Abstract: An image generating apparatus generates a panoramic image by transforming at least one divided area including a range onto which a scene viewed from an observation point is projected, out of eight divided areas obtained by dividing the surface of a sphere having at least a partial range onto which the scene is projected, with three planes that pass through the center of the sphere and are orthogonal to each other, into such an area that the number of pixels corresponding to mutually equal latitudes is progressively reduced toward higher latitudes, and placing the transformed area on a plane, and outputs the generated panoramic image.

Abstract: An encoder includes a processor and a memory. The encoder may perform a method of progressive compression. In one example implementation, the method may include determining a priority value for each edge of a plurality of edges, the priority value of an edge of the plurality of edges determined based on an error metric value and an estimated encoding cost associated with the edge. The method may further include determining a set of edges for collapse, the set of edges determined from the plurality of edges based on the priority values and collapsing the set of edges and generating vertex split information. In some implementations, the method may include entropy encoding the vertex split information.

Abstract: A system includes an augmented virtual reality (AVR) object creation engine, an AVR object enhancement engine, an AVR object positioning engine, and an AVR media authoring engine. The AVR object creation engine is configured to convert real world data into one or more AVR objects. The AVR object enhancement engine is configured to enhance the one or more AVR objects to include at least one of processed data visualization and multiuser controls. The AVR object positioning engine is configured to position the enhanced one or more AVR objects in a virtual space-time. The AVR media authoring engine is configured to make available, as AVR media, a scene tree including the virtual space-time in which the enhanced one or more AVR objects are positioned.

Abstract: An airborne optronic equipment item comprises: at least one image sensor suitable for acquiring a plurality of images of a region flown over by a carrier of the equipment item; and a data processor configured or programmed to receive at least one acquired image and transmit it to a display device; wherein the data processor is also configured or programmed to: access a database of images of the region flown over; extract from the database information to synthesize a virtual image of the region which would be seen by an observer situated at a predefined observation point and looking, with a predefined field of view, along a predefined line of sight; synthesize the virtual image; and transmit it to a display device. A method for using such an equipment item is provided.

Abstract: A video signal receiving apparatus receives a first and second video signals for transmitting a same video content. When determining a size adjustment amount of a second video included in the second video signal, the video signal receiving apparatus performs scaling processing on a second image included in the second video signal to generate a scaling image and performs shift processing on the second image to generate a shift image. The video signal receiving apparatus calculates a similarity degree between a first image included in the first video signal and the scaling image, calculates a similarity degree between the first image and the shift image, and uses the scaling image or the shift image having the higher calculated similarity degree as an image to be subjected to the next scaling processing and the next shift processing.

Abstract: There is provided an information processing device, an information processing method, and a program that can facilitate a user to perceive a stereoscopic vision object, the information processing device including: a display control unit configured to perform movement control of a stereoscopic vision object perceived by a user from a start depth that is different from a target depth to the target depth on a basis of mode specifying information that specifies a mode of the movement control that supports stereoscopic vision by the user, and an information processing method including: performing movement control of a stereoscopic vision object perceived by a user from a start depth that is different from a target depth to the target depth on a basis of mode specifying information that specifies a mode of the movement control that supports stereoscopic vision by the user.

Abstract: A three-dimensional (3D) rendering method and apparatus to render a 3D scene is disclosed. The 3D rendering apparatus determines color values of vertices shaded by a direct virtual light source, establishes one or more locations of one or more indirect virtual light sources in polygonal areas formed by the vertices based on the determined color values of the vertices, and renders a 3D scene based on the one or more indirect virtual light sources disposed at the determined one or more locations.

Abstract: An encoder includes a processor and a memory. The encoder generates a first plurality of levels of detail (LODs) and associated first type of vertex split records, each of the first type of vertex split records associated with an LOD of the first plurality of LODs is generated using a first type of collapse operator. The encoder initiates a switch from using the first type of collapse operator to a second type of collapse operator in response to a switching condition being satisfied. The encode further a second plurality of LODs and associated second type of vertex split records, each of the second type of vertex split records associated with a LOD of the second plurality of LODs is generated using the second type of collapse operator.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus that embeds additional information relating to an object that is displayed in a superimposing manner on a captured image, in an original image. The image processing apparatus includes a determining unit configured to determine whether a direction of the original image is a landscape or a portrait, and an embedment unit configured to embed the additional information in the original image. The additional information is information capable of at least specifying a type of the object and a display direction, of the object with respect to a display screen, in a case of displaying the object in a superimposing manner on the captured image. The embedment unit embeds the additional information based on the determination by the determining unit, such that the display direction changes in accordance with whether the direction of the original image is the landscape or the portrait.

