Abstract: A distributed capacitive/resistive electronic device. An electronic device is described which includes a dielectric substrate, a first resistive component, a second resistive component, and a connecting component. The first resistive component is affixed to a first side of the dielectric substrate. The second resistive component is affixed to a second side of the dielectric substrate, wherein the second side is oppositely located from the first side. The connecting component is affixed to the dielectric substrate, wherein the connecting component electrically connects the first resistive component to the second resistive component, wherein the connecting component is electrically connectable to other electronic circuitry, and wherein, at a location removed from the connecting component, the second resistive component is electrically connectable to other electronic circuitry.

Abstract: A duplexer structure for allowing an RF transmitter and an RF receiver to share a common antenna includes impedance matching circuitry to match the receiver input impedance to the antenna impedance during a receive operation and impedance transformation circuitry to transform the antenna impedance to a lower impedance at the receiver input terminals during a transmit operation. The impedance matching circuitry and the impedance transformation circuitry of the duplexer share one or more passive components, thus reducing the overall number of components required to implement the duplexer. This reduction in component count reduces the amount of chip area required to implement the duplexer and increases the ease with which the RF transceiver is integrated onto a semiconductor chip. In one embodiment, the duplexer uses a differential topology to provide common mode noise rejection and even harmonic distortion cancellation within a transceiver.

Abstract: An IQ generator is integrated into an IC for generating IQ output signal. The IQ generator includes a signal generator providing input with two identical signals opposed in phase, a filter comprises a plurality capacitances and inductances, and output providing the I and Q signals. The capacitances and inductances of the filter are integrated into said integrated circuit.

Abstract: The invention relates to an RFI filter used for avoidance of mains retro-action in the form of radio noise. RFI filters are connected to frequency converters in order to reduce radio noise transmitted via conductors. These filters comprise large noise-decoupling capacitors which are connected to earth, and during start up of the frequency converter the capacitors cause leakage currents to earth. This gives rise to problems in those circumstances, where a circuit breaker is connected to a frequency converter and an RFI filter, because the leakage current is higher than the trigger current for the circuit breaker. The solution to this problem is to place a resistor in series with the noise-decoupling capacitor and parallel with the resistor to place a switch, which can be opened or closed with a control signal from a controller. The invention also concerns a method for activation of an RFI filter.

Abstract: A capacitive element includes two or more voltage-variable capacitors (varactors). The varactors are configured so that they are coupled in series with respect to an applied AC signal and are coupled in parallel with respect to an applied DC bias voltage. The effective capacitance of the overall capacitive element can be tuned by varying the DC bias voltage.

Abstract: An electronic filter assembly of the type that includes a female terminal cap having a fitting portion and containing a terminal passage through the fitting portion, and a collet assembly secured in and substantially closing the terminal passage of the female terminal cap. The collet assembly comprises an insulator, a collet terminal, and a seal. The insulator is made from a single piece of insulator material, containing a bore therethrough. The collet terminal extends through the bore of the insulator. The seal is located inside the terminal passage of the female terminal cap, between the collet terminal and the female terminal cap.

Abstract: A multilayer filter array, which is formed by layering a plurality of conductive patterns, includes: coils corresponding to respective plurality of lines, which are formed by arranging the plurality of conductive patterns respectively to a single insulator layer; and capacitors corresponding to respective plurality of lines, which are formed by facing the conductive patterns to each other with insulator layers therebetween on insulator layers differing from the insulator layers the coils exist thereupon, wherein only a single conductive pattern, which configures a capacitor corresponding to a respective line, of the capacitors corresponding to respective plurality of lines, is deployed on each respective insulator layer forming each of the capacitors. Accordingly, inductance and capacitance become independently adjustable, as in addition, disparity of damping characteristics between signal lines may be made smaller.

Abstract: A method for tuning a filter to a desired frequency using successive approximation. Elements of the filter are selected according to a control code used to vary the filter's oscillation frequency. The control code is set to the middle of the control code range and resulting oscillation frequency is compared to the desired frequency. If the control code needs to be increased, the control code is set to ¾ of the control code range. If the control code needs to be decreased, the control code is set to ¼ of the control code range. The method continues using successive approximation to determine the value of each bit of the control code. Thus, successive approximation is used to converge on the value of the control code that produces an oscillation frequency of the filter that is closest to the desired frequency (with a maximum error of 1 least significant bit).

