray. The transmitted and received radar signals are mixed to create a low-frequency Doppler oscillation signal which is sampled at a predetermined rate with an analog-digital converter, the output of which is stored in a data array and transformed from the time domain into the frequency domain for further processing.

Abstract: A low profile embedded BTC probe may comprise a housing having a cavity disposed radially outward of a blade, a lower insulator disposed within the cavity, a sensor element disposed within the cavity, an upper insulator disposed within the cavity, a cap wherein the cap fills a remainder of the cavity, and a hard lead in electronic communication with the sensor element and the housing.

Abstract: A cavity oscillator comprising: an amplifier operable to provide energy to a local oscillating signal; a superconducting resonant cavity arranged to receive the local oscillating signal and being operable to reflect a portion of the local oscillating signal for use in a feedback circuit, to support an electromagnetic wave related to the local oscillating signal in a desired TM mode, and to output a filtered signal of a desired frequency or frequencies based on the geometry of the cavity; a feedback circuit operable to generate an error signal based on the local oscillating signal and the reflected signal; and a phase shifter arranged operable to adjust the filtered signal based on the error signal to generate an adjusted filtered signal. The amplifier can amplify the adjusted filtered signal.

Abstract: A structure defines an elongate space and comprises an apparatus installed within the structure. The apparatus includes a signal generator and detector arrangement, and at least one antenna coupled to the signal generator and detector arrangement. The at least one antenna is coupled to the elongate space for transmitting an electromagnetic signal into the elongate space and for receiving the electromagnetic signal from the elongate space after reflection of the electromagnetic signal from a feature within the elongate space. The apparatus may be used to monitor the feature within the elongate space.

Abstract: A continuously adjustable programmable harmonic microwave attenuator and linear phase controller (HAPC) uses mobile signal couplers (wave-probes) in a slabline structure which is terminated with 50 Ohms. The coupled ports of the wave-probes are connected with the output port of the unit via a power combiner using flexible RF cables. The wave-probes are attached to the vertical axes of mobile carriages, which are placed at variable distances from the input port, corresponding to the expected transmission phases, whereas the depth, at which the wave-probes are inserted into the slabline, determines the coupling factors and thus the value of the attenuation. The unit can be calibrated at a number of harmonic frequencies typically equal to the number of the wave-probes used.

Abstract: A system for obtaining measurements for a device under test (DUT) includes a vector network analyzer including a storage medium and a controller for controlling a sweep and a trigger driver configured to provide a synchronization signal to the DUT and the controller to synchronize internal signal components of the vector network analyzer including signal sources, local oscillators (LOs) and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) clock. A signal is received by the vector network analyzer in response to a test signal generated and transmitted to the DUT. Data related to the received signal is acquired and stored in at the storage medium. The controller inserts a mark into the time record based on an event of the sweep for identifying data from the received signal associated with the event within the time record.

Abstract: A coaxial probe is for a time-domain reflectometry fill level measurement device. The internal conductor of which is tensioned against the external conductor using a tension element. The tension element is in the form of a disc for example, and includes an internal thread which is screwed onto an external thread on the end of the internal conductor. Thus, the number of spacers can be reduced.

Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) imaging device comprises an RF sensor assembly, a position sensor, a processor, and a memory. The RF sensor assembly receives an RF signal for capturing an RF image of a portion of a space behind a surface. The position sensor receives a plurality of signals respectively emitted by a plurality of position markers at known positions relative to the surface. The processor determines a plurality of angles at which the plurality of signals respectively arrive at the position sensor and determines, based on the plurality of angles and the known positions of the plurality of position markers, a position of the RF imaging device relative to the surface. The memory stores the RF image in association with the determined position of the RF imaging device. A time-of-flight or triangulation of signal data may be used for position determination.

Abstract: A compact remotely adjustable harmonic microwave attenuator and linear phase shifter (HAPC) is made using two mobile signal couplers (wave-probes) inserted back-to-back in a slabline which is terminated with 50 Ohms. The coupled ports of the wave-probes are connected with the input ports of a power combiner using flexible RF cables and the output port of the combiner is connected to the output port of the unit. The new structure allows reducing the required linear length of the slabline by half. The wave-probes are attached to the vertical axes of mobile carriages, which are movable to variable distances from the input port of the HAPC, corresponding to the adjustable transmission phases, whereas the depth, at which the wave-probes are inserted into the slabline, determines the coupling factors and thus the value of the attenuations.

Abstract: A number n of Hall elements of a position detecting device output analog detection signals responsive to magnetism from a magnet of a piston. A number n of AD converters carry out analog to digital conversion to convert the analog detection signals into digital detection signals. A ladder circuit receives, as an n-bit digital signal, the digital detection signals output from a number n of magnetic detectors, and performs digital to analog conversion thereof into a single analog output signal. A control IC detects an approximate position of the piston on the basis of the single analog output signal that is input thereto.