Abstract: This document describes a system for animating a two-dimensional object in real-time with gestural data collected by a gestural sensor of the system. A gestural sensor collects gestural data. An image extraction engine extracts image data that renders a two-dimensional object on a display device of the system. An overlay engine generates a mesh overlay for the two-dimensional object. Based on a detected gesture represented in the gestural data collected, an animation engine modifies portions of the two-dimensional object from a first image frame to a second image frame based on the collected gestural data. An image frame generator generates the first and second image frames that animate the two-dimensional object in accordance with the gestural data collected.

Abstract: A method for projecting a 3D surface geometry onto a planar projection comprises: obtaining a 3D geometry of a chamber surface using an algorithm that generates angles and distances between points on the chamber surface that represent mapping information; applying a cutting curve to at least two points on the chamber surface; and at least partially unfolding at least a portion of the chamber surface along the cutting curve to form a planar projection that optimally preserves the angles and distances between points on the chamber surface.

Abstract: An optical attenuator, when damaged, loses not only a light attenuation function but also part of an optical path shift function utilizing a refractive effect, and thus an optical path shift function in a normal state is lost. Thus, it is possible to diverts an optical path of modulate light, which is a laser beam, from a direction toward a mirror surface, that is, a direction toward the eye of an observer.

Abstract: Various embodiments enable curves to be drawn around 3-D objects by intelligently determining or inferring how the curve flows in the space around the outside of the 3-D object. The various embodiments enable such curves to be drawn without having to constantly rotate the 3-D object. In at least some embodiments, curve flow is inferred by employing a vertex position discovery process, a path discovery process, and a final curve construction process.

Abstract: In a wearable information display terminal, information related to an object is displayed at a timing required by a user in an easily recognized form. Photography is performed in a field-of-vision direction, a first object is detected from a first image obtained by the photography, relevant information related to the first object is acquired from a network, and a second image related to the relevant information is generated. A second object different from the first object is detected from the first image, the second object is used as a display trigger, and the second image is displayed when the second object is close to the first object.

Abstract: An interactive avatar display system provides a computer-generated view of a virtual space including an avatar that moves in the virtual space in response to movements of the user that are sensed by sensors. The number of sensed movements is less than the number of degrees of freedom of avatar movement. The interactive avatar display system computes an array of accelerations to apply to movable body parts of the avatar and computes the array of accelerations by solving equations of motions from masses of the movable body parts and an array of forces computed from an array of inverse dynamics force values for the movable body parts and one or both of an array of balance control force values or an array of locomotion control force values, taking into account a set of constraints for the avatar, and possible also environmental objects in the virtual space.

Abstract: Described herein are a system and techniques for performing partially or fully automatic retopology of an object model. In some embodiments, the techniques may involve categorizing and/or segmenting an object model into a number of regions. 3D data in each region may then be compared to 3D data in corresponding regions for a number of similar object models in order to identify a closest matching corresponding region. The techniques may also involve identifying a set of edges stored in relation to each closest matching corresponding region for each region of an object model. Each set of edges may be conformed to the 3D data of its corresponding region. Once conformed, the sets of edges may be compiled into a cage for the object model, from which a mesh may be generated.

Abstract: An image processing device according to an aspect of the embodiment includes an image generating unit that generates an image at a virtual viewpoint based on a captured image of an image capturing unit, and an image processing unit that generates an image in which an image for synthesis is displayed on the image at the virtual viewpoint. The image processing unit performs a process for decreasing visibility of the image for synthesis when the image at the virtual viewpoint is an image at a viewpoint location of the virtual viewpoint while the viewpoint location is moving.

Abstract: A semiconductor device including a first processor having a first register, the first processor configured to perform region of interest (ROI) calculations using the first register; and a second processor having a second register, the second processor configured to perform arithmetic calculations using the second register. The first register is shared with the second processor, and the second register is shared with the first processor.

