Abstract: A robotically controlled steerable gimbal mounted virtual broadband hyperspectral sensor system and methods provide a highly mobile, rapidly responsive and innovative system of locating targets and exploiting hyperspectral and ultraspectral imaging and non-imaging signature information in real-time from an aircraft or ground vehicles from overhead or standoff perspective in order to discriminate and identify unique spectral characteristics of the target. The system preferably has one or more mechanically integrated hyperspectral sensors installed on a gimbal backbone and co-boresighted with a similarly optional mounted color video camera and optional LASER within an aerodynamically stable pod shell constructed for three-dimensional stabilization and pointing of the sensor on a direct overhead or off-nadir basis.

Abstract: An obstacle detection system includes a leaky transmission path, a leaky receiving path opposite to the leaky transmission path, a spread spectrum signal generator connected to an end of the leaky transmission path and generating a spread spectrum signal for radiation from the leaky transmission path to detect an obstacle. A correlator is connected to an end of the leaky receiving path to calculate a level of correlation between a reference spread spectrum signal and a spread spectrum signal received by the leaky receiving path. A detector detects an obstacle in accordance with a change in the level of correlation calculated by the correlator.

Abstract: The present invention is a multi-purpose portable imaging device. The device is small enough to be hand-held or wearable and has embedded on its surface at least one sensor. These sensors may be active or passive. Analog energy received from the sensors is converted into a digital format and sent to an advanced computer. The computer is constructed on parallel architecture platform. The computer has the capability of taking data from multiple sensors and providing sensor fusion features. The data is processed and displayed in a graphical format in real time which is viewed on the imaging device. A keypad for entering data and commands is available on the device. The device has the capability of using a removable cartridge embedded with read only memory modules containing application software for manipulating data from the sensors. The application cartridge provides the imaging device with its multi-purpose functionality.

Abstract: An autonomous moving apparatus moving to a destination while detecting and avoiding an obstacle includes a radar device for scanning a horizontal plane in its travelling direction to thereby detect a position of an obstacle and an obstacle sensor for detecting an obstacle in a space different from the scanning plane of the radar device. The apparatus moves to the destination under such control as to avoid the obstacle based on detection information from the radar device and the obstacle sensor from a detection output provided by a specific-configuration detecting element for detecting a present specific configuration from scanning information by the radar device. By providing such a specific-configuration detecting element that detects a specific configuration based on the scan information by the radar device that can accurately know about position information, it is possible to guess an obstacle having an upper structure, thus providing efficient avoidance.

Abstract: The combination of a global positioning satellite system (GPS) and a radar detection unit, in wireless communication with the GPU, for tracking and determining the speed of a vehicle. The system may be manually activated, or more preferably activated by an external source of radar signals, such as may be emitted by a police “speed trap”. The unit includes means for recording and storing speed data of the vehicle, and to alerting the operator of the vehicle to a “speed trap” situation.

Abstract: A Doppler radar transceiver in a traffic monitoring system includes a pyramidal horn antenna having a rectangular aperture and a dielectric lens mounted at the rectangular aperture. Preferably the pyramidal horn antenna is corrugated and the rectangular aperture has a breadth at least twice its width in order to provide a fan-shaped radar beam most effective for detecting moving vehicles in a stream of traffic. To reduce standing waves in the horn antenna that would otherwise cause nulls that would intermittently interfere with detection of a Doppler signal, the dielectric lens has impedance matching means for matching impedance of the dielectric lens to impedance of free space to reduce standing waves in said horn antenna. Suitable impedance matching means include a quarter-wave transformer or a tapered transformer structure at the interfaces between the dielectric body of the lens and the free-space region inside the horn and outside of the horn.

Abstract: A method via which the range of vision in a vehicle's field of view can be determined precisely, so that with the help of range-of-vision information the driver can be advised to modify his driving style. The contrast of an object detected by a radar or lidar sensor is measured by a monocular video sensor, and the range of vision is determined from the measured values supplied by the radar or lidar sensor and by the monocular video sensor. Alternatively, the distance to and contrast of at least one object can be measured by a binocular video sensor, the range of vision then being determined from the measured contrast and distance values.

