Abstract: A plasma array of plural plasma containers of selected shapes and a selected spacial distribution, contain variable plasma density within each container and from one container to the next for establishing plasma frequency ranges from zero to an arbitrary plasma frequency. The plasma array is operating in a mode to transmit, receive, filter, reflect and/or refract radiation.

Abstract: A thin electromagnetic phase shifting element, named phase and amplitude shifting surface (PASS), is disclosed. The PASS is capable of independently altering both the phase and the amplitude distribution of the electromagnetic fields propagating through the structure. The element comprises a few patterned metallic layers separated by dielectric layers. The patterns of the metallic layers are tuned to locally alter the phase and/or the amplitude of an incoming electromagnetic wave to a prescribed set of desired values for the outgoing electromagnetic wave. The PASS can be applied to design components such as gratings, lenses, holograms, and various types of antennas in the microwave, millimetre wave and sub-millimetre wave.

Abstract: A planar scanning antenna is configured for scanning and tracking. In one embodiment, the planar scanning antenna may include a transducer module configured to provide an electromagnetic beam. According to another aspect of the invention, the apparatus may include a first planar dielectric element having an axis of rotation and configured to direct an electromagnetic beam. In one embodiment, a second planar dielectric element oriented adjacent to the first planar dielectric element and having the axis of rotation may be configured to direct electromagnetic energy. The apparatus may further include a mounting structure arranging the transducer module and the first and second planar dielectric elements. In yet another embodiment, the apparatus may include a drive means for positioning the first planar dielectric element independently from the second planar dielectric element.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a cellular reflectarray antenna arranged in an m by n matrix of radiating elements for communication with a satellite includes steps of determining a delay ?m,n for each of said m by n matrix of elements of said cellular reflectarray antenna using sub-steps of: determining the longitude and latitude of operation, determining elevation and azimuth angles of the reflectarray with respect to the satellite and converting theta0 (?0) and phi0 (?0), determining ??m,n, the pointing vector correction, for a given inter-element spacing and wavelength, determining ??m,n, the spherical wave front correction factor, for a given radius from the central element and/or from measured data from the feed horn; and, determining a delay ?m,n for each of said m by n matrix of elements as a function of ??m,n and ??m,n.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of reflectarray antennas, that is to say antennas consisting of a primary illumination source and a phase-shifting plate consisting of an array of cells each having a coefficient of reflection the phase of which is electronically controlled. According to the invention, each cell consists of a waveguide element closed at one of its ends by a dielectric substrate wafer carrying an electrical circuit formed by three parallel conducting strips. A variable capacitor, produced either in MEMS technology or by means of a ferroelectric element, is implanted by means of bonding wires on the electrical circuit etched on the substrate.

Abstract: The invention provides an improved array antenna, an array antenna system and an improved method for utilizing the improved array antenna and array antenna system. This is accomplished by an array antenna comprising a region of reference potential, e.g. a ground plane, and a spatially extended collection of at least two antenna elements capable of being at least partly balanced driven and at least partly unbalanced driven. The antenna elements have a first radiating element connected to a first port and a second radiating element connected to a second port. In other words, the antenna element has at least two ports. The radiating elements are arranged substantially adjacent and parallel to each other so as to extend at least a first distance approximately perpendicularly from said region of reference potential.

Abstract: The device permits remote actuation on the slope angle of an antenna consisting of two units, one electric and one mechanical, physically separated and connected forming a single arrangement, in which each of the units is provided with its own casing. The mechanical unit supports an electromotor coil positioning sensors, a driving gear, and a gear wheel engaged with the pinion. The electronic unit is provided with supply and communication connection terminals, an electronic circuit, a sensor for reading initial reference positioning and a casing. Both are connected by means of a cable and connector. Due to the independent manner in which the mechanical and electrical units are arranged, it is possible to obtain a watertight electronic unit protected from damp, independent replacement in a simple manner of both units, and the visualization of the indicator rod's position and movement.

Abstract: A phased array mm-wave device includes a substrate, a mm-wave transmitter integrated onto the substrate configured to transmit a mm-wave signal and/or a mm-wave receiver integrated onto the substrate and configured to receive a mm-wave signal. The mm-wave device also includes a phased array antenna system integrated onto the substrate and including two or more antenna elements. The phased array mm-wave device also includes one or more dielectric lenses. A distributed mm-wave distributed combining tree circuit includes at least two pairs of differential transconductors with regenerative degeneration and accepts at least two differential input signals. Two mm-wave loopback methods measure the phased array antenna patterns and the performance of an integrated receiver transmitter system.