Abstract: When the type of PDL data is switched, a resource that is already developed cannot be used. A memory control apparatus configured to process received PDL data includes a developing unit configured to develop the received PDL data in a first memory area, and develop a resource to be used by the PDL data in a second memory area, a determination unit configured to determine whether stored activation information is a first value or a second value, and a control unit configured to perform control for releasing the first memory area and deleting the resource developed in the second memory area, in a case where the activation information is determined to be the first value, and configured to release the first memory area and not deleting the resource developed in the second memory area, in a case where the activation information is determined to be the second value.

Abstract: The disclosed techniques enable virtual content displayed in an experience to be restricted and/or tailored based on a user identification. User information (e.g., login name, authentication credentials such as a password or biometric data, etc.) can be used to determine and/or authenticate an identification of a user that enters and/or consumes an experience via a head-mounted display device or another computing device connected to a head-mounted display device. The user identification can be used to determine which virtual content is displayed to the user as part of an experience. Consequently, different users that enter the same experience can be presented with different virtual content. This enables a creator of the experience to restrict the viewing of confidential and/or sensitive information. This also enables the creator of the experience to tailor or customize the virtual content that is displayed to each user that enters and/or consumes the experience.

Abstract: An image inspection apparatus includes: an imaging section for capturing an image of a workpiece from a certain direction; an illumination section for illuminating the workpiece from different directions at least three times; an illumination controlling section for sequentially turning on the illumination sections one by one; an imaging generating section for driving the imaging section to generate a plurality of images; a normal vector calculating section for calculating a normal vector with respect to the surface of the workpiece at each of pixels by use of a pixel value of each of pixels having a corresponding relation among the plurality of images; and a contour image generating section for performing differential processing in an X-direction and a Y-direction on the calculated normal vector at each of the pixels, to generate a contour image that shows a contour of inclination of the surface of the workpiece.

Abstract: This application relates generally to parallel computer processing, and more specifically, to parallel processing within a rendering engine via parallel scene graphs. One or more parallel scene graphs or parallel data graphs may be provided to a rendering engine. The rendering engine may identify dependencies within the parallel data structures and process, in parallel, one or more aspects of a the parallel data structure.

Abstract: The invention notably relates to a computer-implemented method for generating a 2D drawing representing a mechanical part. The method comprises providing a 3D modeled object which represents a 3D shape of the mechanical part. The method also comprises determining continuous 3D curves which each represent a respective instance of a predetermined set of visual characteristics of reflection lines defined on the 3D shape. The method also comprises projecting the determined continuous 3D curves on a 2D plane. The method provides an improved solution to generate a 2D drawing representing a mechanical part.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for generating a three-dimensional (3D) model of a target object. The method includes obtaining one or more image capture settings and capturing, using the one or more image capture settings, a plurality of two-dimensional (2D) images each including at least a portion of a coded target and at least a portion of the target object. The method further includes transmitting the plurality of 2D images to a model generation server and generating, by the model generation server based on the plurality of 2D images, the 3D model of the target object and one or more model characteristics of the 3D model.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed toward systems and methods for generating a composite radiographic image that corrects effects of parallax distortion. A sequence of radiographic images—including a series of discrete exposures or image frames from a fluoroscopic procedure—may be acquired using a C-arm apparatus. An exemplary method may include receiving a plurality of radiographic image frames pertaining to a patient, identifying a region of interest on the image frames, cropping the region of interest from a plurality of image frames, selecting a plurality of sequential portions of cropped image frames, and stitching together the selected portions to form a composite image that corrects effects of parallax distortion.

Abstract: An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a communication module comprising communication circuitry, a memory configured to store first information indicating first image data generated using a first rendering scheme based on a first polyhedron configured with a first number of surfaces and second information indicating second image data generated using a second rendering scheme based on a second polyhedron configured with a second number of surfaces, and a processor.

Abstract: A three-dimensional information augmented video see-through display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes a camera interface module which obtains at least two real images from at least two camera modules, a rectification module which performs rectification on the at least two real images, a lens distortion correction module which corrects at least two composite images obtained by combining a virtual image to the at least two real images, based on a lens distortion compensation value indicating a value for compensating for a distortion of a wide angle lens for the at least two real images, and an image generation module which performs side-by-side image processing on the at least two composite images to generate a three-dimensional image for virtual reality VR or augmented reality AR.

