Abstract: A bulk acoustic resonator assembly and methods for fabricated the resonator assembly is provided. The resonator includes a cavity on a first surface of a substrate, with a sheet of low acoustic loss material suspended over the cavity. The sheet of low acoustic loss material is configured such that an associated fundamental frequency of the sheet of low acoustic loss material is a function of a length of the sheet of low acoustic loss material in a direction parallel to the first surface of the substrate. A transducer includes an electromechanical layer on the sheet of low acoustic loss material and a patterned conductive material formed on the electromechanical material. The transducer is configured to induce vibrations in the low acoustic loss material upon application of an electrical signal to the conductive pattern.

Abstract: The present invention relates, in general, to a microrobot system for intravascular therapy and, more particularly, to a microrobot system for intravascular therapy, which removes thrombus, clots and occlusions that are clogging blood vessels using the fast rotary power of a spherical microrobot having protrusions, thus treating clogged blood vessels. The microrobot system for intravascular therapy according to the present invention includes a spherical microrobot unit (100?) including a magnet having an arbitrary magnetization direction and having protrusions formed on a surface thereof. An electromagnetic field generation unit (200) sets an alignment direction and a locomotion direction of the microrobot unit to arbitrary directions in the 3D space, generates magnetic fields, and then drives the microrobot unit so that the microrobot unit is rotated by itself or is propelled in the locomotion direction. An imaging unit (300) captures an X-ray image and then tracking a location of the microrobot unit.

Abstract: A tunable resonator includes at least one tunable capacitor coupled with at least one tunable inductor. The tunable resonator includes a mechanical tuning mechanism coupled with a connecting bridge and with first and second electrodes of the tunable inductor. The mechanical tuning mechanism also moves the first and second electrodes of the tunable inductor relative to an electrode of the tunable capacitor, and providing a force down onto or to pull up a connecting bridge to tune the tunable inductor.

Abstract: A system for controlling actuation of a capsule endoscope includes a receiving unit receiving an image transmitted from the capsule endoscope; a coil unit generating a magnetic field for actuating the capsule endoscope by using current applied thereto; a power supply unit supplying power to the coil unit; and an actuation controller control the current applied to the coil unit and a coil rotational motor for adjusting of a posture and the location of the capsule endoscope based on the identified lesion or location of the capsule endoscope, wherein the coil unit includes a pair of Helmholtz coils and a pair of Maxwell coils that are fixedly disposed on a main axis; and a pair of uniform saddle coils and a pair of gradient saddle coils that are located inside the pair of the Helmholtz coils and the pair of the Maxwell coils to rotate around the main axis.

Abstract: A stripline includes a first ground plane; a second ground plane; a first signal trace located between the first ground plane and the second ground plane; and a center via that extends through the stripline and is in electrical contact with the first ground plane and the first signal trace.

Abstract: The present invention provides an artificial microstructure employed in an artificial electromagnetic material. The artificial microstructure includes a first segment, a second segment, and a third segment. The first segment is parallel to the second segment, and the third segment is connected between the first segment and the second segment. The artificial electromagnetic material has a special electromagnetic effect. The artificial electromagnetic material can be applied to various electromagnetic application systems instead of the typical electromagnetic material.

Abstract: A resonator in the Swiss-roll structure, method of making the resonator structure and the system employing the resonator are disclosed. The resonator includes a plurality of layers, including a ceramic layer and a metallic layer. The ceramic and metallic layers are configured in a Swiss-roll form such that the neighboring ceramic layers are separated by the metallic layer. Further, the ceramic layer includes materials that have a dielectric constant of at least about 10 and dielectric loss tangent less than about 0.01 in the frequency range of about 1 KHz to about 100 MHz. The method of forming the resonator includes the steps of disposing a metallic layer, depositing a dielectric ceramic layer, and forming a Swiss-roll structure of the metallic and ceramic layers. Alternate method includes swaging the dielectric material filled metal tubes and forming into Swiss-rolls.

Abstract: A method of tuning the frequency of a waveguide filter including the step of removing dielectric material from one or both of the first and second opposed exterior side surfaces of the waveguide filter to cause a change in the center frequency of the waveguide filter. In one embodiment, dielectric material is removed from one or both of the first and second opposed exterior side surfaces of the waveguide filter in unequal amounts wherein the tuned waveguide filter includes first and second slits defined in the respective first and second opposed exterior side surfaces which extend unequal first and second distances into the body of the waveguide filter.

