Abstract: Porous media containing undesired substances, e.g., perfluoroalkylated substances, are treated by mixing the porous media with a solid fuel comprising organic material. The mixture is heated to 200° C. to 400° C. to initiate smoldering combustion and an oxidizer gas is forced through the heated mixture such that the smoldering combustion is self-sustaining until the mixture reaches a PFAS destructive temperature and the perfluoroalkylated substances are thermally destroyed. A system is provided for conducting the treatment. The system includes a source of wax, wood chips, sawdust, tire scraps, waste rubber compounds, coal, granular activated carbon, solid fat, and combinations thereof as solid fuel. A mixer is provided for mixing the porous media with the solid fuel. An ignition system including static heating elements and a gas blower are provided for forcing heated oxidizer gas through the mixture such that self-sustaining smoldering combustion of the mixture is initiated and sustained.

Abstract: The invention provides for treatment strategies that prevent or control the growth of organisms that degrade oxidant stabilizers in oxidant stabilized biocides. This allows stabilized halogen programs to perform at their intended level and prevents the need for increased halogen usage in an attempt to maintain control of these microbial populations and reduce the halogen-demand created by their enzyme byproducts.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a freeze-drying apparatus and a freeze-drying method, which are capable of increasing a drying efficiency of frozen particles. [Solving Means] The freeze-drying apparatus 100 includes a freezing chamber 10 into which a raw material fluid F is injected. During the injection of the raw material fluid F, after the injection of the raw material fluid F, or for a time period covering the start to the termination of the injection of the raw material fluid F, a shelf 16 is vibrated in a horizontal direction due to an actuation of vibration generators 31. With this, the frozen particles deposited on the shelf 16 are evenly diffused on the shelf 16 in such a manner that a deposition thickness thereof becomes smaller or a single layer thereof is formed. With this, a freezing efficiency and the drying efficiency of individual particles are promoted.

Abstract: A process is provided for freeze-drying medicaments and foodstuffs comprising dissolving the foodstuffs or medicaments in a solvent, introducing the solution formed into a shell comprising a desiccating chamber of a shell-tube freeze-drying device to cause the solution to freeze in a tubular layer, and crushing and comminuting the freeze-dried liquid with a comminuting device to obtain a powder product.

Abstract: Acording to the invention, the size reduction of a wet mass of vital gluten is carried out while said mass is in a brittle state, as a result of which, on the one hand, the vitality is preserved and, on the other hand, savings in energy for the subsequent drying process are achieved. Said brittle state can be achieved by the mass being cooled to a temperature of -75.degree. C. or less. Also described is an apparatus for implementing such a method, and a combination thereof with a drier.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing dry plant extracts and pharmaceutical preparations containing such extracts having a high content of active plant ingredients such as essential oils and phenols wherein a fluid extract or a tincture of drugs is typically fed into the drying system Inox Maurer or Inox Glatt.RTM., e.g. IUT 20, IUT 50, IUT 100 or IUT 2000, and dried at a starting and return temperature between 120 and 5.degree. C., a preferred interior temperature between 10 and 80.degree. C., especially preferably between 25 and 70.degree. C., and a pressure between 0.5 and 1000 mbar, preferably between 5 and 100 mbar and especially preferably between 30 and 70 mbar, said drying being effected while the stirrer runs between 0 and 10 rpm, preferably between 2 and 5 rpm, and at a rotational speed of the chopper between 200 and 800 rpm.

Abstract: The present invention includes a freeze dryer which has a housing defining a chamber. A condenser is remote from the chamber and has an interior coupled for communication with the chamber. A base supports the chamber and is configured to accommodate the chamber in a plurality of different positions relative to the base. A pump is coupled to the chamber to lower pressure in the chamber.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for processing wastes containing a large amount of water and a method for processing leachate from industrial wastes. Specifically, the present invention provides a method which comprises maintaining reduced pressure in the dryer equipped with a stirring means, feeding wastes containing a large amount of water to the dryer, stirring the wastes while blowing refrigerated air at -20.degree. C..+-.5.degree. C. to the dryer, and drying the frozen moisture portion of the wastes by sublimation. Air heated at 80.degree. C.+10.degree. C. can be used instead of refrigerated air to dry water of the wastes by evaporation. The present invention also provides a method for processing leachate which comprises pooling leachate industrial wastes and burned ashes, and utilizing the leachate to absorb wet-type toxic gas, thereby confining the leachate within the waste treatment plant.