Abstract: A photoinduced carrier lifetime measurement device includes light sources that respectively apply light that differs in wavelength and generates photoinduced carriers to a semiconductor substrate, a microwave generation section that generates microwaves that are applied to the semiconductor substrate, a detection section that detects the intensity of the microwaves that have passed through the semiconductor substrate, and a calculation section that calculates the effective carrier lifetime corresponding to the wavelength of each light based on the intensity of the microwaves detected when applying each light, and calculates the bulk carrier lifetime and a surface recombination velocity of the semiconductor substrate based on the effective carrier lifetime calculated corresponding to the wavelength of each light.

Abstract: A method for identifying and measuring volume fraction constituents of a fluid using time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis to identify individual volume fraction constituents within a pipe on a real time basis and to measure the volume of the individual volume fraction constituents flowing through the pipe on a real time basis.

Abstract: A method of pulsed radar interface determination for a first and second material in a tank. An interface level determination model is provided including a transfer function that utilizes refractive indices for the materials and thickness of the second material. At least one actual radar pulse is transmitted into the tank and a resulting echo curve portion including a measured interface pulse(s) around the interface location is measured. The interface model is simulated with a reference pulse and an initial thickness value to generate an initial model generated interface pulse (initial MGIP). The measured interface pulse is compared to the initial MGIP pulse point-by-point to determine residuals. If the residuals sum >a predetermined threshold, the comparing is repeated with an updated interface model generated with an updated thickness value that provides an updated MGIP pulse. When the sum of residuals is ?predetermined threshold, the thickness is determined.

Abstract: A measurement device is provided for determining a distance of the measurement device from a medium and a flow speed of a medium by evaluating a transmission signal emitted by the fill level measurement device and reflected by the medium. The measurement device includes an antenna arrangement for emitting the transmission signal in two different directions. The flow speed of the medium can be determined using the Doppler shift of the transmission signal.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention provides a liquid-level sensor to detect liquid-level information of a liquid to be tested in a container. The sensor includes an electrode, a sensing circuit, an amplifier and a controller. The electrode is disposed on the outer surface of the container, comprising a first electrode and a second electrode. The sensing circuit is coupled to a first electrode and a second electrode, and receives a clock signal to generate a first voltage signal and a second voltage signal. The amplifier receives the first voltage signal and the second voltage signal to output an output voltage. The controller acquires liquid-level information of the liquid to be tested according to the output voltage and a voltage-volume table.

Abstract: A scaffold for neurons consists of tubes sized to promote neural growth through the tubes. The tubes may be fixed to a substrate providing electrical or optical paths out from the interior of the tubes from sensors or stimulating probes at one or more locations along the length of the coaxial axons. Steering electrodes at spaces between tubes may be used to selectively promote the growth of interconnections of different axons in a one, two, or three-dimensional fashion.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and software for measuring the spatially variable relative dielectric permittivity of materials along a linear or otherwise configured sensor element, and more specifically the spatial variability of soil moisture in one dimension as inferred from the dielectric profile of the soil matrix surrounding a linear sensor element. Various methods provided herein combine advances in the processing of time domain reflectometry data with innovations in physical sensing apparatuses. These advancements enable high temporal (and thus spatial) resolution of electrical reflectance continuously along an insulated waveguide that is permanently emplaced in contact with adjacent soils. The spatially resolved reflectance is directly related to impedance changes along the waveguide that are dominated by electrical permittivity contrast due to variations in soil moisture. Various methods described herein are thus able to monitor soil moisture in profile with high spatial resolution.

Abstract: A fill level measurement device is specified for determining distance of the measurement device and flow speed of a medium, which comprises a frequency-modulated transmission signal having a rising and a falling frequency ramp. The flow speed of the medium can be determined by the Doppler effect arising from the flow speed of the medium.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and software for measuring the spatially variable relative dielectric permittivity of materials along a linear or otherwise configured sensor element, and more specifically the spatial variability of soil moisture in one dimension as inferred from the dielectric profile of the soil matrix surrounding a linear sensor element. Various methods described herein combine advances in the processing of time domain reflectometry data with innovations in physical sensing apparatuses. These advancements enable high temporal (and thus spatial) resolution of electrical reflectance continuously along an insulated waveguide that is permanently emplaced in contact with adjacent soils. The spatially resolved reflectance is directly related to impedance changes along the waveguide that are dominated by electrical permittivity contrast due to variations in soil moisture. Various methods described herein are thus able to monitor soil moisture in profile with high spatial resolution.