Abstract: A plurality of antenna elements on a dielectric substrate are adapted to launch or receive electromagnetic waves in or from a direction substantially away from either a convex or concave edge of the dielectric substrate, wherein at least two of the antenna elements operate in different directions. Slotlines of tapered-slot endfire antennas in a first conductive layer of a first side of the dielectric substrate are coupled to microstrip lines of a second conductive layer on the second side of the dielectric substrate. A bi-conical reflector, conformal cylindrical dielectric lens, or discrete lens array improves the H-plane radiation pattern. Dipole or Yagi-Uda antenna elements on the conductive layer of the dielectric substrate can be used in cooperation with associated reflective elements, either alone or in combination with a corner-reflector of conductive plates attached to the conductive layers proximate to the endfire antenna elements.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a cellular reflectarray antenna arranged in an m by n matrix of radiating elements for communication with a satellite includes steps of determining a delay ?m,n for each of said m by n matrix of elements of said cellular reflectarray antenna using sub-steps of: determining the longitude and latitude of operation, determining elevation and azimuth angles of the reflectarray with respect to the satellite and converting theta0 (?0) and phi0 (?0), determining ??m,n, the pointing vector correction, for a given inter-element spacing and wavelength, determining ??m,n, the spherical wave front correction factor, for a given radius from the central element and/or from measured data from the feed horn; and, determining a delay ?m,n for each of said m by n matrix of elements as a function of ??m,n and ??m,n..

Abstract: The invention provides an antenna array suitable for use in a base station in a wireless communications network, the antenna array having a first beamforming arrangement for producing uplink beams and a second beamforming arrangement for producing downlink beams, wherein the first and second beamforming arrangements are different from one another. Preferably the first and second beamforming arrangements feed a common antenna array to produce the uplink and downlink beams. Particularly preferably a plurality of (sin x/x) beams are formed for the uplink, and a plurality of low cusp beams are formed for the downlink. These are advantageously dual polar, in order to achieve diversity gain. In a preferred embodiment, the antenna array is arranged such that three dual polar low cusp beams are formed for the downlink, and six dual polar (sin x/x) beams are formed for the uplink.

Abstract: A multibeam antenna comprising: a plurality of primary radiating elements, each associated to a respective beam; and an active radiating structure comprising a first planar array of radiating elements, a second planar array composed by a same number of radiating elements, a set of connections between each radiating element of the first planar array and one corresponding element of the second planar array, and a set of power amplifiers for amplifying signals transmitted through said connections; wherein: the relative positions of the radiating elements of the first and second planar arrays and phase delays introduced by said connections are such that the radiating structure forms an active discrete converging lens; and said primary radiating elements are clustered on a focal surface of said lens, facing the first planar array; characterized in that said first and second planar arrays are both aperiodic. A method of manufacturing such an antenna.

Abstract: The invention concerns an inhomogeneous lens with Maxwell's Fish-eye type gradient index (1), made in the shape of a hemisphere. The invention is characterized in that the lens comprises N hemispheric concentric shells (2 to 4), with different discrete dielectric constants and mutually interlaced without void between the two successive shells, with 3?N?20, the discrete dielectric constants of the N shells being such that they define a discrete distribution close to the theoretical distribution of the index inside the lens.

Abstract: A parallel plate beam forming lens is formed form at least three parallel plates, and includes a plurality of beam port waveguides, each coupled to a beam port divider with a step increase in waveguide height. The beam port divider comprises a first divider having two outputs separated by a resistive septum, each of which is coupled to a second divider having two outputs separated by a resistive septum, with all of the second divider outputs coupled to a lens region through beam port apertures. On the opposite end from the beam port waveguides is a plurality of array port waveguides forming a transformer, thereafter to a section of waveguide, and thereafter to an array port divider including a resistive septum coupled to the lens region and a step decrease in waveguide height. Also positioned at the extents of the beam port apertures and the array port apertures are a plurality of dummy ports.

Abstract: A method of changing phase of a microwave electromagnetic beam in free space is provided wherein a cascade of device layers is located transverse to a path of the microwave beam. Each of the device layers have one or more columns. Each column has a device combination series-coupled to an adjacent device combination in the column. Each device combination has a first device having inductive characteristics at microwave frequencies and a second device series-coupled to the first device. The second device has at microwave frequencies characteristics of a fixed capacitance in parallel with a variable capacitance. The capacitance of one or more of the second devices is variable to establish a desired phase shift and a desired frequency band edge within a desired frequency pass band.