Abstract: Virtual environments may be presented to a user with an inclusion of one or more applications, but many such techniques for integrating the applications with the virtual environment may exhibit disadvantages. For example, a two-dimensional “flat” rendering of the application may require a loss of visual depth, and/or may appear inconsistent; an immersive presentation that is mutually exclusive with the presentation of the virtual environment may achieve very limited integration; and a holographic presentation may appear incongruous. Such techniques may also increase presentation latency, with noticeable and significant consequences. Instead, the virtual environment may define an application region, and may notify the application of the application region and a perspective of the user within the virtual environment.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an electronic display assembly includes a sensor array located on one side of a circuit board, an electronic display array located on an opposite side of the circuit board from the sensor array, and a logic unit layer coupled to one side of the circuit board. The logic unit layer is configured to receive first signals from the sensor array, perform at least one operation on the received first signals to create second signals, and transmit the second signals to the electronic display array. The first signals are communicated using a particular signal protocol and correspond to light captured by sensor pixels of the sensor array. The second signals are communicated using the particular signal protocol of the first signals and are operable to instruct the electronic display array to display light corresponding to the light captured by the plurality of sensor pixels.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for determining an irradiation trajectory for the movement of a treatment device for irradiating an anatomical structure with ionising treatment radiation, the method comprising steps of acquiring medical image data describing a medical image of the anatomical structure; determining, based on the medical image data, image concavity data; acquiring predetermined concavity data; determining, based on the image concavity data and the predetermined concavity data, partition data; determining, based on the medical image data, partition boundary data; and determining, based on the partition boundary data, irradiation trajectory data.

Abstract: A user interface for animating digital artwork includes a two-part control to change scale, rotation, and/or shear. A stationary portion is manipulated by the user while a moveable portion moves during manipulation to reflect a deformation position resulting from the control For example, a system may store an artwork having a tessellated mesh bounded by an alpha edge and a bend handle associated with at least a first vertex of the mesh. The system also includes a user interface that implements a control for the bend handle. The control includes a stationary portion enabling the user to select a control value for the bend handle and a moveable portion that moves, during a manipulation event of the stationary portion, to a deformed position determined from the control value and from a position of at least one other handle associated with at least a second vertex of the vertices.

Abstract: Image quality of a depth map is improved in a distance measuring device for receiving intermittent light. In a pixel array unit, a plurality of pixels for receiving predetermined intermittent light is arranged in a two-dimensional lattice pattern. A continuous light image data generating unit generates continuous light image data in which a plurality of pieces of pixel data indicating a luminance of predetermined continuous light is arranged in a two-dimensional lattice pattern on the basis of received light data of each of the plurality of pixels. A depth map generating unit generates a depth map in which distance information corresponding to each of the plurality of pixels is arranged, from the received light data and the continuous light image data.

Abstract: The method provides detection of a plurality of spatial parameters which are assigned to one or both forearms of an operator. Processing markers generated from the spatial parameters are visualized in a virtual scene. The operator activates processing markers and carries out processing operations by changing the position of his or her forearm(s). After the processing operations are complete, the operator deactivates the assignment between processing marker and manipulation marker by rotating a forearm. A particular advantage of the method disclosed herein compared with conventional methods lies in the activation and deactivation using the rotation of a forearm of the operator. A rotation of the wrist may be carried about largely independently of the direction in which the forearm is pointing.

Abstract: Disclosed systems and methods relate to remote sensing, deep learning, and object detection. Some embodiments relate to machine learning for object detection, which includes, for example, identifying a class of pixel in a target image and generating a label image based on a parameter set. Other embodiments relate to machine learning for geometry extraction, which includes, for example, determining heights of one or more regions in a target image and determining a geometric object property in a target image. Yet other embodiments relate to machine learning for alignment, which includes, for example, aligning images via direct or indirect estimation of transformation parameters.