Abstract: A system and method for decoupling capacitance for an integrated chip includes a load coupled between a power supply line and a ground. A distributed resistive-capacitive (RC) filter is coupled between the power supply line and the ground in series with the load. The distributed RC filter is operable to provide decoupled capacitance to the integrated circuit chip.

Abstract: A wide bandwidth bias tee including a high frequency terminal, a first resistor coupled between the high frequency terminal and a capacitor, a second resistor coupled to the capacitor, the second resistor coupled in series with the first resistor, and a low frequency terminal, the low frequency terminal coupled to the second resistor.

Abstract: An equalization card is provided for a cable assembly carrying high speed data signals. The cable assembly includes a cable with conductors, a plug mounted on the cable and a socket receiving the plug. An equalization card is removeably received within the plug. The equalization card conveys data signals over data paths between the plug and receptacle. The circuit board attenuates frequency components below at least one half of the fundamental frequency of the data rate, without introducing equalization attenuation into frequency components below a second harmonic of the fundamental frequency. The circuit components maintains a substantially constant attenuation level for frequency components of the data signal below a predefined frequency cutoff that is less than the second harmonic of the fundamental frequency of the data rate.

Abstract: A filter system includes at least two longitudinal branches with longitudinal inductors and at least one filter section (B) and an adjacent filter section (A). The filter section (B) is provided with at least one transverse branch that is interposed between the longitudinal branches, the adjacent filter section (A) adjoining the transverse branch. The number of inductors of a filter section that arc wound around different magnet cores can be reduced by equivalence transformation.

Abstract: A passive filter arrangement and a method of providing such a filter is described. The frequency response of the filter arrangement is substantially the same as the frequency response of a first filter of an order having a first value, the frequency response of the first filter being representable by a first set of one or more poles and/or one or more zeros. Descriptions of a plurality of second filters are generated, each second filter having an order lower than the order of the first value, each second filter having a frequency response representable by a one or more poles and/or one or more zeros, the one or more poles and/or one or more zeros of each lower order filter being a subset of the first set. The lower order filters are cascaded.

Abstract: A constant impedance filter maintains a constant input impedance for frequencies that are both inside the filter passband and outside the filter passband. The constant input impedance appears as a pure resistance. The constant impedance filter includes a plurality of filter poles that are connected in series. Each of the filter poles include an inductor, a capacitor, and a resistor. The value of the inductor, the capacitor, and the resistor are selected to provide a constant input impedance over frequency for each pole of the filter, which produces a constant input impedance for the entire filter over frequency. The constant impedance filter can be implemented as a low pass filter, a high pass filter, or a bandpass filter. Furthermore, the constant impedance filter can be implemented in a single-ended configuration or a differential configuration.

Abstract: A wide bandwidth bias tee including a high frequency terminal, a first resistor coupled between the high frequency terminal and a capacitor, a second resistor coupled to the capacitor, the second resistor coupled in series with the first resistor, and a low frequency terminal, the low frequency terminal coupled to the second resistor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lowpass filter for effectively suppress a spurious in stop-band. The lowpass filter includes an input port microstrip element; an output port microstrip element; a first open-ended microstrip element; a second open-ended microstrip element; a first connector microstrip element; and, a second connector microstrip element. The each open-ended microstrips of the present invention is composed of distributed elements and distributed resistances connected each others in series and operated as a capacity, has a large impedance of the microstrip by low influence of a resistance in case of a low frequency, and has a small impedance of the microstrip by high influence of a resistance value in case of a high frequency. The present invention can effectively suppress the spurious characteristic, which is a disadvantage of the conventional lowpass filter composed of transmission lines at the RF band or the microwave band, by inserting resistance elements in open-ended microstrips.

Abstract: A resistor tuning network for an RC filter has a first, fixed resistor and a second, variable resistance connected in parallel with the fixed resistor. The variable resistance is an R-2R ladder circuit having an input and first and second output terminals, with a first line having a plurality of first arms connected in series with the input and first output terminal and nodes between each pair of arms, each arm having an identical resistor R. A series of shunt arms are selectively connected between the respective nodes and the first or second output terminal. Each shunt arm has a 2R resistor and a switch in series, and each switch has a first, closed position connecting the shunt arm to the first output terminal and a second, open position connecting the shunt arm to the second output terminal, such that the resistance of the ladder network is varied dependent on the switch positions and is at a maximum value when all switches are closed and a minimum value when all switches are open.