Abstract: A broadband connection structure is disclosed. The broadband connection structure includes a carrier and a chip. The carrier includes a first resonator. The chip includes a second resonator and configured on the carrier using a flip-chip method. The first resonator is connected to the second resonator via a magnetic field and an electric field existing therebetween to transmit a broadband signal between the carrier and the chip. A broadband connection method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and device for a compact microstrip bandpass filter that includes an input terminal, an output terminal, a plurality of quarter-wavelength resonators, a resonant disk, a plurality of layers, and a microstrip line which connects the resonant disk to a joint point of the quarter-wavelength resonators. A method of forming two signal paths in a compact microstrip bandpass filter includes forming a first signal path between an input terminal and an output terminal of the filter with a plurality of quarter-wavelength resonators with a resonant disk and a microstrip line which connects the resonant disk to a joint point of the quarter-wavelength resonators. The method includes forming a second signal path of the quarter-wavelength resonators, the filter includes a plurality of layers.

Abstract: An RF bandpass filter includes a cascaded series of a first subfilter and a second subfilter. Each subfilter includes a respective inverter, voltage-controlled capacitor and inductor. A first selected one of the first subfilter and the second subfilter is a pseudo low pass filter and a second selected one of the first subfilter and the second subfilter is a pseudo high pass filter. The RF bandpass filter is configured to separately control a bandwidth and center frequency of output RF energy. The bandwidth may be controlled to be substantially fixed over a significant substantial range. The center frequency and bandwidth are controlled by adjusting a voltage input to one or more of the voltage-controlled capacitors.

Abstract: A thin film resonator for a wireless power transmission is provided. The thin film resonator may include a first transmission line unit provided as a thin film type, a second transmission line unit also provided as the thin film type, and a capacitor inserted at a predetermined position of the first transmission line unit.

Abstract: A circuit substrate has three wiring layers, wherein a signal line is formed in a first wiring layer; a ground plane is formed in a second wiring layer; a resonant line is formed in a third wiring layer. A circumferential slit is formed in the ground plane, wherein an island electrode separated from the ground plane is formed inside the slit. The left end of the resonant line is connected to the island electrode through an interlayer-connecting via, while the right end of the resonant line is connected to the ground plane through an interlayer-connecting via. A transmission line (or a microstrip line) is formed using the signal line and the ground plane, and therefore a complex resonator is formed to embrace the transmission line. This achieves band elimination with regard to a signal component of a resonance frequency among signals propagating through the microstrip line.

Abstract: An RF signal blocking device includes a capacitor unit and an inductor unit defining an LC resonance circuit. The capacitor unit and inductor unit are set such that a cutoff frequency in the LC resonance circuit after disconnection by fusing of a second inductor including a fuse wire, among first and second inductors of the inductor unit, fluctuates within a prescribed frequency band. The RF signal blocking device reliably blocks an RF signal in a prescribed frequency band after an abnormality of fusing in the second inductor including a fuse wire occurs due to an input of an RF signal having an RF power value greater than or equal to a predetermined level.

Abstract: A filter is provided with a planar transmission line and a combined via structure connected to (both) one ends of the planar transmission line. The planar transmission line and the combined via structure are disposed in a same multilayer board. The combined via structure comprises two working parts. The first working part comprises a segment of signal via and a plurality of segments of ground vias surrounding the signal via. The second working part comprises a segment of the same signal via, a plurality of segments of the same ground vias, smooth conductive plate and corrugated conductive plate. The smooth conductive plate and the corrugated conductive plate are connected to the signal via. The second working part comprises a segment of the same signal via, a plurality of segments of the same ground vias and corrugated conductive plate. The corrugated conductive plate is connected to the signal via.

Abstract: A dielectric line includes a line portion and a surrounding dielectric portion. The line portion is formed of a first dielectric having a first relative permittivity. The surrounding dielectric portion is formed of a second dielectric having a second relative permittivity. The line portion propagates one or more electromagnetic waves of one or more frequencies within the range of 1 to 10 GHz. In a cross section orthogonal to the direction of propagation of the one or more electromagnetic waves through the line portion, the surrounding dielectric portion is present around the line portion. The first relative permittivity is 1,000 or higher. The second relative permittivity is lower than the first relative permittivity.