Abstract: Systems and methods for distinguishing between one-handed and two-handed gesture sequences in virtual, augmented, and mixed reality (xR) applications are described. In an illustrative, non-limiting embodiment, an Information Handling System (IHS) may include a processor and a memory coupled to the processor, the memory having program instructions stored thereon that, upon execution, cause the IHS to: receive a gesture sequence from a user wearing a Head-Mounted Device (HMD) coupled to the IHS, where the HMD is configured to display an xR application, and identify the gesture sequence as: (i) a one-handed gesture sequence, or (ii) a two-handed gesture sequence.

Abstract: A method of tuning a subscriber travel route building engine. The method comprises presenting a user interface that is configured to receive a location cluster radius parameter input by a tuning application executing on a computer system, configuring the location cluster radius parameter input by the tuning application into a location cluster radius parameter of a route building engine application, causing by the tuning application the route building engine application to execute and determine a count of intersections of routes of mobile communication devices with a point of interest based on the location cluster radius parameter, receiving information about the count of intersections of the routes of mobile communication devices with the POI from the route building engine application by the tuning application, and presenting the information about the count of intersections in the user interface by the tuning application, whereby the route building engine is iteratively tuned.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a display apparatus and a displaying method. The display apparatus includes an optical device, a laser source at a light incident side of the optical device, a driving circuit coupled to the optical device, and a holographic image data storing device coupled to the driving circuit. The optical device includes a plurality of mutually independent optical units, the optical units are capable of refracting incident linearly polarized laser light, refractive indexes of the optical units are adjustable, and the refractive indexes of adjacent optical units are changed according to a sinusoidal curve. The driving circuit is to obtain image data of the to-be-displayed holographic image from the holographic image data storing device, and adjust the refractive index of each optical unit according to the image data. The laser source is to emit laser beams corresponding to a to-be-displayed holographic image.

Abstract: Examples are disclosed that relate to devices and methods for sharing geo-located information between different devices. In one example, a method comprises receiving the geo-located information from a first user device having a first data type compatible with a first output component of the device, receiving first sensor data from the first device, determining a location of the geo-located information within a coordinate system in a physical environment, determining that a second user device is located in the physical environment, determining that the second device does not comprise an output component that is compatible with the first data type, transforming the geo-located information into a second data type compatible with a second output component of the second device, determining that the second device is proximate to the location of the geo-located information, and sending the geo-located information to the second device for output by the second output component.

Abstract: A device, and corresponding test method, for testing metallurgical products including an ultrasonic sensor including a plurality of elementary transducers which can be operated independently of each other and are distributed in accordance with a two-dimensional pattern is described. A first electronic component is configured to excite each of the elementary transducers in accordance with at least one temporal law corresponding to a burst of ultrasonic waves in a line of sight. A second electronic component is configured to process at least a portion of the signals captured by each of the elementary transducers. Each temporal law is arranged such that the corresponding burst produces a beam of ultrasonic waves which is generally divergent about the line of sight on moving away from the ultrasonic sensor.

Abstract: Technologies for end-to-end display integrity verification include a computing device with a display controller coupled to a display by a physical link. The computing device generates pixel data in a data buffer in memory, and the display controller outputs a pixel signal on the physical link based on the pixel data using a physical interface. The display receives the pixel signal and displays a corresponding image. A splicer is connected to the physical link and repeats the pixel signal to an I/O port of the computing device. The I/O port may be a USB Type-C port. The computing device compares pixel data received by the I/O port to the pixel data in the data buffer. The computing device may calculate checksums of the pixel data. If the pixel data does not match, the computing device may indicate a display integrity failure. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: An encoder includes a processor and a memory. The encoder may perform a method of progressive compression. In one example implementation, the method may include identifying a pair of partitioning vertices to be connected to a split vertex associated with a collapse of an edge, creating the split vertex by collapsing the edge, encoding partitioning vertex information associated with the pair of partitioning vertices, the encoding of the partitioning vertex information based on an ordering of vertices of an umbrella of the split vertex, and the ordering of vertices of the umbrella determined based on a geometric shape and connectivity of the umbrella, and generating vertex split information that includes the partitioning vertex information. In another example implementation, the method may include entropy encoding the vertex split information prior to being transmitted.