Abstract: A bi-directional low-pass filter for use at a user end or an office end in a communication network is disclosed. By providing compensation and high-band attenuation circuitry, the low-pass filter exhibits an improved attenuation value in high-band and a general attenuation value in a low-frequency band. The satisfactory attenuation performance in the high-frequency band minimizes the signal interference of a high-band communication terminal with a low-band communication terminal in the communication network. Further, by providing symmetric input/output circuitry, the low-pass filter can be operated reversibly.

Abstract: In accordance with the teachings of this invention a novel method and apparatus is taught which provides for the stabilizing of an output signal through an output circuit having a compensation circuit coupled with an output capacitor, such that the compensation circuit is configured to compensate for an equivalent series resistance of the output capacitor. The compensation circuit compensates for the equivalent series resistance by providing a shift in a phase of the output signal to stabilize the output signal. The shift in phase is accomplished through the addition of a second zero at a second zero frequency to stabilize the output signal. The second zero is added such that the second zero frequency is closer to a first pole frequency than a first zero frequency, where the first pole frequency is proportional to the equivalent series resistance and the first zero is proportional to the output capacitor.

Abstract: An electronic device having a resonance frequency with a margin of error sufficiently small for high frequency applications. The electronic device includes a first capacitor electrode in a first electrically conducting layer, a dielectric including a layer of dielectric material and a distinct electrically insulating material, and a second capacitor electrode in a second electrically conducting layer.

Abstract: A polyphase filter having metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitors in which the whole body of the polyphase filter is fabricated as an IC. Resistors are individually combined with the capacitors to form serial connection circuits and every four signal connection circuits individually form bridge circuits that are connected in a cascade manner. When the MIS capacitors are fabricated into an IC, capacitors that are parasitic to the MIS capacitors are connected to the input sides of the resistors.

Abstract: Both discrete and array RC components are described using cofireable resistive material as part of internal electrodes of the device. The devices include a sintered body of multilayer ceramic material in which multiple first and second electrode layers are stacked. Each of the first layers comprises at least one resistive electrode pattern extending across the sintered body between respective pairs of terminations. The second layers comprise an electrode pattern extending transverse to the resistive electrode pattern, such as between end terminations. In some embodiments, opposing side electrodes serve as input and output terminals of a respective feedthrough filter. In a feedthrough arrangement, the third terminal may be provided by one or both of the end terminals. The invention also describes an improved termination structure including a layer made from a metal oxide material.

Abstract: A zero-IF-converter, particularly for digital satellite receivers, comprising a thin-film component including at least two RC filters each including a resistor and a capacitor which each comprise a lower electrode, an upper electrode and a dielectric material, said RC filters being arranged on a common substrate, is characterized by a constant amplitude and phase relationship between the base band signals I and Q.

Abstract: An electricity distribution network for a motor vehicle, the network having at least two pieces of equipment connected to a storage battery, at least one of the pieces of equipment operates in a pulse mode likely to create oscillations in the network at a resonant frequency thereof, the network includes at least one resistive element and capacitor that are associated in series and that are of resistance and capacitance determined so that the resistance of the resistive element is equal to a damping resistance for the network.

Abstract: A high frequency module is provided with a resistor array layer with interconnections, in which a plurality of resistor elements having a prescribed resistance value are formed as an array, and in which an interconnection pattern for providing electrical connection to each resistor element is formed in advance. Additionally, a capacitor array layer with interconnection in which a plurality of capacitor elements having a prescribed capacitance value are formed as an array and an interconnection pattern for providing electrical connection to each capacitor element is also formed in advance for later use. A desired circuit constant is obtained by providing interconnections among the plurality of resistor elements and among the plurality of capacitor elements, respectively, in any given combination by simply modifying the respective interconnection patterns instead of the entire module.

Abstract: A resistor tuning network for an RC filter has a first, fixed resistor and a second, variable resistance connected in parallel with the fixed resistor. The variable resistance is an R-2R ladder circuit having an input and first and second output terminals, with a first line having a plurality of first arms connected in series with the input and first output terminal and nodes between each pair of arms, each arm having an identical resistor R. A series of shunt arms are selectively connected between the respective nodes and the first or second output terminal. Each shunt arm has a 2R resistor and a switch in series, and each switch has a first, closed position connecting the shunt arm to the first output terminal and a second, open position connecting the shunt arm to the second output terminal, such that the resistance of the ladder network is varied dependent on the switch positions and is at a maximum value when all switches are closed and a minimum value when all switches are open.