Abstract: There is provided an automatic airport information transmitting apparatus comprising: airport-inside-target detecting means for detecting a target inside an airport; target judging means for judging a target moved in a place within the airport, which is required to surveille an aircraft based upon target position information derived from the airport-inside-target detecting means; and transmitting means for transmitting information of the target inside the airport judged by the target judging means to an aircraft which is flying around the airport in a wireless manner. In a relatively small-scaled airport where no controller is present, the automatic airport information transmitting apparatus improves a flight security of aircraft which are flying around the airport and are landing at this airport.

Abstract: A radar device for use in backing up a vehicle is disclosed herein. A plurality of wave sensors is installed on a rear portion of a vehicle for detecting an obstacle therebehind. A master controller has a plurality of transceiver circuits and a microprocessor connected to the plurality of transceiver circuits. Each transceiver circuit corresponds to one of the plurality of wave sensors. The microprocessor activates the plurality of transceiver circuits to drive the plurality of wave sensors for transmitting and receiving ultrasound wave signals thereby determining the location of the obstacle. A location display device is connected to the master controller for receiving and decoding data related to the location of the obstacle thereby indicating the direction of the obstacle and displaying in numerical form the distance between the obstacle and the vehicle.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating microwave signal frequencies. An incident reference signal is provided. A first stimulus signal is also provided, the first stimulus signal having a first polarization and having a first predetermined relationship with the incident reference signal. A second stimulus signal is also provided, the second stimulus signal having a second polarization and having a second predetermined relationship with the incident reference signal. The incident reference signal is split into a first polarization reference signal and into a second polarization reference signal. The first stimulus signal is coupled with the first polarization reference signal to provide first polarization mixed signals. The second stimulus signal is coupled with the second polarization reference signal to provide second polarization mixed signals.

Abstract: A region of water is insonifed with a series of pulses. A synthetic apeture radar (SAR) is flown about the region and images the water surface above the sonified area. The radar has a carrier frequency (Fr) the acoustic source has a nominal carrier frequency of Fa. This acoustic frequency Fa is selected such that the acoustic wavelength is nearly, or exactly, half the wavelength of the radar carrier Fr where modified by the Sine of the incident of angle. Also practical are those acoustic wavelengths that are integer multiples of the wavelength that is half the radar wavelength. This arrangement will result in the Bragg condition in portions of the radar image of the water surface. The pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of the radar and the acoustic sources are equal (or can be such that the acoustic PRF is an integer multiple of the radar PRF), and locked in phase together by a radio frequency link between the SAR and the sonar transmitter. The sonar signal is repeatable and coherent with the radar signal.

Abstract: A method and system for analyzing a wooden structure, such as a utility or telecommunications pole, are provided. A location for the wooden structure is identified. A first radar signal is propagated towards the wooden structure with a radar antenna while the radar antenna is motion along a navigation path in the vicinity of the wooden structure. A reflected radar signal is received from the wooden structure, from which a determination is made whether the wooden structure contains a structural anomaly.

Abstract: A passive millimeter-wave imaging system (10) that includes a millimeter-wave camera (12) positioned at the end of an aircraft landing strip (14) to provide an image (20) of the aircraft (16) approaching the landing strip (14) along a landing glidepath (18). The camera (12) broadcasts the image (20) of the aircraft (16) approaching the landing strip (14) to the aircraft (16) and to a control tower (24). With this information, the pilot of the aircraft (16) sees his aircraft's position relative to the glidepath (18), and can make landing adjustments accordingly. Likewise, the tower personnel can monitor the aircraft landing glidepath (18) to insure that the aircraft (16) maintain a safe distance relative to the ground.

Abstract: When a vehicle traveling ahead of another vehicle and a reflector on a road exist laterally adjacent each other, signals indicative of reception levels of waves reflected from the objects are added together for every beam to carry out the detection of the target. The preceding vehicle and the reflector are detected in an integrally merged form because the wave reflected from the reflector is strong. Therefore, in a region influenced by the wave reflected from the reflector, only the reflector is detected without addition of the signals indicative of reception levels of the reflected waves for every beam. In a region which is not influenced by the wave reflected from the reflector, the preceding vehicle is detected by adding the signals of the reflected waves together. Thus, the reflector and the preceding vehicle can be detected in a discriminating manner.