Abstract: Metallization layer structures for reduced changes in radio frequency characteristics due to registration error and associated methods are provided herein. An example resonator includes a first conductive layer defining an error limiting feature and a second conductive layer. The resonator further includes at least one communication feature configured to electrically couple the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer at a communication position. The error limiting feature is configured to reduce changes in radio frequency characteristics of the resonator due to registration error. Methods of manufacturing resonators are also provided herein.

Abstract: A system for resonance based cable compensation includes a first switch with a first terminal for connecting a first connection of a cable having a resonant circuit on an end of the cable opposite the first switch. The system also includes a second terminal for connecting a second connection of a cable that has its first connection connected to the first terminal. A logic component is operatively connected to control the first switch to selectively apply voltage pulses across the first and second terminals to generate a resonance signal in a cable connected to the terminals in order to compensate for equivalent cable capacitance.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a filter that includes a multi-layer planar structure having a first layer and a second layer. The first layer includes an electronic band-gap structure that is configured to suppress a first frequency component of signals passing through the filter. The second layer includes a quarter-wavelength stub that is configured to suppress a second frequency component of the signals passing through the filter.

Abstract: In order to provide a resonant circuit in which the variation in the coupling coefficient with the process fluctuation of the capacitance value is suppressed in a resonant circuit composed of a transmission line and a capacitance, a resonant circuit according to an exemplary aspect of the invention includes a stub; a first capacitance whose one to be connected to the stub and whose another end to be grounded; and a second capacitance whose one end to be connected to a connection between the stub and the first capacitance.

Abstract: A filter according to embodiments includes n resonators, an input line, and an output line. Each of the resonators includes a first comb-like structure, a second comb-like structure, and a connection line that connect the first and the second comb-like structure. The first and second comb-like structures have a plurality of first lines and a second line that is connected to one end of the first lines. The first lines of the first and the second comb-like structures are arranged parallel to each other. The connection line has bending portions. Further, a second comb-like structure of a k-th resonator and a first comb-like structure of a (k+1)-th resonator are arranged so as to have an interlaced arrangement, and a second comb-like structure of the (k+1)-th resonator and a first comb-like structure of a (k+2)-th resonator are arranged so as to have an interlaced arrangement.

Abstract: [Object] An object is to provide a bandpass filter that can be used for a wide frequency band and has a large degree of freedom in designing a passband, and a wireless communication module and a wireless communication device that use the bandpass filter. [Solution] A bandpass filter includes first to third resonance electrodes 31a, 31b, and 31c sequentially arranged side-by-side such that they are electromagnetically coupled to each other, the first to third resonance electrodes 31a, 31b, and 31c being grounded at one end and constituting first to third resonators, respectively; a first input/output coupling electrode 40a facing the first resonance electrode 31a and electromagnetically coupled thereto; a second input/output coupling electrode 40b facing the second resonance electrode 31b and electromagnetically coupled thereto; and a resonator coupling electrode 43 configured to provide electromagnetic coupling between the first resonance electrode 31a and the third resonance electrode 31c.

Abstract: A low pass filter includes a signal transmission line, a first open stub, a second open stub, a first coupling line, and a second coupling line. The signal transmission line is connected between a first port and a second port, and operable to transmit RF signals from the first port to the second port. The signal transmission line defines a first side and a second side opposite to the first side. The first open stub and the second stub are disposed on the first side and perpendicularly connected to the signal transmission line. The second open stub and the first open stub co-define a T-shaped gap. The first coupling line is parallel to the signal transmission line and disposed in the T-shaped gap. The second coupling line is parallel to the signal transmission line and disposed on the second side of the signal transmission line.

Abstract: Methods and devices for phase shifting an RF signal for a base station antenna are provided. The device includes a transmission line that has a stationary ground plane coupled to the top of a substrate and a signal line on the bottom of the substrate. The signal line has an input port and an output port. The input port receives the RF signal with a certain phase and travels across the bottom of the substrate to the output port. The RF signal has a different phase at the output port because defected ground structures etched on the stationary ground plane shift the phase of the RF signal. In addition, the device includes a movable ground plane that may cover a portion of the defected ground structures, the substrate, and the stationary ground plane such that the moveable ground plane further adjusts the phase of the RF signal.

