Abstract: The disclosure describes an external sensor attached to an undergarment worn by a patient that detects voiding information. The sensor stores the voiding information in a voiding log and transmits the voiding log to an external device. The external device includes a user interface that displays the voiding log to the patient for review. The patient may correct any incorrect voiding information that was logged in error or due to a non-voiding event. A user, such as a clinician or the patient, may use the voiding information to diagnose a condition of the patient. In addition, the voiding information of the voiding log may be used by the user to adjust a stimulation therapy or the external device to automatically adjust stimulation therapy. The undergarment may be disposable or washable after patient use.

Abstract: In one embodiment a method, which may be implemented on a system, is provided to have RFID tags provide a human perceptible signal when identified by an interrogator.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a main body; an input unit for inputting information; an information processor for processing the information input with the input unit; a movement detecting sensor, provided in the main body, for detecting a movement of the main body; a power-supply controller for turning on a main power supply in the main body based on a movement detection signal supplied from the movement detecting sensor; and an alarm generator for generating an alarm when the main power supply is turned on based on the movement detection signal.

Abstract: Updateable, customizable identification bands are disclosed herein. The identification band may include a band having an opening therein and at least one transparent surface. An information tag is insertable into the opening and is visible through the at least one transparent surface. The information tag is updateable, customizable or replaceable. The identification band may include accessible digital data storage as well. The identification band may also include a clasp. The clasp may include a male part and a female part, the female part having a cave-like opening that enables the information tag to be inserted into the opening in the band. The male part desirably secures the ‘cave-like” opening such that a water tight seal is formed. The clasp may include digital storage capability, technology and/or a power source.

Abstract: An apparatus, a system and a method for securing a device are provided. The device may be an electronic device, an input device, an output device, a portable media storage unit, a portable electronic device and/or the like. An apparatus and a system for securing the device may attach and/or may connect the device and/or a detachable element of the device to a housing. A flap may attach to, secure to and/or connect the housing to the device. A light emitting element may indicate that the housing is attached to and/or secured to the device and/or the detachable element of the device. Attaching, securing and/or connecting the housing to the device may depress a plunger. Removing and/or separating the housing from the device may move the plunger outward with respect to the housing. A circuit may be closed, opened and/or activated by the plunger. The circuit may attach to, may connect to and/or may communicate with a security system which may be an alarm, an alarm box, an alarm board and/or the like.

Abstract: An electronic lock-out tag-out system comprising a transmitter lock and a portable receiver. One or more switches of the transmitter lock is connected to a utility box or the like and are actuated when the transmitter lock is moved or removed. When the switch is activated, an alarm is sounded in the transmitter lock and a signal is transmitted to the receiver to sound an alarm in the receiver.

Abstract: An A-Z locator for transmitting and receiving signals and a portable device for transmitting and receiving signals. A position identifier for communicating with a Global Positioning System to determine a location of the A-Z Locator. A transmitter for transmitting a signal to the portable device. A GPS converter for converting such location to a communication signal. A receiver for receiving vocal communication having an electrical connection to a vocal converter for converting the vocal communication to a signal. Pushbuttons for initiating a signal for communication to the portable device and activating such vocal receiver. A transmitter for transmitting a communication signal. A receiver for receiving a communication signal. A converter for converting the signal to vocal communication. An amplifier for amplification of such vocal communication. A speaker for emitting such vocal communication.

Abstract: A security device for securing around a generally cylindrical article such as the neck of a bottle includes a housing which forms a lock compartment and which contains an EAS security device and a magnetically actuated lock mechanism. A ratchet strap have a series of locking teeth and is formed integrally with the housing and extends outwardly therefrom and has sufficient rigidity to assume a generally circular configuration with a curved article contact surface of the housing to facilitate attaching the device around the article. The lock mechanism includes a locking pawl which engages the strap teeth and an actuation strip which biases the pawl toward locking engagement with the strap.

Abstract: A security device for securing around a generally cylindrical article such as the neck of a bottle includes a housing which forms a lock compartment and which contains an EAS security device and a magnetically actuated lock mechanism. A ratchet strap have a series of locking teeth and is formed integrally with the housing and extends outwardly therefrom and has sufficient rigidity to assume a generally circular configuration with a curved article contact surface of the housing to facilitate attaching the device around the article. The lock mechanism includes a locking pawl which engages the strap teeth and an actuation strip which biases the pawl toward locking engagement with the strap.