Abstract: A spatially-fed high-power amplifier comprises one or more shaped reflectors to reflect an initial wavefront, and an active array amplifier to amplify the reflected wavefront to generate a high-power planar wavefront. The shaped reflectors provide the reflected wavefront with substantially uniform amplitude when incident on the active array amplifier. The initial wavefront may be a substantially spherical wavefront, and the shaped reflectors may compensate for any amplitude taper of the initial wavefront to provide the reflected wavefront with substantially uniform amplitude components for incident on the active array amplifier. In some embodiments, the shaped reflectors may also contour the illumination to fit the shape of the active array amplifier to help minimize spillover.

Abstract: A metamaterial having a negative refractive index is presented, which has a dielectric carrier material (12; 48), first electrically conductive sections (14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4) and second electrically conductive sections (16.1, 16.2). The metamaterial is distinguished by the fact that the dielectric carrier material (12; 48) is realized as a volume which consists of one piece and which has at least one inner area which is prestructured by positive or negative rib or mesa structures (52.1, 52.2) in the dielectric carrier material (48) and is covered with first sections (14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4) and second sections (16.1, 16.2) in such a way that the first sections form capacitive series impedances upon illumination with an electromagnetic wave having a specific propagation direction and polarization, while the second sections are arranged in such a way that they form inductive shunt impedances upon the illumination.

Abstract: An antenna system comprising a first multi-layer Printed Circuit Board having multiple antenna elements disposed thereon, at least a second multi-layer PCB, which is mounted below the first multi-layer PCB, and which comprises electronic components for processing Radio Frequency signals received by the antenna elements; and multiple RF transitions, which are mounted between the first and second multi-layer PCBs and are operative to transfer the RF signals from the first multi-layer PCB for processing by the electronic components in the second multi-layer PCB.

Abstract: A single pole antenna array architecture provides an azimuth variable beamwidth. The array includes a number of driven radiating elements that are spatially arranged having a pivoting actuator so as to provide a controlled variation of the antenna array's radiation pattern.

Abstract: A broadcast receiver includes a smart antenna, a tuner which extracts a signal of predetermined channel from among airwaves received by the smart antenna, a signal processing unit which processes the signal extracted by the tuner, and a control unit, in a case the airwave has become unreceivable, to set a pointing direction of the antenna on that occasion as a reference direction, to shift the pointing direction a predetermined magnitude counterclockwise or clockwise, and to decide propriety of reception of the airwave. The control unit iterates counterclockwise and clockwise shifts alternately in a region near the reference direction, while the shift magnitude of the pointing direction is being increased in succession and so that the direction as to which the propriety of reception has been decided once may not be included in the directions of the shifts, until the reception of the airwave becomes possible.

Abstract: In general, in one aspect, the disclosure describes a semiconductor antenna having a plurality of antenna elements and a switching network formed in the same semiconductor die. The switching network is to control activation of the antenna elements.

Abstract: A communication system including a first station having at least two first narrow beam antennas and a second station having at least two second narrow beam antennas. The first and second stations establish a first communication path for wireless communication via a pair of first and second narrow beam antennas. When communication via the first communication path is disturbed by obstacles, the first and second stations automatically establish at least one alternative communication path, which is spatially different from the first communication path, for wireless communication using the at least two first narrow beam antennas and the at least two second narrow beam antennas.

Abstract: A planar scanning antenna is configured for scanning and tracking. In one embodiment, the planar scanning antenna may include a transducer module configured to provide an electromagnetic beam. According to another aspect of the invention, the apparatus may include a first planar dielectric element having an axis of rotation and configured to direct an electromagnetic beam. In one embodiment, a second planar dielectric element oriented adjacent to the first planar dielectric element and having the axis of rotation may be configured to direct electromagnetic energy. The apparatus may further include a mounting structure arranging the transducer module and the first and second planar dielectric elements. In yet another embodiment, the apparatus may include a drive means for positioning the first planar dielectric element independently from the second planar dielectric element.

Abstract: A low-profile lens element for steering a beam is provided. Specifically, the low-profile lens element is mechanically rotatable such that a beam can be steered in any direction within three-dimensional space. The lens element may include a number of discrete portions for differentially delaying adjacent discrete portions of a beam in order to effect beam steering.