Abstract: A radar detector for alerting an operator of a motor vehicle to an incoming police radar signal. This radar detector includes a microprocessor; a circuit coupled to the microprocessor for detecting the incoming police radar signal; and a global positioning system receiver coupled to the microprocessor. Upon detection of an incoming radar signal, the radar detector can utilize the position, velocity, and/or heading data from the global positioning system receiver to determine whether to generate an alert.

Abstract: A clear air turbulence (CAT) detection system performs a nested grid modeling algorithm to detect CAT along the flight path of an aircraft. The aircraft stores coarse simulation information and utilizes the information to perform large scale weather modeling over a large grid. On board sensors are utilized to generate observational information to model atmospheric conditions within a smaller grid, nested within the larger grid, and including the flight path of the aircraft. A nowcast predicting turbulence along the flight path in the near future alerts the pilot to the likelihood of encountering clear air turbulence. A data link may be utilized to receive coarse simulation data or observational data from sources external to the aircraft. Additionally, the coarse simulation information may include turbulence forecast data and the observational information is used to refine the turbulence forecast to more accurately predict clear air turbulence along the flight path of the aircraft.

Abstract: A mobile space lift range system using a ground control station and an unmanned airborne vehicle that relayed data to and from a space lift vehicle to control it. The unmanned airborne vehicle may selectively include one or more sensor systems, a radar system, a command and telemetry system, and a user test system. The unmanned airborne vehicle is a high attitude, long endurance vehicle that provides a flexible, mobile range to support launch-anywhere space lift scenarios.

Abstract: An automotive obstacle detecting system is provided which includes a radar to measure the distance to a target present within a detectable zone. The system monitors a distance limit measurable by the radar and determines a reduction in ability to measure the distance to the target by comparing the distance limit with a given reference value.

Abstract: A vehicle obstacle detecting system having a combination of different kinds of detectors, such as a laser radar and a millimeter-waver radar, to detect an obstacle present ahead of the course of vehicle travel. The system determines whether the detection output of the laser radar is similar to that of the millimeter-wave radar. When the result is positive, obstacle avoidance control is conducted based on the output of either the laser radar or the millimeter-wave radar. When the result is negative, it is determined that the laser radar (the detector normally of superior performance) is degraded and, based on the output of the millimeter-radar, obstacle avoidance control is conducted. With this, the outputs of the different kinds of detectors are fused and unified optimally, enabling effective obstacle avoidance control.

Abstract: A method for monitoring large surface areas. A thermal camera and an electromagnetic radar are rotated about a vertical axis to scan the area. The area is divided into sector-like surface elements. Monitoring criteria are established for each of the surface elements. Movements in the surface area being monitored are detected by the radar. The thermal camera is used to detect objects different, in temperature, from their surroundings. Detected objects are located in a surface element and identified in accordance with the monitoring criteria using at least one of the radar and thermal camera.

Abstract: Synthetic discriminant function automatic target recognition system augmented by LADAR combines, through the synthetic discriminant function (SDF), the active LADAR data of the potential target object with the passive infrared imagery of the target and background. In doing so, the system not only recognizes and classifies the target but also provides the range profile of the target object by analyzing the amplitude of the reflected return signal when appropriate. The live target scene imagery in passive infrared is detected, filtered and subsequently complex multiplied with pre-existing synthetic discriminant function to produce a two-dimensional cross-correlated surface. Analogous process is performed on the active LADAR range and intensity images of the live target scene with corresponding pre-existing synthetic discriminant function for the same target pose and scale as in the passive infrared correlation step.