Abstract: Methods of operation of a data reader and security tag deactivation system whereby a data reader such as a barcode scanner is equipped with EAS deactivation coils or modules disposed in the vicinity of the read volume or generally proximate thereto and the system is operable to permit reading of the ID tag (such as the barcode label) on an item, and upon a successful read, the deactivation unit is operable to (1) sense the presence of an EAS tag; (2) if presence of an EAS tag is sensed, energize the deactivation coil/module to deactivate the EAS tag; and (3) sense if the EAS tag is deactivated. If the EAS tag is sensed to have been deactivated, the system signals as such and a next item may be scanned. If the EAS tag is sensed to have not been deactivated, the system proceeds to alternate operational steps to handle the exception.

Abstract: A security device for securing around a generally cylindrical article such as the neck of a bottle includes a housing which forms a lock compartment and which contains an EAS security device and a magnetically actuated lock mechanism. A ratchet strap have a series of locking teeth and is formed integrally with the housing and extends outwardly therefrom and has sufficient rigidity to assume a generally circular configuration with a curved article contact surface of the housing to facilitate attaching the device around the article. The lock mechanism includes a locking pawl which engages the strap teeth and an actuation strip which biases the pawl toward locking engagement with the strap.

Abstract: A security device for securing around a generally cylindrical article such as the neck of a bottle includes a housing which forms a lock compartment and which contains an EAS security device and a magnetically actuated lock mechanism. A ratchet strap have a series of locking teeth and is formed integrally with the housing and extends outwardly therefrom and has sufficient rigidity to assume a generally circular configuration with a curved article contact surface of the housing to facilitate attaching the device around the article. The lock mechanism includes a locking pawl which engages the strap teeth and an actuation strip which biases the pawl toward locking engagement with the strap.

Abstract: A security device for securing around a generally cylindrical article such as the neck of a bottle includes a housing which forms a lock compartment and which contains an EAS security device and a magnetically actuated lock mechanism. A ratchet strap have a series of locking teeth and is formed integrally with the housing and extends outwardly therefrom and has sufficient rigidity to assume a generally circular configuration with a curved article contact surface of the housing to facilitate attaching the device around the article. The lock mechanism includes a locking pawl which engages the strap teeth and an actuation strip which biases the pawl toward locking engagement with the strap.

Abstract: A security device for securing around a generally cylindrical article such as the neck of a bottle includes a housing which forms a lock compartment and which contains an EAS security device and a magnetically actuated lock mechanism. A ratchet strap have a series of locking teeth and is formed integrally with the housing and extends outwardly therefrom and has sufficient rigidity to assume a generally circular configuration with a curved article contact surface of the housing to facilitate attaching the device around the article. The lock mechanism includes a locking pawl which engages the strap teeth and an actuation strip which biases the pawl toward locking engagement with the strap.

Abstract: An asset subsystem is provided for use in a security system. The security system includes a security system controller operable to trigger an alarm. The asset subsystem includes a transceiver operable to communicate a first signal to a tag associated with an asset and to receive a second signal communicated by the tag in response to the first signal. The asset subsystem also includes a controller operable to determine whether the tag failed to communicate the second signal to the transceiver and trigger the alarm in response to determining that the tag failed to communicate the second signal to the transceiver.

Abstract: A tamper-indicating closure includes a closure shell having a skirt for securing the closure to a container neck finish and a tamper band frangibly coupled to the skirt for separation from the skirt upon first removal of the closure from the container. An RFID circuit, including an RFID tag and an antenna, is carried by the tamper band for separation from the skirt with the tamper band and remaining operational on the container after the closure has been removed from the container. The RFID circuit preferably is carried by a stop flange that extends from the tamper band, and is disposed between the stop flange and the tamper band.

Abstract: A tamper-resistant remotely monitorable electronic seal including a shaft portion (10), a socket arranged to engage the shaft position in a monitorable manner, whereby disengagement of the socket (12) and the shaft portion results in a monitorable event, and a wireless communicator associated with at least one of the shaft portion and the socket and being operative to provide a remotely monitorable indication of the monitorable event.