Abstract: An RF beam steering device employs a prism assembly to steer an RF beam and a compensation device to address undesirable movement of the beam steering device. The prism assembly includes a plurality of dielectric prisms each with an associated impedance matching layer. The dielectric prisms are rotated relative to each other to steer the RF beam in a desired direction and further to compensate for movement of the beam steering device itself. The prisms include a plurality of individual panels with drilled or slotted openings that are arranged to create a periodic photonic crystal structure within a defined region. This configuration effectively alters the dielectric constant over any one particular region of a panel, thereby altering the level of diffraction possible for a specified panel thickness. The openings within each stacked panel are overlapped to produce the required level of diffraction and refractive index gradient.

Abstract: A single-layer adaptive plane array antenna device includes a variable reactance circuit including a variable capacitance circuit controlled by bias voltage, a resonating folded line bias circuit having an AC grounding node for supplying the bias voltage to the variable capacitance circuit, for transmitting the bias voltage to the variable capacitance circuit including a thin line interconnecting spacer for transmitting the bias voltage to the variable capacitance circuit side and first and second open folded stubs each of which is connected to the thin line interconnecting spacer, each of which is also disposed in parallel with a longitudinal direction of each other in a prescribed small gap with the thin-line interconnecting spacer, each of which has a folded shape and each of which functions as an inductance element and a capacitance element respectively for separating the variable capacitance circuit from the AC grounding node.

Abstract: An array antenna has antenna subarray elements connected to antenna ports of an array of planar beamformer boards. The beamforming elements are mounted in integrated circuits which bridge the junctions between adjacent circuit boards.

Abstract: In accordance with an embodiment, a phased array antenna system includes a printed wiring board formed in rhombic shape that accommodates requirements for low observability and a beam forming network located within the printed wiring board. The beam forming network is located over substantially the entire printed wiring board. The embodiment includes connectors located on the backside of the printed wiring board. The back side connectors allow the array architecture to expand to include more subarrays and therefore allowing for more beam forming elements in a full size array than conventional phased arrays.

Abstract: A plurality of antenna end-fire antenna feed elements at a corresponding plurality of locations and oriented in a corresponding plurality of directions on a third dielectric substrate cooperate with a discrete lens array comprising a plurality of electromagnetic lens elements, each of which comprises first and second broadside antenna elements adjacent to respective first and second dielectric substrates and a conductive layer therebetween, wherein the conductive layer is adapted with at least one coupling slot in cooperation with associated first and second broadside antenna elements so as to provide for a delay element operative between the first and second broadside antenna elements, wherein the coupling slots are adapted so that a delay period of at least one of the electromagnetic lens elements is different from a delay period of at least another of the electromagnetic lens elements so as to provide for a nominal focal surface of the dielectric lens.

Abstract: A space-fed array is selectively operable in a reflective mode or in a feed-through mode. The array includes, in an exemplary embodiment, a primary array; and a feed array. The primary array includes a first side set of radiating elements, a first set of phase shifters, a set of switches, a second set of phase shifters and a second side set of radiating elements. Each of the switches is connected between corresponding ones of the first set and the second set of phase shifters and ground, selectively settable at an open position or at a closed position. The open position corresponds to the feed through mode, and the closed position corresponds to the reflective mode.

Abstract: A space-fed conformal array for a high altitude airship includes a primary array lens assembly adapted for conformal mounting to a non-planar airship surface. The lens assembly includes a first set of radiator elements and a second set of radiator elements, the first set and the second set spaced apart by a spacing distance. The first set of radiators faces outwardly from the airship surface to provide a radiating aperture. The second set of radiators faces inwardly toward an inner space of the airship, for illumination by a feed array spaced from the second set of radiators.

Abstract: An antenna mountable on a weapons platform, a communication system and methods of estimating position or range and conducting directional communication. In one embodiment, the antenna includes: (1) a Luneberg lens portion having a substantially planar surface and a convex surface, (2) a radio frequency (RF) reflective layer located proximate the substantially planar surface and (3) a feed horn array located proximate the convex surface and configured to receive RF signals through the Luneberg lens portion and reflected off the RF reflective layer.