Abstract: Microstrip filters and methods of operation are described. In one aspect, a filter includes a substrate having a substantially planar surface and a microstrip patch located on the surface of the substrate. The microstrip patch includes multiple symmetric slots in the microstrip patch, a first feed line extending from the microstrip patch, and a second feed line extending from the microstrip patch. The first and second feed lines are asymmetric.

Abstract: A wideband high frequency bandpass filter uses a metamaterial transmission line composed of an open-circuit resonator and a short-circuit resonator to realize a bandpass filter at the band of 60 GHz. The bandpass filter has an ultra-wide passband resulting from the coupling of the two resonators in the resonant modes thereof. The ultra wide passband formed by resonance coupling includes a left-handed passband and a right-handed passband. The two passbands jointly provides a passband ranging from 57.4 GHz to 63.6 GHz and having a bandwidth of 6.2 GHz. The stopbands of the bandpass filter are respectively extended downward from 57.4 GHz to the DC current and extended upward from 63.6 GHz to 109.4 GHz. The bandpass filter of the present invention can be applied to wireless transmission at the band of 60 GHz.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) resonator to monitor the platform temperature. Fabricating the resonator on a relatively low cost flexible polymer substrate rather than silicon provides mechanical flexibility as well as design flexibility with respect to sensor placement. Sensor readout and control circuits can be on silicon if desired, for example, a positive feedback amplifier to form an oscillator in conjunction with the resonator and a counter to count oscillator frequency.

Abstract: A transmission line resonator includes distributed coupled lines including first distributed constant line which one ends are connected to a short-circuit grounding portion and second distributed constant line which is disposed in parallel to the first distributed constant line while being separated therefrom by a predetermined distance and which one ends opposing the short-circuit grounded one ends of the first distributed constant line are connected to the short-circuit grounding portion, and a single transmission line which both ends are connected to the respective other ends of the distributed coupled lines.

Abstract: A bandpass filter passes a range of frequencies with low loss while suppressing frequencies above and below the passed range of frequencies. One or more spurlines is included into the existing structure of the bandpass filter so that a selected odd multiple of the passed frequency range is suppressed.

Abstract: Terahertz metamaterials comprise a periodic array of resonator elements disposed on a dielectric substrate or thin membrane, wherein the resonator elements have a structure that provides a tunable magnetic permeability or a tunable electric permittivity for incident electromagnetic radiation at a frequency greater than about 100 GHz and the periodic array has a lattice constant that is smaller than the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Microfabricated metamaterials exhibit lower losses and can be assembled into three-dimensional structures that enable full coupling of incident electromagnetic terahertz radiation in two or three orthogonal directions. Furthermore, polarization sensitive and insensitive metamaterials at terahertz frequencies can enable new devices and applications.

Abstract: A resonance coupler includes transmission-side resonant wiring provided on a transmission substrate and connected to a transmission ground between a connection point of first transmission wiring to the transmission-side resonant wiring and a connection point of second transmission wiring to the transmission-side resonant wiring, and reception-side resonant wiring provided on a reception substrate and connected to a reception ground between a connection point of first reception wiring to the reception-side resonant wiring and a connection point of second reception wiring to reception-side resonant wiring. When viewed in a direction perpendicular to a main surface of the transmission substrate, the transmission substrate and the reception substrate are provided facing each other so that the transmission-side resonant wiring and the reception-side resonant wiring are symmetric about a point and have matching contours.

Abstract: A voltage controlled oscillator includes a split ring resonator (SRR) configured to have meta-material characteristics fabricated on a board, and an energy compensation circuit configured to cause resonant oscillation of the SRR. The energy compensation circuit is fabricated in the form of an integrated circuit.

Abstract: A resonator having increased isolation includes a first resonator having first characteristics, and configured to resonate with another resonator having the first characteristics; and a second resonator having second characteristics, and configured to resonate with another resonator having the second characteristics; wherein the resonator has an arrangement and a structure that minimizes a coupling between the first resonator and the second resonator.