Abstract: A signal filter employs digital control signals to selectively establish and adjust analog impedance components of the filter. In the case of a first-order R-C filter, adjustable resistance and reactance assemblies are coupled in series. The resistance assembly has multiple parallel signal paths sharing a common input and output. Each signal path includes a prescribed electrical resistance and a digital switch to selectively enable and disable the resistance. Between the common input and output, the signal paths provide a collective resistance which varies depending upon which switches have been activated. The reactance assembly is similar to the resistance assembly, with capacitors or inductors instead of resistors. A digital controller selectively activates the switches to adjust the assemblies' respective resistance and reactance.

Abstract: A low-pass filter for use at a user end or an office end in a communication network is disclosed. By providing a capacitive compensation circuit for the low-pass filter, the low-pass filter exhibits an improved attenuation value in a high-frequency band and a general attenuation value in a low-frequency band. The satisfactory attenuation performance in the high-frequency band minimizes the signal interference of a high-band communication terminal with a low-band communication terminal in the communication network. On the other hand, the maintained attenuation value in the low-frequency band allows the low-pass filter to comply with the stipulations of a communication system, e.g. the performance criteria stipulated by TIE1.4.

Abstract: An electromagnetic resonator and a frequency filter. The resonator is composed of an electromagnetic waveguiding structure which is twisted along its axis while being bent back and the two ends connected smoothly to provide a smooth path to the electromagnetic wave, the twist providing additional phase shift to facilitate a resonant condition in a smaller volume. The filter includes one or more coupled resonators which are coupled in a controlled fashion to an external circuit to realize a desired frequency selectivity.

Abstract: A programmable resistive-capacitive filter circuit enabling on-chip digital control of the frequency response includes a switched resistive type voltage divider network where one of the resistors forms an element of an RC filter and wherein the voltage divider additionally provides a DC bias on an output terminal. One preferred embodiment of the invention is directed to a programmable bandpass filter including MOSFET type semiconductor devices which are utilized as switched resistive elements of the filter.

Abstract: In accordance with the teachings of this invention a novel method and apparatus is taught which provides for the stabilizing of an output signal through an output circuit having a compensation circuit coupled with an output capacitor, such that the compensation circuit is configured to compensate for an equivalent series resistance of the output capacitor. The compensation circuit compensates for the equivalent series resistance by providing a shift in a phase of the output signal to stabilize the output signal. The shift in phase is accomplished through the addition of a second zero at a second zero frequency to stabilize the output signal. The second zero is added such that the second zero frequency is closer to a first pole frequency than a first zero frequency, where the first pole frequency is proportional to the equivalent series resistance and the first zero is proportional to the output capacitor.

Abstract: A system for an eight-phase 45° polyphase filter with amplitude matching, where a full eight-phase 45° split may be achieved by tying together the inputs of two offset four-phase 90° phase splitters. Amplitude matching may be achieved by obtaining those inputs from an additional single four-phase 90° phase splitter. The additional phase splitter can distribute power evenly among the inputs of the two offset phase splitters so as to cancel out the occurrence of any uneven power distribution.

Abstract: An integrated RF filter for use at microwave frequencies comprising: an integrated circuit inductor with connected integrated circuit capacitors, arranged as a tank circuit, and an integrated circuit shunt resistor; the inductor, capacitors and resistor being interconnected in a bridge-T filter arrangement.

Abstract: Both discrete and array RC components are described using cofireable resistive material as part of internal electrodes of the device. The devices include a sintered body of multilayer ceramic material in which multiple first and second electrode layers are stacked. Each of the first layers comprises at least one resistive electrode pattern extending across the sintered body between respective pairs of terminations. The second layers comprise an electrode pattern extending transverse to the resistive electrode pattern, such as between end terminations. In some embodiments, opposing side electrodes serve as input and output terminals of a respective feedthrough filter. In a feedthrough arrangement, the third terminal may be provided by one or both of the end terminals. The invention also describes an improved termination structure including a layer made from a metal oxide material.

Abstract: A high speed differential attenuator is formed on low temperature co-fired ceramic substrate structure having first and second parallel resistor-capacitor divider networks with each divider network having first and second parallel resistors and capacitors. The substrate has first and second dielectric layers with the top surface of the first dielectric layer having a voltage potential lead formed thereon for receiving an integrated circuit device. Each divider network further has first and second conductive elements formed on the top surface of the first dielectric layer functioning as first capacitive plates for the first and second capacitors. A third conductive element is disposed between the first and second dielectric layers and positioned beneath the first conductive element functioning as the other capacitive plate for the first capacitor.