Abstract: A method of analyzing the radar cross section of a target vehicle determines the contributions to total radar cross section of various vehicle design details. The method includes obtaining ISAR images of the vehicle with a radar at a known position relative to the vehicle. A visible three-dimensional set of images of the vehicle is created. The visible images have the same point of view as the ISAR images. Each visible image is matched by one or more corresponding ISAR images in terms of distance from the target and angular position of the target relative to the vehicle's axis of rotation. The corresponding ISAR images are used to paint the visible images so as to produce one or more rendered composite images of the vehicle. A relation is then found between chosen vehicle details and bright zones in the composite image.

Abstract: Millimetric wave device, capable of operating as a signal transceiving antenna, with an optimum image definition even at extremely short distances (about 1 mm). Depending on the more or less concentration of the waves, the so realised radar antenna adopts, in its different configurations, a curved front optics, or an optics of hemispherical, aspherical, parabolic, concede, convex, biconcave, biconvex or stepped optics. The real focal length of the radar is shorter than that of the lens utilised in the antenna. The standard dimensions of the electronic transception and processing circuit part are very limited and contained.

Abstract: An anti-theft system for a motor vehicle includes a transceiver disposed in a motor vehicle and a portable transponder. If a magnetic alternating field of the transceiver is turned on, energy signals are transmitted inductively to the transponder, where they charge an energy storing device. As soon as the alternating field is turned off, a transponder oscillating circuit oscillates at its resonant frequency. This oscillation is transmitted inductively back to the transceiver. In the process, the resonant frequency is measured. Then, the exciter frequency of the alternating field is adapted to the resonant frequency of the transponder, so that the inductive energy transmission is as effective as possible in subsequent charging operations.

Abstract: A device for transmitting data or energy supply from or to a transponder, especially for an anti-theft system in a motor vehicle, includes an antenna oscillating circuit which is induced to oscillate by an exciter variable. The oscillation is transmitted by transformer coupling to a transponder oscillating circuit. In order to make the transmission of energy or data as effective as possible, the current or the voltage in the antenna oscillating circuit is measured and compared with a desired variable. Upon a deviation, a correction value is generated by which the exciter current is increased or the resonant frequency is adapted to the exciter frequency as a consequence of the addition of an impedance to the antenna oscillating circuit.

Abstract: This invention involves a method of providing suitable electrical isolation for small metal particles (such as iron) from each other, agglomerating these particles into a larger size, and overcoating the agglomerates to provide environmental protection. A product of this type has attractive electromagnetic absorbing properties at ultra high frequencies even when used in a high temperature environment that would have oxidized uncoated iron particles with resultant deterioration of its absorbing properties.

Abstract: A detection system will detect and identify self-propelled objects, such as missiles, which create a hot exhaust plume. The exhaust plume has radiation which flickers with a frequency range of interest. This frequency range can be detected with various detectors, such as an ultraviolet detector or radio frequency detector. A warning signal will indicate if frequencies are encountered within the frequency range of interest. The detecting system will also detect light and radio frequency radiation from pressure waves created by supersonic components of the flying object. This radiation has low frequency components which can be filtered and identified.

Abstract: A detection system will detect and identify self-propelled objects, such as missiles, which create a hot exhaust plume. The exhaust plume has radiation which modulates with a frequency range of interest. This frequency range can be detected with various detectors, such as an infrared detector, an ultraviolet detector, or even a radio frequency detector. Guided missiles have radiation frequencies which are much higher than the radiation frequencies of jet aircraft and of reciprocating engines. A filter will filter the output signals from the detector, and discard those outside of the frequency range of interest. A warning signal will indicate if frequencies are encountered within the frequency range of interest.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for guiding a projectile to a target in a scene using a scene imaging sensor in which the projectile has a guidance and control system for aiming the projectile. A first tracker analyzes the scene and selects a first track point representative of a target and a first confidence value serving as a reliability measure of the first selected track point. A second tracker analyzes the scene and selects a second track point representing the target and a second confidence value which serves as a reliability measure of the second selected track point. Each of said trackers are constructed and arranged to operate independently in a manner that is substantially statistically uncorrelated with respect to each other. A joint confidence value based on track point proximity, convergence and divergence is generated from the tracker data and a composite confidence index is calculated from the first and second confidence values and the joint confidence value.