Abstract: A variable resonator includes a first transmission line 101, a second transmission line 102 and a plurality of switch circuits 150. The electrical length of the first transmission line 101 is equal to the electrical length of the second transmission line 102. The characteristic impedance for the even mode of the first transmission line 101 is equal to the characteristic impedance for the even mode of the second transmission line 102. The characteristic impedance for the odd mode of the first transmission line 101 is equal to the characteristic impedance for the odd mode of the second transmission line 102. Each switch circuit 150 is connected to any of the first transmission line 101 and the second transmission line 102, and one of the switch circuits 150 is turned on.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure illustrates a multilayer circuit board structure, for suppressing the undesired electromagnetic wave propagation within a specific frequency band. The multilayer circuit board structure includes a plurality of crystals and a plurality of conducting channels, wherein a crystal includes a first through fourth conducting planes, at least a first conducting connector, and at least a second conducting connector, wherein the first through the fourth conducting planes are substantially parallel to each other. The first conducting plane is electrically connected to the third conducting plane through the first conducting connector. The fourth conducting plane is electrically connected to the second conducting plane through the second conducting connector. The first and the third conducting planes are configured to be electrically separated from the second and the fourth conducting planes.

Abstract: A plasma generation device includes: a substrate having a first surface and a second surface; a stripline resonant ring disposed on the first surface of the substrate, and defining a discharge gap; a pair of electrode extensions connected to the stripline resonant ring at the discharge gap; a ground plane disposed on the second surface of the substrate; a gas flow element configured to flow gas between at least one of: (1) the discharge gap, and (2) the pair of electrode extensions; and a structure disposed adjacent the substrate to form an enclosure that substantially encloses at least a region including the discharge gap and the electrode extensions, the enclosure being adapted to contain a plasma.

Abstract: A CRLH resonator-based band-pass filter includes at least two CRLH resonators. The resonators are connected by capacitive coupling. The resonators includes a microstrip line having input and output ports. The microstrip line includes a first interdigital line serial-connected to the input port, a second interdigital line serial-connected to the output port, a connection line connecting the first and second interdigital lines, and an inductor line parallel-connected to the connection line and provided with a grounded end.

Abstract: A resonance coupler includes transmission-side resonant wiring provided on a transmission substrate and connected to a transmission ground between a connection point of first transmission wiring to the transmission-side resonant wiring and a connection point of second transmission wiring to the transmission-side resonant wiring, and reception-side resonant wiring provided on a reception substrate and connected to a reception ground between a connection point of first reception wiring to the reception-side resonant wiring and a connection point of second reception wiring to reception-side resonant wiring. When viewed in a direction perpendicular to a main surface of the transmission substrate, the transmission substrate and the reception substrate are provided facing each other so that the transmission-side resonant wiring and the reception-side resonant wiring are symmetric about a point and have matching contours.

Abstract: An electromagnetic resonance coupler including: a transmitting resonator provided on a transmission substrate and having an open loop shape having an opening, first wiring provided on the transmission substrate and connected to a first connection point on the transmitting resonator, a receiving resonator provided on the reception substrate, second wiring provided on the reception substrate and connected to a second connection point on the receiving resonator, and third wiring provided on the reception substrate and connected to a third connection point on the receiving resonator. When viewed in a direction perpendicular to a main surface of the transmission substrate, the transmission substrate and the reception substrate are provided facing each other so that the transmitting resonator and the receiving resonator are symmetric about a point and have matching contours.

Abstract: Composite material, devices incorporating the composite material and methods of forming the composite material are provided. The composite material includes interstitial material that has at least one of a select relative permittivity property value and a select relative permeability property value. The composite material further includes inclusion material within the interstitial material. The inclusion material has at least one of a select relative permeability property value and a select relative permittivity property value. The select relative permeability and permittivity property values of the interstitial and the inclusion materials are selected so that the effective intrinsic impedance of the interstitial and the inclusion material match the intrinsic impedance of air. Devices made from the composite include metamaterial and/or metamaterial-inspired (e.g. near-field LC-type parasitic) substrates and/or lenses, front-end protection, stealth absorbers, filters and mixers.

Abstract: An oscillator device comprises a resonator mass which is connected by a spring arrangement to a substrate and a feedback element for controlling oscillation of the resonator mass, which comprises a piezoresistive element connected between the resonator mass and the substrate. The invention provides an oscillator device in which the two parts (resonator and circuit to close the oscillation loop) are combined inside one single oscillator device, which can be a MEMS device.