Abstract: Both discrete and array RC components are described using cofireable resistive material as part of internal electrodes of the device. The devices include a sintered body of multilayer ceramic material in which multiple first and second electrode layers are stacked. Each of the first layers comprises at least one resistive electrode pattern extending across the sintered body between respective pairs of terminations. The second layers comprise an electrode pattern extending transverse to the resistive electrode pattern, such as between end terminations. In some embodiments, opposing side electrodes serve as input and output terminals of a respective feedthrough filter. In a feedthrough arrangement, the third terminal may be provided by one or both of the end terminals. The invention also describes an improved termination structure including a layer made from a metal oxide material.

Abstract: Both discrete and array RC components are described using cofireable resistive material as part of internal electrodes of the device. The devices include a sintered body of multilayer ceramic material in which multiple first and second electrode layers are stacked. Each of the first layers comprises at least one resistive electrode pattern extending across the sintered body between respective pairs of terminations. The second layers comprise an electrode pattern extending transverse to the resistive electrode pattern, such as between end terminations. In some embodiments, opposing side electrodes serve as input and output terminals of a respective feedthrough filter. In a feedthrough arrangement, the third terminal may be provided by one or both of the end terminals. The invention also describes an improved termination structure including a layer made from a metal oxide material.

Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) choke having improved insertion loss and reduced modulation hum. The choke includes a core having first and second end portions which have similar magnetization and saturation characteristics, and which may be of equal or unequal diameters. A plurality of turns of a first conductor encircle the first end portion of the core in a first direction to define a first winding. Pluralities of turns of a second conductor encircle the second end portion of the core in the opposite direction to define second and third windings. The numbers and spacings of the turns of the first winding are so related to the numbers and spacings of the turns of the second and third windings that relatively low frequency currents flowing through said windings generate substantially canceling fluxes in the first and second end portions of the core, while relatively high frequency currents flowing through said windings do not generate substantially canceling fluxes in the first and second end portions of the core.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a noise reduction circuit suitably used for an in-vehicle electronic equipment requiring an EMI countermeasure and a semiconductor device including the noise reduction circuit, and has an object to provide a noise reduction circuit which can reduce undesired radiant noise generated from a semiconductor device and a semiconductor device including the noise reduction circuit. An LSI chip 1 includes a power supply terminal 4 for supplying an external power supply voltage to an internal circuit 2 including a circuit operating in synchronization with a clock, and a ground terminal 6 for giving a ground potential.

Abstract: A filter assembly, comprising first and second terminal caps in opposing relation to each other. The caps are physically and electrically coupled to each other. First and second circuit boards are physically coupled to the first cap. The first circuit board includes—(i) front and rear surfaces, (ii) a first circuit located on either or both of the front and rear surfaces, (iii) a ground lead connected to the first circuit, and (iv) a first electrical terminal coupled to the first circuit. The second circuit board includes—(i) front and rear surfaces, (ii) a second circuit located on either or both of the front and rear surfaces, (iii) a ground lead connected to the second circuit, and (iv) a second electrical terminal coupled to the second circuit. The first and second circuits are electrically coupled to each other, and each are electrically coupled to the first terminal cap via the ground leads. The circuit boards are positioned substantially parallel to each other.

Abstract: A tunable electronic filter circuit is provided including an input terminal and an output terminal connected to the input terminal with a node therebetween. An inductor, a variable capacitor, and a variable resistor are connected between the node and ground. Coupled to the variable capacitor and the variable resistor is a feedback control circuit. The feedback control circuit is operable to tune the variable capacitor in order to set a predetermined frequency, or center frequency, of the electronic filter circuit. The feedback control circuit is further operable to tune the variable resistor in order to calibrate a quality factor of the electronic filter circuit. In use when an input signal is applied to the input terminal, the electronic filter circuit passes an output signal to the output terminal. Such output signal includes components of the input signal within a predetermined frequency bandwidth set by the predetermined frequency and filters out other components of the input signal.

Abstract: In a passive network, such as a CC array in the form of a chip, internal conductors of a number of capacitors are led out at a longitudinal side surface of a chip wafer as terminals therefor. Common frame electrodes of the number of capacitors are, in contrast, led out at both frontal side surfaces of the chip wafer.