Abstract: In one aspect, a request to generate an automated tour based on a set of panoramic images is received. Each particular panoramic image is associated with geographic location information and linking information linking the particular panoramic image with one or more other panoramic images in the set. A starting panoramic image and a second panoramic image are determined based at least in part on the starting panoramic image and the linking information associated with the starting and second panoramic images. A first transition between the starting panoramic image and the second panoramic image is also determined based at least in part on the linking information for these panoramic images. Additional panoramic images as well as a second transition for between the additional panoramic images are also determined. The determined panoramic images and transitions are added to the tour according to an order of the tour.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method and device for modelling a three-dimensional road model, and a storage medium. The method comprises: parsing two-dimensional road network data to establish a rudimentary road model; parsing panoramic image data to obtain three-dimensional attribute data of a traffic element; and combining the rudimentary model and the three-dimensional attribute data to obtain a three-dimensional road model. The method, device and storage medium can economically and efficiently acquire a three-dimensional road model based on a relatively easily obtained data source.

Abstract: The described technology includes a depth ray shader stored in memory and executable to receive a depth map defining a depth in association with each pixel in a three-dimensional scene and define a color gradient between a first pixel value and a second pixel value, wherein each sequential step in the color gradient between the first pixel value and the second pixel is assigned to a corresponding depth of increasing magnitude relative to a reference point. The depth ray shader is further executable to provide an instruction to a graphics engine to cause the graphics engine to apply a depth ray layer to a select portion of the three-dimensional scene, the depth ray layer altering each pixel in the selected portion to assume a pixel value defined within the color gradient to correspond to a depth of the pixel specified by the depth map.

Abstract: Systems and methods for electronically mapping a facility are presented. The method comprises obtaining a CAD file that includes graphical representations of a facility. An occupancy-map image is generated based on the CAD file. A sensor, such as a sensor on a self-driving vehicle, is used to detect a sensed feature within the facility. Based on the sensed feature, the occupancy-map image can be updated, since the sensed feature was not one of the known features in the CAD file prior to the sensed feature being detected by the sensor.

Abstract: Techniques of generating a virtual environment in a virtual reality system involves changing, within a user interface of the second user, an attribute of an avatar representing the first user while maintaining a spatial position of an object with which the first user is interacting. In this way, the second user may see only non-threatening or otherwise pleasant avatars within their user interface while other users may not perceive any change to the virtual environment as displayed in their respective user interfaces.

Abstract: A method of creating an interactive application network includes displaying, by a processor, a workspace and a toolbox on a display screen, instantiating, by the processor, a first interaction container to display a first output in response to a first user input, instantiating, by the processor, a second interaction container to display a second output based on the first output, in response to a second user input, the second user input being a user interaction with the first interactive container, and linking, by the processor, the first interactive container with the second interactive container via an interactive link to form the interactive application network.

Abstract: An image analysis system automatically determines a positioning and orientation of objects in an image. The image analysis system may be configured to evaluate images and determine whether the orientation and position of objects depicted in the images meet acceptable parameters. The image analysis system may process image data associated with an image to identify edges present in the image, and determine object lines based on the edges. Once the lines are identified, the image analysis system determines vanishing points for sets of the object lines. The image analysis system may then estimate camera parameters and determine the orientation of the objects as depicted in the image based on the vanishing points.

Abstract: The automatic formulation of a plan for concurrent movement of physical entities within a physical space. A physical graph is used to formulate such a plan. The physical graph represents multiple physical entities that have been sensed in a physical space over time. A plan is then formulated based on an evaluation of that physical graph. Such plans are enabled by the semantic understanding of the physical space and its contents that the physical graph provides. The plan honors physical constraints of the physical space, and physical constraints of the physical entities that are moving within that physical space. The plan may be further orchestrated by communicating with the physical entities to provide instructions for movement. Then, movement is monitored to determine if the plan is being complied with. If the plan is not being complied with, further communications are made and/or an alternative plan is automatically constructed.

Abstract: An image recognition system includes an external information detection unit detecting a distance to a target to be recognized included in an image, a reduced image size determination unit deriving a reduced size of the image based on the distance to the target to be recognized, an image reduction unit reducing the image based on the reduced size of the image, and an image recognition unit including a plurality of recognition process units corresponding to sizes of the images to be recognized and executing the recognition process of the target to be recognized included in the reduced image by means of the recognition process unit corresponding to a size of the image. Instead of the distance to the target to be recognized, a size and a shape of the image, or a clip position of the image from an entire image, may be used.