Abstract: A security device for attachment to an article to deter theft of the article has a housing containing an alarm system including an audible alarm and an LED. A cable has one end attached to the housing and a second end attached to a plug which is selectively inserted into and locked to the housing. The cable includes a conductor electrically connected to the alarm system when in the locked position. The audible alarm is activated if the integrity of the cable is compromised. An EAS tag located in the housing will actuate an alarm at a security gate and can actuate the audible alarm of the security device when the device is in proximity to a security gate. The LED is positioned in the housing to be visible from both sides of the housing. A magnetically attractable lock mechanism releasably secures the cable plug in the locked position.

Abstract: Alarm systems, remote communication devices, and article security methods are described according to some aspects of the disclosure. In one aspect, an article security method includes associating a remote communication device with an article to be secured; using the remote communication device, generating a plurality of electrical signals responsive to receipt of spurious electromagnetic energy and a plurality of wireless signals of a base communication device associated with the remote communication device to form an alarm system; distinguishing the electrical signals generated responsive to the spurious electromagnetic energy from electrical signals generated responsive to the wireless signals of the base communication device; and responsive to the distinguishing, generating a plurality of human perceptible alarm signals corresponding to respective ones of the electrical signals generated responsive to the wireless signals of the base communication device.

Abstract: A system embodiment associated with making a computer a less desirable target for a thief is described. A system embodiment may include a security timer that is to be periodically refreshed. If the security timer is not periodically refreshed, then a computer in which the system embodiment is located may be disabled by a theft deterrence logic. The system embodiment may also include a communication logic to communicate with a TDSP to request a signal to update the security timer. While a system embodiment is described, it is to be appreciated that other system embodiments having different elements and that method embodiments may be described.

Abstract: A mobile communication device is provided herein. The mobile communication device includes a touch unit for generating a trigger signal when detecting a touch, a controller for generating an audible alarm in response to the trigger signal, and a transceiver for communicating wirelessly with an anti-theft device. The audible alarm, transmitted to the anti-theft device via the transceiver, is for enabling the anti-theft device to output a first alarm. An anti-theft system and method are also provided.

Abstract: A security device for attachment to an article to deter theft has a housing containing an alarm system including an audible alarm speaker. The alarm system includes a conductor located within the housing which forms a loop that extends at least partially about the alarm speaker or about the periphery of the housing. The conductor which can be an electrical conductor, fiber optic conductor, light pipe, etc., when severed by a thief will actuate the audible alarm. In another embodiment, the conductor forms a loop about a simulated speaker grille formed in the housing to prevent tampering, wherein the audible alarm is located in the housing remote from the simulated speaker grille.

Abstract: A building security system includes a visible video camera and a hidden video camera in each room. Personnel in each room carries a portable signaling device that includes a level sensor to automatically generate a signal indicating the personnel is down. Each room has remotely controlled door locks. All cameras, signaling devices and locks are linked to a security station including a router and computer. Police are provided with secure codes to obtain access to the computer, view the video and communicate with selected rooms in the building.

Abstract: A tamper and theft detection alarm system is provided for a motorcycle, bicycle or other two-wheeled vehicle. The alarm system is configured to detect vehicle movement or theft by monitoring the tilt angle of the vehicle, and once a change in the tilt angle is detected, notifying the rider or owner by wireless cellular telephone. In certain embodiments the motorcycle or bicycle alarm system is additionally provided with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver configured to receive signals from the United States govemment's Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites or other similar global position locating systems and then interpreting the satellite signals to calculate the vehicle location in global coordinates and then providing these coordinates via synthesized speech to the owner via wireless cellular telephony.

Abstract: An RFID transponder is disclosed in which predetermined conductive portions will be removed from the transponder should the transponder be removed from a first object to which it is attached. The transponder has a first response to applied RF before the predetermined portions are removed and a second response after such removal. An RF detector can be used to scan objects with transponders to detect the first or the second response and thereby determine when a transponder has been moved.

Abstract: An article holder (102) with a notification mechanism is provided for people to hang personal articles. Security alerts and/or incoming call alerts can be provided to a user of the article holder (102). The article holder includes a base (106) that couples to a surface and a hanger (104) that holds articles. The article holder also includes a pressure switch (110) that couples to the base, the pressure switch switching in response to an article being hung on or removed from the hanger. Further, the article holder includes electronic circuitry (112) to detect when the pressure on the hanger changes, which transmits an instant alert in response. The article holder can include additional circuitry (114) that operates in conjunction with a mobile device (302) to alert a user to an incoming call.