Abstract: A method includes selecting one or more analysis algorithms to be used to verify an authenticity of an electronic component. Each analysis algorithm identifies a type of data to be analyzed and/or a manner in which the data is to be collected. Each analysis algorithm also defines how the data is to be analyzed to verify the authenticity of the electronic component. The method also includes obtaining data associated with the electronic component. The method further includes analyzing the data associated with the electronic component using the one or more selected analysis algorithms to determine whether the electronic component is authentic. In addition, the method includes generating an output based on the analysis. One or more characteristics of the electronic component could be compared against one or more characteristics of at least one reference component, or variations in one or more characteristics of multiple electronic components could be identified.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement and a method for the galvanically separated energy transmission, in which the energy is transmitted via a dielectric waveguide.

Abstract: An impedance control device for tuning a device under test comprising: a first terminal port arranged for connecting a device under test, a second terminal port arranged for connecting a termination, a first signal path for a signal travelling between the first and the second terminal port, first coupling means arranged for picking up a part of the signal travelling in the first signal path, a second signal path arranged for receiving the part of the signal from the first coupling means, said second signal path comprising a correction circuit for adapting as a function of frequency the amplitude and phase of the received part of the signal, second coupling means arranged for coupling back into the first signal path an adapted signal outputted by the correction circuit, and an attenuator and phase shifter for applying attenuation and phase shifting on the signals travelling between the first and the second terminal port.

Abstract: A hand tool device comprises a computing unit and at least one locating device configured to receive two orthogonal polarization directions of at least one reflected locating signal. The computing unit is configured to determine, from two received polarization directions of the reflected locating signal, an item of orientation information of a concealed, elongate object.

Abstract: A level gauge for detecting process variables related to a distance to a surface of a content in a tank, includes a first and second functionally independent circuitry arrangements comprising transceiver circuitry and processing circuitry. The gauge further comprises a power divider providing isolation between signals having the same propagation mode, a single wire transmission line probe, and a matching arrangement providing an electrically matched connection between the electrical connection of a process seal and the single wire transmission line probe. A combination of a power divider with a matching arrangement allows multiple channels on one single wire transmission line probe.

Abstract: In order to determine a level and the flow speed of a medium, FMCW transmission signals and CW transmission signals are emitted alternately. Using the Doppler effect, the flow speed of the medium can be determined from the reflected CW signal. The level is determined from the reflected FMCW signal.

Abstract: A weight apparatus for a waveguide has a wave resistance. The weight apparatus includes a weight body having a fixing device. The fixing device is adapted to fix the weight body to the waveguide and has a wave resistance which is substantially adapted to the wave resistance of the waveguide.

Abstract: A measurement device is provided for determining a distance of the measurement device from a medium and a flow speed of a medium by evaluating a transmission signal emitted by the fill level measurement device and reflected by the medium. The measurement device includes an antenna arrangement for emitting the transmission signal in two different directions. The flow speed of the medium can be determined using the Doppler shift of the transmission signal.

Abstract: A radar transmitter for emulsion measurement comprises a probe defining a transmission line for sensing impedance. A pulse circuit is connected to the probe for generating pulses on the transmission line and receiving a reflected signal from the transmission line. The reflected signal comprises a waveform of probe impedance over time. A controller is operatively connected to the pulse circuit. The controller profiles content of the emulsion responsive to the waveform by transforming the waveform into impedance relative to distance, converting the transformed waveform into effective dielectric relative to distance, determining mixture content of the emulsion at select distances responsive to the effective dielectric at the select distances and developing an output representing mixture content relative to level units.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods for determining recombination characteristics at metallized semiconductor surfaces and of metallized semiconductor junctions, based on photo-conductance decay measurements. Dedicated test structures are used comprising a plurality of metal features in contact with a semiconductor surface at predetermined locations, the metal features being provided in a plurality of zones, each of the plurality of zones having a different metal coverage. The method comprises performing a photo-conductance decay measurement in each of the plurality of zones, thereby determining effective lifetimes for different injection levels as a function of metal coverage; and extracting the recombination characteristics from the determined effective lifetimes.

Abstract: A method and device for analyzing time domain waveforms traveling in electronic interconnect for the purpose of measuring the attenuation. This includes the use of an automated processing system and method to transmit a TDR step pulse into one end of an interconnect and to record the time domain waveform response from the same end of the interconnect. The processing algorithms separate the portions of the collected time domain waveform which contain return loss and insertion loss information and process each portion of that waveform data through FFT techniques to extract the frequency dependent loss data. The method describes the calibration techniques required to achieve these measurements and the device utilized can be a manual or robotic probing system.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the salinity of an ionic sample consisting essentially of: a single current probe having a central aperture large enough to accommodate a tube that contains the ionic sample; a network analyzer electrically coupled to the current probe, wherein the network analyzer is configured to transmit power into the ionic sample when the tube containing the ionic sample is positioned within the central aperture and then further configured to measure the return loss parameter of a signal voltage waveform reflected from the ionic solution; and a reference table of reference sample properties to which the measured return loss parameter may be compared to determine the level of salinity of the ionic sample.