Abstract: Provided are a bandpass filter and a radio communication module and a radio communication device using the same. The bandpass filter includes: a first and a second grounding electrode arranged on the upper and the lower surface of a layered body; single resonance electrodes and composite resonance electrodes arranged to orthogonally intersect the single resonance electrodes; a first input coupling electrode opposing to the single resonance electrode of the input stage and a second input coupling electrode connected thereto and opposing to the composite resonance electrode of the input stage; a first output coupling electrode opposing to the single resonance electrode of the output stage and a second output coupling electrode connected thereto and opposing to the composite resonance electrode of the output stage.

Abstract: A split ring-resonator includes a substrate, an inner-trench or cavity formed into the substrate, the inner trench or cavity including a split, and an outer trench or cavity formed into the substrate around the inner trench or cavity, the outer trench or cavity including another split disposed at an opposite end of the split in the inner trench or cavity, wherein the inner trench or cavity and the outer trench or cavity are configured to receive an electrically conductive gas and/or plasma to form a split-ring resonator.

Abstract: Provided are a bandpass filter and a radio communication module and a radio communication device using the same. The bandpass filter includes: a first and a second grounding electrode arranged on the upper and the lower surface of a layered body; first resonance electrodes and second resonance electrodes arranged to orthogonally intersect the first resonance electrodes; a first input coupling electrode opposing to the first resonance electrode of the input stage and a second input coupling electrode connected thereto and opposing to the second resonance electrode of the input stage; a first output coupling electrode opposing to the first resonance electrode of the output stage and a second output coupling electrode connected thereto and opposing to the second resonance electrode of the output stage.

Abstract: A microwave filter is provided that includes a transmission line having a signal input port and a signal output port, a stub connected to the transmission line between the input port and the output port, and a spurline embedded in the stub. The microwave filter is configured to substantially attenuate a frequency while substantially passing at least one predetermined odd harmonic of the frequency.

Abstract: A passive frequency divider in a CMOS process. More specifically, an electrical distributed parametric oscillator to realize a passive CMOS frequency divider with low phase noise. Instead of using active devices, which are the main sources of noise and power consumption, an oscillation at half of the input frequency is sustained by the parametric process based on nonlinear interaction with the input signal. For example, one embodiment is a 20 GHz frequency divider utilizing a CMOS varactor and made in a 0.13 ?m CMOS process. In this embodiment: (i) without any dc power consumption, 600 mV differential output amplitude can be achieved for an input amplitude of 600 mV; and (ii) the input frequency ranged from 18.5 GHz to 23.5 GHz with varactor tuning. In this embodiment, the output phase noise is almost 6 dB lower than that of the input signal for all offset frequencies up to 1 MHz. Also, a resonant parametric amplifier with a low noise figure (NF) by exploiting the noise squeezing effect.

Abstract: A stripline filter having a substrate, a grounding electrode, principal-surface lines, side-surface lines, and common electrodes, and is mounted on a set substrate by soldering. The side-surface lines are disposed on a side surface of the substrate, and are wetted by solder during soldering. Each of the common electrodes is connected to a corresponding one of the principal-surface lines. The common electrodes are also connected to the grounding electrode via the side-surface lines.

Abstract: There is provided an improved bandpass filter having multiple passbands, and in one embodiment, two independent passbands are provided by a single filter. Embodiments of the present invention support communication architectures with several frequency bands without requiring one signal path per band, thus realizing improvements in size, cost, and weight. One aspect of the invention utilizes strongly overcoupled resonators to achieve multiple passband response, and in various embodiments, single-ended or differential mode inputs and outputs are accommodated.

Abstract: Apparatuses for composing LC resonators in a continuous-time RF bandpass delta-sigma modulator are provided. A plurality of resonator inductors are shaped and strategically positioned on an integrated circuit die to minimize the resonant couplings. The resonator inductors can be also constructed from pairs of bond wires connected to a ground paddle, or to a set of lead frame pins. The inductance in each resonator can be increased by appending a specifically shaped planer inductor constructed from the PCB metal track to the bond wire pair via two lead frame pins.

Abstract: A micro-electromechanical resonator comprising a material having anisotropic directional elasticity characteristics. A shape of the resonator is such that a first distance in a first direction from a centroid of the resonator to a first point on a peripheral edge of the resonator is greater than a second distance in a second direction from the centroid to a second different point on the edge. This is true for every first direction and every second direction wherein the material has a lesser modulus of elasticity in the first direction than the second direction.