Abstract: A security device for securing around a generally cylindrical article such as the neck of a bottle includes a housing which forms a lock compartment and which contains an EAS security device and a magnetically actuated lock mechanism. A ratchet strap have a series of locking teeth and is formed integrally with the housing and extends outwardly therefrom and has sufficient rigidity to assume a generally circular configuration with a curved article contact surface of the housing to facilitate attaching the device around the article. The lock mechanism includes a locking pawl which engages the strap teeth and an actuation strip which biases the pawl toward locking engagement with the strap.

Abstract: A remote controller includes (i) an operating part having at least a key, (ii) a transmitter for transmitting a remote-control signal, (iii) a receiver for a receiving search signal, (iv) an informer for generating at least one of sound and vibration, and (v) a controller connected to these parts. The controller operates the transmitter according to an operation at the operating part, detects that the remote controller is in an abnormal operation state other than normal operation state according to an operation at the operating part, and operates the informer responsive to the search signal received by the receiver at least in the case of abnormal operation.

Abstract: A hang tag provides for the accommodation of electronic article surveillance (EAS) marker. The hang tag includes a housing for supporting the EAS marker therein. A securement head is provided for accommodating a securement strap for coupling the housing to an article which is to be protected. The head is coupled to the housing in such a fashion that it permits continuous rotation with respect to the housing to thwart and attempt to improperly sever the securement strap from the article.

Abstract: The device is designed for warning about relocation of objects under control relative to the controlling user. The engineering effect is achieved through the ability to carry out control and identification of several objects at a time and to generate preliminary warning about possible loss of contact with objects under control. The device uses a pseudo-noise signal and makes it possible to differentiate between signals within the same bandwidth and the same time interval through the form-wise selection. i.e. the device solves the problem of carrier guidance in terms of frequency, virtually eliminating the cross-talk and interference with other radio systems and provides ample opportunities for increase in the number of simultaneously controlled (guarded) objects by means of, for example, modifications in the structure of a pseudo-random sequence for pseudo-noise signal generation.

Abstract: An article locating system comprises a first unit having a housing and a circuit for generating a coded search signal that is unique to the first unit. The first unit operatively communicates with a second unit attached to the article to be located. The second unit includes a housing and a circuit for receiving the search signal and for generating a found signal. The second unit transmits the found signal to the first unit which then responds by selectively activating an indicator connected to the circuit of the first unit. The indicator preferably includes an array of indicator lights that are programmed to illuminate in a sequence to indicate the proximate position of the second unit relative to the first unit for locating the article. In an alternative embodiment, the second unit includes a record/playback device for recording and playing an audible communication in response to receiving the first signal from the first unit.

Abstract: A method of confirming security of personal items belonging to a shopper during a point of sale transaction is disclosed. The method includes sensing a signal of a weight sensor indicative of a weight of the personal items placed upon an interface of a security monitor of a point of sale checkout device. The method further includes activating an alarm in response to sensing a change in the signal of the weight sensor that is indicative of a removal of the personal items during the point of sale transaction. The method also includes activating the alarm in response to sensing a continued state of the signal of the weight sensor following the point of sale transaction.

Abstract: In accordance with one embodiment, an apparatus is provided for generating an alert signal when a fastener for closing and opening a clothing item is open. The apparatus comprises a first unit for detecting that the fastener is open; a second unit for detecting that the clothing item is worn; and an alert mechanism for generating an alert signal when the first unit detects that the fastener is open and the second unit detects that the clothing item is worn.

Abstract: A switch apparatus for activating an alarm function of an alarm circuit on a motherboard of a portable computer, the switch apparatus includes a switch mounted on the motherboard and a pressing device mounted on a base. The pressing device includes a pressing member deformable via an outside force to depress the switch.

Abstract: An RFID Probe comprises a pole with a plurality of sensors that indicate RF signal strength attached at regular intervals and marked to indicate distance from an end of the pole. A user employs the RFID Probe by placing the probe between densely packed materials, such as cases on a pallet, and exposing the RFID Probe and packaging to a signal from an REID transceiver. After exposing the RFID Probe to the RFID transceiver signal, the user removes the RFID Probe from the packed materials and observes the sensors on the probe. By noting the location on the probe of the sensors indicating low or no RF signal, the user can identify locations where RF signal strength is insufficient to activate an RFID tag.