Abstract: An automatic target acquisition and tracking system has been developed for a focal plane array seeker. The automatic target acquisition is achieved by three independent target acquisition algorithms, viz., the maximum likelihood classification, the video spatial clustering, and the target-to-interference ratio. Each algorithm operates asynchronously and provides independent target detection results. Target information is then combined hierarchically in a probabilistic fashion and prioritized. The highest priority target is handed off to a dual mode tracker consisting of a minimum absolute difference correlation tracker and a centroid tracker. The dual mode tracker subsequently provides a feedback signal to a proportional navigation system or other guidance/control system for directing the flight path of a munition.

Abstract: Device for determining distances in the close range (under 100 m), hereby characterized in that both light pulses and high-frequency pulses are transmitted and received and the correct distance is determined in an evaluating device in a simple way and with reliability under nearly all atmospheric conditions.

Abstract: A height measurement system uses an inexpensive ultrasonic height measuring evice to provide an apparent height of a descending airborne object. To compensate for movement of the object during the ultrasonic measurement, a Doppler radar velocity measuring device determines the vertical velocity in a short measurement period. The measured vertical velocity is used to determine the vertical distance travelled during the ultrasonic measurement and to compensate therefor by converting the apparent height to a true height of the descending object. Updates of the true height may be obtained by storing the vertical velocity and retrieving the vertical velocity for multiplication by a time value to obtain an updated value of the true height.

Abstract: A pavement structure examination vehicle capable of mounting all necessary equipments and instruments therein; including a body of a rear gate type having a rear door which rotates vertically to open and close, underground radar means attached to the body vertically movably relative to the direction of traveling, a stand for boring operation to be removably attached to the door, a radar system comprising underground radar control means for controlling the underground radar means and observation data recording means for recording the observation data of the underground radar means, the radar system recording in the data recording means information of the distance covered by the vehicle received from covered distance detection means which detects the distance covered by the vehicle, together with the observation data of the underground radar means, and an image processing system for photographing a surface of an inner circumferential wall of a bored hole and processing images thus photographed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring moving vehicular traffic, especially adapted for the detailed profiling and counting of airport usage by aircraft employing Doppler radar and sound generated by target aircraft. A primary parabolic reflector operated in the Cassegrainian mode with respect to Doppler radar radiation, employed in combination with a hyperbolic sub-reflector constructed so that it will reflect the radar radiation but remain transparent to sound waves is used to propagate and receive radar radiation, and to receive sound waves emanating from a target aircraft. Sound waves emanating from the target are received by the parabolic reflector and directed toward the parabolic reflector's primary focus where they strike a microphone placed at the primary focus of such reflector. The signal from the microphone and the information from the Doppler radar unit are processed by a central processing unit to provide a variety of information relating to the target aircraft.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for suppressing leakage spikes in a radar duplexer. A flash of radiant energy is triggered immediately prior to sending a radar pulse so as to ionize the gases in a duplexer tube before the leading edge of the radar pulse reaches the tube. The spike suppressor includes an radiant energy source which attaches to the radar duplexer so that the source shines into the duplexer tube. A pulse generator is provided for activating the source in response to a trigger signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a surveillance sensor provided with at least one surveillance radar antenna 1 and at least one co-located and co-rotating electro-optical surveillance sensor 5 mechanically connected to said radar antenna. A combined panoramic picture is compiled by combining information from both sensors using a common track unit 30.

Abstract: Sensor detections received over time are analyzed to find relationships therebetween. For example, radar echoes, outputs from an infrared sensor, etc., may be analyzed to find target tracks. First, gross similarities are detected by mapping, e.g., angular readings into angle bins using each of a plurality of hypothesized rates of change of angle. Those sensor detections which are found to correlate with respect to angular measurement are subjected to similar mapping into range bins using rate of change of range. The angle and range bins are compared to determine which represent target tracks. The resulting target tracks may be used to revise the parameters and repeat the same process. For example, if one of the "target" tracks detected on the first pass has an angle of 30.degree., an angle rate of 2.degree. per minute, a range of 2 kilometers and a range rate of 3 kilometers/second, this target track might be evaluated to determine whether it is a cluster of targets using angle rates varying from 1.degree.