Abstract: A system for steering a beam includes a main reflector that receives a signal from a subreflector and reflects the signal in a reflection direction. A prism refracts the signal in a refraction direction. One or more motors adjust a relative orientation between the main reflector and the prism to change a relative orientation between the reflection direction and the refraction direction to steer a beam resulting from the signal.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a dual interface card includes at least the following step: collocating multiple card support sheets one onto the other, some of these sheets showing holes, in order to form a recess adapted to receive the dual interface module, one of the sheets supporting the antenna having solid metallic contact pads at least partially freely accessible in the recess depositing a conductive adhesive onto the contact pads positioning the dual interface module in the recess such that the pads of the module are contacting the conductive adhesive executing one single lamination step of the sheets with the module in order to: laminate the multiple layers together in order to form the card body embed the dual interface module in the recess and achieve the curing of the isotropic conductive adhesive and the permanent electrical contact between the antenna and the dual interface module.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cylindrical electronically scanned antenna. The antenna has: a set of radiating guides (2) arranged in cylinder form for, producing the antenna beam (8); An array (3) of 3 dB couplers is arranged in waveguide form. The inputs of the array are lit by a set of microwave feeds (4). The output of each coupler is coupled to the input of a radiating guide (2). An array of pairs of phase-shifting cells is, each coupled to a 3 dB coupler. An incoming wave from the microwave feeds (4) is phase-shifted by a controllable phase shift ??. The angular offset of the antenna beam (8) is dependent on this phase shift ??. The invention is typically applicable for equipping masts, in particular on ships.

Abstract: An apparatus and related methods are described, the apparatus comprising a composite material layer configured to exhibit at least one of a negative effective permittivity and a negative effective permeability for radiation of at least one wavelength propagating therethrough. The apparatus further comprises a layer of gain material proximal to the composite material layer, the layer of gain material providing amplification for the propagating radiation. The layer of gain material is disposed within a laser cavity and pumped to a lasing condition for the laser cavity, the layer of gain material thereby providing gain-clamped amplification for the propagating radiation.

Abstract: A multiple antenna wireless system including a transmitter and a receiver comprises a reconfigurable large antenna array having a plurality of antennas. A plurality of RF chains in the transmitter is coupled to the reconfigurable large antenna array. A pilot assisted round robin channel estimation means tracks the fading channel; and an adaptive round robin transmit beamforming means beam forms the reconfigurable large antenna array. A method for multiple antenna wireless communication comprising the steps of tracking a plurality of fading channels in a reconfigurable large antenna array having a plurality of antennas using pilot assisted round robin channel estimation to selectively couple a plurality of RF chains in the transmitter to the reconfigurable large antenna array, and adaptively, round-robin transmit beamforming the reconfigurable large antenna array.

Abstract: An antenna including an array of N-port receive antennas; an array of M-port transmit antennas; and a plurality of cells for coupling the receive antennas to the transmit antennas, each cell having plural amplifiers coupled between the receive antenna and the transmit antenna thereof. The amplifiers may be replaced with injection-locked oscillators. In the best mode, an arrangement is included for distributing signals between the ports of the receive antenna and the amplifiers and between the amplifiers and the transmit antenna. This arrangement may be a manifold such as a network of power combiners and dividers.

Abstract: A high impedance surface (300) has a printed circuit board (302) with a first surface (314) and a second surface (316), and a continuous electrically conductive plate (319) disposed on the second surface (316) of the printed circuit board (302). A plurality of electrically conductive plates (318) is disposed on the first surface (314) of the printed circuit board (302), while a plurality of elements are also provided. Each element comprises at least one of (1) at least one multi-layer inductor (330, 331) electrically coupled between at least two of the electrically conductive plates (318) and embedded within the printed circuit board (302), and (2) at least one capacitor (320) electrically coupled between at least two of the electrically conductive plates (318).

Abstract: A satellite ground station to receive signals with different polarization modes is described. In one example, the system includes a method of receiving a signal from a satellite at a feed, producing a first signal having a first polarization and a second signal having a second orthogonal polarization from the feed signal, and synthesizing a third signal having a third polarization different from the first and second signal and a fourth signal having fourth polarization orthogonal to the third polarization.

Abstract: A planar waveguide structure for creating a phase gradient between the input signals of a system of antenna elements requires relatively little space and also ensures relatively low-loss beam deflection. The waveguide structure is provided on a dielectric microwave substrate, which has at least one conductive layer on both sides. At least one of the two conductive layers is structured and constitutes the signal side of the wave structure, while the other conductive layer is used as ground. The waveguide structure includes at least one parallel plate guide having beam lobe ports for signal feed and signal pickup. This parallel plate guide has a curved-shaped reflector contour so that it functions as a signal reflector.

Abstract: An antenna control system for setting the tilt angle of a main lobe of an antenna, in particular of an antenna constituting part of a base station in a mobile cellular communication system, said antenna comprising a plurality of antenna elements and phase shifting means for varying the phase of at least one signal being fed to said antenna elements, wherein adjustment of said phase of said signal is achieved by actuating an operating element, and wherein actuation of said operating element is achieved by operating an operating element actuator. The operating element actuator is coupled to the operating element of the phase shifting means by means of a force field coupling.