Abstract: A system for locating a key from a vehicle includes a transmitter adapted to mount on the vehicle. An activation switch causes the transmitter to selectively broadcast a signal. A receiver has the key attached thereto and a speaker. The receiver receives the signal from the transmitter and emits a sound from the speaker marking the location of the key.

Abstract: A method for monitoring the presence of a monitored item. A poll signal is transmitted from a monitoring device arranged in a mobile telephone or similar, to a carrier device arranged on the monitored item. The poll signal has predetermined characteristics identifying the monitoring device and the carrier device. A response signal is transmitted from the carrier device to the monitoring device in response to the poll signal the response signal enables the monitoring device to identify and determine the position of the carrier device. Action is taken if it is determined that the distance between the monitoring device and the carrier device is greater than a predetermined threshold distance. Theft or loss of valuable items can be detected if they are provided with carrier devices according to the present invention.

Abstract: System and method for checking completeness in a package, which comprises a plurality of objects, which are each provided with at least one electronic information storage medium. The method includes the steps of (a) storing in at least one electronic information storage medium, the total number of objects contained in the package and/or the total number of objects provided for the package; (b) detecting the total number of objects contained in the package by reading the stored value from the at least one electronic information storage medium in which the total number has been stored; (c) counting the objects in the package by reading the electronic information storage media arranged on the objects; and (d) outputting a first predetermined signal if the detected total number is not equal to the counted number and/or a second predetermined signal is output if the detected total number is equal to the counted number.

Abstract: An RFID bridge antenna is positioned between a tag antenna associated with a tag and a reader antenna associated with a reader. The bridge includes at least two RF antenna elements spaced apart from one another and coupled together by an electrical conductor. The first RF antenna element is located proximate to the tag antenna and the second RF antenna element is located proximate to the reader antenna. An electromagnetic carrier signal transmitted by the reader antenna is received by one of the RF antenna element and retransmitted to the tag antenna by the other RF antenna element, increasing the distance over which the tag can communicate with the reader. Where the tag is attached to a packaged object, the RFID bridge antenna may be included in the package to allow wireless data communication between the tag and a reader. The reader may also be located external to the package.

Abstract: A security device to be attached to a retail product, wherein the device indicates the only authorized point or channel of sale and a method for deterring the theft and resale of goods. The method can include identifying a product which is likely target for theft and resale, identifying an appropriate distinguishing device to clearly indicate the authorized point or channel of sale, and applying the distinguishing device to the product.

Abstract: A device for containing sensitive data including a housing, an anti-tamper protected enclosure located within the housing and being adapted to contain the sensitive data, anti-tamper protection circuitry located within the anti-tamper protected enclosure and at least one ball grid array arranged within the housing and mounted on an outer surface of the anti-tamper protected enclosure and electrically coupled to the anti-tamper protection circuitry for protecting against unauthorized access to the interior of the anti-tamper protected enclosure.

Abstract: Techniques for detecting radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags are disclosed. For example, an exit control system is described that detects unauthorized removal of articles from a protected facility. A series of antennas are setup to produce interrogation corridors located near the exit of the protected area. RFID tags are attached to the articles to be protected. Each tag includes information that uniquely identifies the article to which it is affixed and status information as to whether the articles removal from the facility is authorized. The RF reader outputs RF signals through the antennas to create electromagnetic fields within the interrogation corridors. The reader outputs RF power from a single port to the multiple antennas via a splitter/combiner. In this way, a single RF reader with only one transmitter/receiver port simultaneously interrogates multiple antennas. A variety of techniques are described by which the reader can detect the removal of an unauthorized article.

Abstract: Alarm systems, remote communication devices, and article security methods are described according to some aspects of the disclosure. In one aspect, an article security method includes associating a remote communication device with an article to be secured; using the remote communication device, generating a plurality of electrical signals responsive to receipt of spurious electromagnetic energy and a plurality of wireless signals of a base communication device associated with the remote communication device to form an alarm system; distinguishing the electrical signals generated responsive to the spurious electromagnetic energy from electrical signals generated responsive to the wireless signals of the base communication device; and responsive to the distinguishing, generating a plurality of human perceptible alarm signals corresponding to respective ones of the electrical signals generated responsive to the wireless signals of the base communication device.