Abstract: A static electricity removing device for a signal anti-theft connector includes a protector, a metal inner connector contained in the protector, and an inner tube made of insulating plastic and having a chamber for receiving therein a capacitor connected to a resistor in series. The inner tube is fixed in the inner connector, and a lead of the capacitor or the resistor extends out of a hole in a first end, stabilized the capacitor and the resistor in the inner tube, to increase stability of image of wire television.

Abstract: A wave transmission line terminator having application in computer data buss termination, single and multiple channel analog transmission line termination and other similar terminations uses thick film components including resistors and capacitors in combination with a ball grid array termination. The thick film resistors are placed on a first side of a substrate opposite the capacitors and ball grid array, and are electrically connected thereto by electrically conductive vias in the substrate. Several different configurations are disclosed which make the terminator more suitable for specific application.

Abstract: Provided is a circuit arrangement for attaining an all-pass filter characteristics which have been conventionally attained by bipolar transistors, by using MIS transistors. An alternating-current signal is input to an input terminal of an inversion circuit having a two-fold amplification function through a low-pass filter. When output from the inversion circuit is input to a gate of a lower transistor of two MIS transistors cascaded and an inverted signal of the alternating-current signal is input to a gate of an upper transistor of the two MIS transistors cascaded, the alternating-current signal is subtracted from the output from the inversion circuit. In this manner, the all-pass filter is formed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a transformer having a conductive element spiraling along the length of an insulated wire of the coil. When formed into plurality of adjacent turns, the conductive element couples one of the plurality of turns with another of the plurality of turns. The conductive element increases the series capacitance of the transformer circuit. A resistive element may also spiral along the length of the insulated wire to couple one of the plurality of turns with another of the plurality of turns. The resistive element not only increases the series capacitance of the transformer, but also increases the series conductance of the transformer circuit. The increase in the series resistance increases the dampening of the switching resonance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a transformer comprising a coil having an insulated wire formed into a plurality of turns defining a layer and a resistive element wrapped around the outer surface of the layer. The resistive element couples one of the plurality of turns with another of the plurality of turns. The resistive element not only increases the series capacitance of the transformer, but also increases the series conductance of the transformer circuit. The increase in the series resistance increases the dampening of the switching resonance.

Abstract: A multilayer noise filter includes a damping resistor which is arranged to control the distortion of the waveform of an output signal and eliminate a space required for installation of the damping resistor on a substrate upon which the filter is mounted. The axial direction of coils incorporated in inductor assemblies is substantially perpendicular to external input and output electrodes. One end of one coil is electrically connected to the external input electrode and one end of another coil is electrically connected to the external output electrode. The other ends of the coils are electrically connected to a resistor at different locations, respectively. The resistor connecting the external input and output electrodes is disposed on the top surface of a multilayer unit such that the resistor is substantially parallel to the stacking direction of the multilayer unit and the axial direction of the coils. In a capacitor assembly, a pair of capacitor conductors are arranged to face each other.

Abstract: A circuit for controlling the loss of a VCO in a master-slave tuning system includes an envelope detector, an amplitude regulator, a current-mode circuit, and a low-pass filter. The envelope detector receives the VCO output voltage and provides VCO output envelope voltage, V.sub.ENV. The amplitude regulator receives V.sub.ENV and a reference voltage, V.sub.REF, and provides a sourcing current if V.sub.ENV is less than V.sub.REF, and draws a sinking current if V.sub.ENV is greater than V.sub.REF. The current-mode circuit receives V.sub.ENV and provides a control current, I.sub.Q. The low-pass filter has high DC gain for integrating the control current and the sourcing or sinking current to provide the VCO control voltage, V.sub.CON, to the VCO. The control current, I.sub.Q, is proportional to the inverse of V.sub.ENV multiplied by the time derivative of V.sub.ENV.

Abstract: The invention provides an electronic device comprising a first metal layer containing a first metal converted into an oxide upon firing in an oxidizing atmosphere and a second metal layer formed by firing of a second metal particle containing a metal that is not oxidized upon firing in an oxidizing atmosphere, with an intermediate oxide layer interleaved between these two metal layers. The intermediate oxide layer contains an oxide of the first metal contained in the first metal layer. Preferably, the second metal particle contained in the second metal layer is dispersed in the intermediate oxide layer. A uniform oxide layer is obtained at a simple step, and the resistance value provided by the oxide layer is easily controllable with high precision. It is thus possible to achieve an electronic device in which the bonding strength of the oxide layer with respect to the other metal-containing layer is improved with an improvement in the bonding strength with respect to lead wires.