Abstract: A radio acoustic sounding system for detecting temperature profiles in the atmosphere, includes an acoustic transmitting antenna for transmitting an acoustic signal; a RF transmitting antenna for transmitting a RF signal used to detect the transmitted acoustic signal; a receiving antenna for receiving a reflection of the RF signal from the acoustic signal; a RF subsystem including a RF sweep generator for producing a frequency modulated, continuous wave (FM-CW) RF signal, a homodyne receiver for receiving the reflected RF signal and for producing an output audio signal in response thereto, and a distribution unit for supplying the FM-CW RF signal from the RF sweep generator to the RF transmitting antenna for transmission thereby, and to the homodyne receiver as a local oscillation signal so that the received reflected RF signal is phase coherent with the transmitted FM-CW RF signal; a programmable filter for filtering out undesirable frequency components of the output audio signal from the homodyne receiver;

Abstract: A surveying instrument for satellite position-measuring includes, a range finder (2), which is preferably non-contact-measuring and tiltable, combined with a satellite receiver (1) in a geometrically unambiguously defined relative position. These two instrument parts are mounted geometrically unambiguously in common plumb rod (3) or on a measurement stand. A vertical sensor (4) and a sighting device (5) are additionally provided, whereby simultaneous monitoring and setting respectively of the vertical direction and of the direction of the range finder measurement beam is permitted. Using the instrument, it is also possible to determine, in terms of coordinates, such points which formerly could not be surveyed using satellite position-measuring systems.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring moving vehicular traffic, especially adapted for the detailed profiling and counting of airport usage by aircraft employing Doppler radar and sound generated by target aircraft. A primary parabolic reflector operated in the Cassegrainian mode with respect to Doppler radar radiation, employed in combination with a hyperbolic sub-reflector constructed so that it will reflect the radar radiation but remain transparent to sound waves is used to propagate and receive radar radiation, and to receive sound waves emanating from a target aircraft. Sound waves emanating from the target are received by the parabolic reflector and directed toward the parabolic reflector's primary focus where they strike a microphone placed at the primary focus of such reflector. The signal from the microphone and the information from the Dopple radar unit are processed by a central processing unit to provide a variety of information relating to the aircraft.

Abstract: An optical spherical Luneburg lens is described which is also useful for millimeter wave and microwave operation, which can provide a multitude of simultaneously acting receiving beams over a hemispherical or spherical field of view. When used in conjunction with surface mounted optical/radio frequency pickup elements, the lens can be employed in a passive target detection system of unique field of coverage and sensitivity. The lens comprises a center sphere of refractive index of approximately .sqroot.2, around which are arranged in concentric shells of aerogel material. The aerogel material of the respective shells is fabricated to obtain a particular index of refraction approximately equal to (2-(r/r.sub.0).sup.2).sup.1/2, where r is the radius of the shell and r.sub.0 is the radius of the lens assembly. The lens can be employed in a system providing dual mode simultaneous optical and radio frequency operation with a single aperture.

Abstract: A device for detecting a covert transmitter having a time varying impedance therein including a radio frequency transmitter and an audio frequency transmitter which are directed so as to illuminate a target area. The audio tone drives the active elements into a non-linear mode of operation to modulate the transmitted radio frequency. The re-radiated energy is detected by a further radio frequency receiver.

Abstract: An over the horizon communications system includes a transmitter for generating a signal to be communicated, an acoustic source located on the earth in a direction from the transmitter that the communication is to take place which is capable of providing periodic variations in the density of the atmosphere, and means for directing the transmitter at the variations to cause the signal to be redirected over the horizon to a point of reception. The point of reception may be a radar target and the signal may be returned, or the point of reception could be a communication receiver.