Abstract: An IC tag communication system according to an aspect of the present invention includes: a plurality of reader antennas which receive radio waves emitted from an IC tag attached to an article, the radio waves being at least partly overlapped with each other; a plurality of readers which are connected respectively to the reader antennas; and a phase adjustment section for adjusting the phases of the radio waves that the reader antennas receive to each other.

Abstract: An antenna system for providing network access services to wireless users generates at least a first and a second antenna beam, where the second antenna beam is movable with respect to the first. Additional antenna beams may also be generated. During installation of the antenna system, an installer may adjust the position of the second antenna beam (and possibly other antenna beams) in a manner that enhances the maximum data-rate coverage area of the antenna system for a given deployment region.

Abstract: A gas plasma antenna with a rigid, flexible, or semi-flexible substrate and an improved method of generating a uniform electron density. The antenna comprises a plasma display panel (PDP) containing a multiplicity of Plasma-shells, each Plasma-shell containing a gas which is ionized to produce electron density. Each Plasma-shell acts alone or in concert with other Plasma-shells to form a dipole or pattern of dipoles.

Abstract: An RF beam steering device according to present invention embodiments employs a prism assembly to steer an RF beam. The prism assembly includes a plurality of dielectric prisms each with an associated impedance matching layer. The dielectric prisms are rotated relative to each other to steer the RF beam. The prisms include a plurality of individual panels with drilled or slotted openings that are arranged to create a periodic photonic crystal structure within a defined region. This configuration effectively alters the dielectric constant over any one particular region of a panel, thereby altering the level of diffraction possible for a specified panel thickness. The openings within each stacked panel are overlapped to produce the required level of diffraction and refractive index gradient. Motors rotate the prisms relative to each other to the correct orientation for steering the RF beam in a desired manner.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a polarization control system for an antenna array comprises a number of first and second antenna elements and a beam forming network. The first antenna elements have a direction of polarization that is different from a direction of polarization of the second antenna elements. The beam forming network, which is coupled to the first and second antenna elements, is operable to provide a second signal to a first subset of the plurality of first antenna elements that is different from a first signal that is provided to the other first antenna elements and provide a third signal to a second subset of the second antenna elements that is different from the first signal that is provided to the other second antenna elements.

Abstract: An RF beam steering device employs a prism assembly to steer an RF beam and a compensation device to address undesirable movement of the beam steering device. The prism assembly includes a plurality of dielectric prisms each with an associated impedance matching layer. The dielectric prisms are rotated relative to each other to steer the RF beam in a desired direction and further to compensate for movement of the beam steering device itself. The prisms include a plurality of individual panels with drilled or slotted openings that are arranged to create a periodic photonic crystal structure within a defined region. This configuration effectively alters the dielectric constant over any one particular region of a panel, thereby altering the level of diffraction possible for a specified panel thickness. The openings within each stacked panel are overlapped to produce the required level of diffraction and refractive index gradient.

Abstract: A phased array antenna device is described. The phased array antenna device includes at least one one-dimensional phased array of radiating elements arranged along an array direction, a lens, and a phase control element. The lens is arranged such that divergent beams from the radiating elements are collimated by the lens in a direction orthogonal to the array direction to produce a beam. The phase control element is configured to apply a linear phase gradient to the radiating elements thereby providing one-dimensional electronic beam steering for the antenna device. The antenna device may additionally include one or two mechanical positioners to mechanically move the at least one one-dimensional phased array in directions orthogonal to the array direction, where the phased array enables scanning along the array direction.

Abstract: An apparatus based on composite right-handed or left-handed (CRLH) principles to provide a transmission line or antenna structure having a plurality of cells to which one or more feed ports are attached. The apparatus is based on an equivalent circuit Right-Hand (RH) series induction (LR) and shunt capacitor (CR), and Left-Hand (LH) series capacitor (CL) and induction (LL), in which effective permittivity (e) and permeability (m) of the structure are manipulated by the choice of CR, LR, CL, and LL. One embodiment describes mushroom antenna cells (1D or 2D array) in which vias extend up from a feed network on a ground plane through at least one dielectric region to each of a first plurality of conductive elements (plates or strips). Optionally, a second plurality of conductive elements are disposed between first and second dielectric layers to form metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors to lower resonance frequency.