Abstract: A security device for attachment to an article to deter theft has a housing containing an alarm system including an audible alarm speaker. The alarm system includes a conductor located within the housing which forms a loop that extends at least partially about the alarm speaker or about the periphery of the housing. The conductor which can be an electrical conductor, fiber optic conductor, light pipe, etc., when severed by a thief will actuate the audible alarm.

Abstract: A security device for securing around a generally cylindrical article such as the neck of a bottle includes a housing which forms a lock compartment and which contains an EAS security device and a magnetically actuated lock mechanism. A ratchet strap have a series of locking teeth and is formed integrally with the housing and extends outwardly therefrom and has sufficient rigidity to assume a generally circular configuration with a curved article contact surface of the housing to facilitate attaching the device around the article. The lock mechanism includes a locking pawl which engages the strap teeth and an actuation strip which biases the pawl toward locking engagement with the strap.

Abstract: A unique piece of engineering device “BT' Smart Machine” (BTSM) is described with the capability of lawn mowing, leave blowing/vacuuming, snow blowing, and general purpose blowing/vacuuming with other extra functionalities such as vehicle jump starter, heavy duty air compressor, vertical trolley, horizontal trolley, and outlets for AC and DC devices. BTSM' uniqueness lies in the fact that it can be run in manual (semi-automatic mode) or automatic mode (hands free mode). In manual mode (semi-automatic mode) BTSM anticipates and helps you along the way while in full-automatic mode BTSM does the work for you while you are home away from home or simply use that time to do something else and with a minimum of 10 to 12 hr uninhibited rechargeable battery life, BTSM has more than enough power to traverse your entire compound. In addition to all that, BTSM also runs off of solar energy which further maximizes battery life.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory module for preventing system failure and a system including the same, in which the non-volatile memory system includes a first socket and a second socket each having a notch coupler, a first memory module, a memory controller configured to control the first memory module, and a printed circuit board on which the memory controller and the first and second sockets are installed and electrical signal lines are formed between the memory controller and the first and second sockets. The first memory includes a plurality of non-volatile memory devices and stores system software. The first memory module has a structure such that it can be installed at the first socket but cannot be installed at the second socket. The non-volatile memory system may further include a second memory module for an extension of the memory capacity. The second memory module has a structure such that it can be installed at the second socket but cannot be installed at the first socket.

Abstract: An anti-theft box (100) for protection of goods comprises a main body (110) defining an inner space for the goods to be protected, a lid (120) closing said main body (110), an alarm transmitter triggering a central alarm in case the anti-theft box (100) passes an alarm gate, and a releasable lock (140 145, 150, 160) locking the lid (120) to the main body (110). The anti-theft box according to the invention also comprises an internal alarm circuit (200) that is controlled to be fused when the releasable lock (140 145, 150, 160) is in a locking position and defused when the releasable lock (140 145, 150, 160) is in an unlocked position. The internal alarm circuit (200) comprises a first switch (210), which in the fused state is arranged to trigger the alarm circuit to emit a sound signal in case the first switch (210) indicates that the lid (120) and the main body (110) are separated.

Abstract: The present invention is directed towards a container for transporting of valuables in a first compartment; particularly towards a container having a second compartment containing an alarm system. The alarm system includes an air bladder, i.e. airbag, for instantaneous and rapid deployment when triggered by a remote activator or other devices present on the container. After being triggered the air bladder inflates to a volume much greater than the second compartment and the container, such that the thief cannot easily transport the container into a car or through a doorway, or at the very least without being noticed.

Abstract: Situational location dependent information is transmitted from a server data processing system to a receiving data processing system. The server data processing system communicates with the receiving data processing system in a manner by pushing content when appropriate. A candidate delivery event associated with a current positional attribute of the receiving data processing system is recognized and a situational location of the remote data processing system is determined. The candidate delivery event may be a location and/or direction change, device state change, or movement exceeding a movement tolerance. The situational location of the remote data processing system may be its location, direction, location and direction, proximity to a location, state change, or location and/or direction relative to a previous location and/or direction, or combinations thereof.