Abstract: This is a system for measuring ocean surface currents from an airborne platform. A radar system having two spaced antennas wherein one antenna is driven and return signals from the ocean surface are detected by both antennas is employed to get raw ocean current data which is saved for later processing. There are a pair of GPS systems including a first antenna carried by the platform at a first location and a second antenna carried by the platform at a second location displaced from the first antenna for determining the position of the antennas from signals from orbiting GPS navigational satellites. This data is also saved for later processing. The saved data is subsequently processed by a ground-based computer system to determine the position, orientation, and velocity of the platform as well as to derive measurements of currents on the ocean surface.

Abstract: A target detector (1) for detecting targets provided with transmitter means (3, 5) for simultaneous generation of different electromagnetic waves having different frequencies which are transmitted by means of an emission and detection device (2). The target detector is also provided with receiving means (3, 4, 5) for obtaining, by means of the emission and detection device (2), target signals comprising target information received at different frequencies. A signal processing unit (15, 16, 17) is provided for processing the target signals in combination to obtain target-representing signals.

Abstract: A portable target locator system capable of being transported and utilized by an individual combatant is disclosed. The portable target locator system comprises a rifle-like target locator and a transmitter/modem capable of transmitting target location coordinates to a weapons delivery system. The rifle-target locator preferably includes a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver capable of determining the location coordinates of the target locator automatically and with a high degree of accuracy from signals transmitted from a network of orbiting satellites. A laser rangefinder and digital azimuth and inclination sensor are then utilized to accurately determine the range, azimuth and inclination of an identified target from the target locator. This information is then processed in conjunction with the location coordinates of the target locator to generate location coordinates for the selected target.

Abstract: With the measurement of spatial movement of test points by means of ultrasonic signals, the problem exists that often interferences occur which may lead to distortion of test results. It is proposed to check the space between sound transmitter and sound receiver by means of electromagnetic waves, in particular light waves, for absence of obstacles, and/or not to use for the derivation of the distances those ultrasonic signals whose transit time and/or amplitude lie outside a given expectancy range, but to discard them.

Abstract: A vehicle sensing apparatus and method for detecting the size and speed of a vehicle travelling on a roadway. The apparatus comprises a directional microwave non-emitting antenna for collecting reflected microwave signals from above a roadway. An electronic vehicle sensing circuit is connected to the antenna for processing detected signals to identify a vehicle's physical parameter. The sensing circuit has an ambient temperature detector and a peak detector, the latter detecting a reflected temperature signal at said antenna and generating a detected temperature signal. A physical parameter calculating circuit is provided for determining the true amplitude of the detected signal and interpreted by the maximum ratio of the solid angles of the antenna beam filled by the vehicle to be detected and a roadway in the beam of the antenna. A processing circuit (ROM) is provided to identify the vehicle's physical parameter.

Abstract: A system for measuring height distributions of atmospheric temperature and wind velocity (wind direction and wind speed) utilizes the facts that a sound wavefront in the atmosphere constitutes part of an ellipsoidal surface and that there always exists a normal which passes through an interior point of the ellipsoid. The Doppler radar is capable of measuring a height distribution of wind velocity on the basis of Doppler frequencies of scattered waves produced by the atmospheric turbulence. The radar and generator are arranged on a straight line in the wind direction so that a radio wave from the radar is directed to the wavefront of a sound wave from the generator. The radar antenna beam is scanned so that it perpendicularly intersects the sound wavefront. The speed of the sound wavefront is measured from the Doppler frequencies of reflected waves. The sound speed is obtained by removing the wind speed component from the measured speed of the sound wavefront.

Abstract: A system for detecting the approach of a vehicle toward the line of sight an antenna comprises an alerter for receiving an acoustic noise signal from the vehicle and determining whether the signal is increasing or decreasing. The increase of a noise signal indicates the approach of a vehicle and is used to activate a power supply to supply power to a digital signal processor. The digital signal processor receives the acoustic signal and performs a comparison to determine whether the signal in fact is noise produced by a vehicle. If so, the digital signal processor activates a radar based primary sensor which more accurately detects the approach of the vehicle and determines the instant at which the vehicle passes an antanna of the sensor. When the vehicle passes the antenna, the digital processor receives data and produces an output signal that can be used to activate a counter to count the passage of vehicles, surveillance equipment or to fuse a mine if the vehicle is assumed to be hostile.