Abstract: An LED driver IC for driving external strings of LEDs comprises a prefix register and a data register connected in series with each other and with the prefix and data registers in other driver ICs. The prefix and data registers of the driver ICs are connected in a daisy chain arrangement with an interface IC. The interface IC loads data identifying a functional latch into the prefix register and data defining a functional condition into the data register of each driver IC. The data in the data register is then transferred to the functional latch to control the functional condition within the LED driver IC.

Abstract: An electroluminescence element includes an electroluminescence substrate including a thin film transistor substrate, and a light-emitting layer provided over the thin film transistor substrate and divided by picture-element separating portions so as to correspond to unit picture elements; and a sealing substrate arranged to hermetically seal the light-emitting layer of the electroluminescence substrate. At least one of the electroluminescence substrate and the sealing substrate is a flexible substrate. Spacers are provided between the electroluminescence substrate and the sealing substrate.

Abstract: A large scale LED display has a cable and rigid link support structure for a number of LED modules. The cable and rigid link support structure is flexible but has sufficient structural integrity to prevent misalignment of the pixel modules. The LED modules are removable from the support structure individually and as a group so as to facilitate repair of the display. The LED modules are rugged so as to withstand harsh outdoor conditions and they provide sufficient luminescence for use in sunlight.

Abstract: A display apparatus is provided which is capable of improving display quality by expanding the light-emission area of pixels by improving the layout of pixels and common power-feed lines formed on a substrate. Pixels including a light-emission element, such as an electroluminescence element or an LED element, are arranged on both sides of common power-feed lines so that the number of common power-feed lines is reduced. Further, the polarity of a driving current flowing between the pixels and the light-emission element is inverted so that the amount of current flowing through the common power-supply lines is reduced.

Abstract: There is provided a method of driving an organic light emitting display capable of displaying an image with uniform brightness. The method includes storing a brightness characteristic corresponding to emission time of an organic light emitting diode (OLED), adding first data supplied in units of frames by pixels to generate accumulated data, extracting accumulated data of a pixel to which currently supplied first data is to be supplied and calculating maximum brightness corresponding to emission time of the extracted accumulated data, calculating maximum brightness corresponding to emission time of largest accumulated data among the accumulated data, controlling a bit value of the first data using maximum brightness of a pixel to which the first data is to be supplied and maximum brightness of the largest accumulated data to generate second data, and controlling a voltage value of a first power source supplied to the pixels in response to the maximum brightness of the largest accumulated data.

Abstract: A message presentation method and system is disclosed. The method includes receiving by a computer processor of an electrical device, data associated with a function of the electrical device. The electrical device comprises light emitting devices. The computer processor generates an identification code identifying the function, a first bit signal associated with a first bit of the identification code, and a second bit signal associated with a second bit of the identification code. The computer processor transmits the first bit signal to a first light emitting device. The first bit signal results in the first light emitting device indicating the first bit signal as a first illuminated color.

Abstract: An LED driver IC for driving external strings of LEDs comprises a prefix register and a data register connected in series with each other and with the prefix and data registers in other driver ICs. The prefix and data registers of the driver ICs are connected in a daisy chain arrangement with an interface IC. The interface IC loads data identifying a functional latch into the prefix register and data defining a functional condition into the data register of each driver IC. The data in the data register is then transferred to the functional latch to control the functional condition within the LED driver IC.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a device and method for displaying 3D images. The device includes an image processing unit for calculating the location of a user relative to a reference point and outputting a 3D image which is obtained by performing image processing on 3D content sent by a server based on the calculated location of the user, the image processing corresponding to a viewpoint of the user, and a display unit for displaying the 3D image output by the image processing unit to the user. The method includes calculating the location of a user relative to a reference point, performing image processing on 3D content sent by a server from a viewpoint of the user based on the calculated location of the user, and outputting a 3D image which is obtained by the image processing, and displaying the 3D image output by the image processing unit to the user.

Abstract: An LED driver IC for driving external strings of LEDs comprises a prefix register and a data register connected in series with each other and with the prefix and data registers in other driver ICs. The prefix and data registers of the driver ICs are connected in a daisy chain arrangement with an interface IC. The interface IC loads data identifying a functional latch into the prefix register and data defining a functional condition into the data register of each driver IC. The data in the data register is then transferred to the functional latch to control the functional condition within the LED driver IC.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent display that can prevent decreases in an average luminance of an organic electroluminescent element thereof includes: a data line to supply a data signal; a scan line to supply a scan signal; a first switching element having a control electrode electrically coupled to the scan line, to transfer the data signal from the data line; a first driving transistor having a control electrode electrically coupled to the first switching element, to control a driving current of a first voltage line; a first capacitive element having a first electrode electrically coupled to the first voltage line and having a second electrode electrically coupled to a control electrode of the first driving transistor; an organic electroluminescent element, electrically coupled to the first driving transistor and a third voltage line, to display an image in response to a current supplied from the first driving transistor; and a second voltage line to supply a reverse bias voltage of a second voltage line to t

Abstract: Illumination devices and related systems and methods are closed that can be used for LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) backlights, LED lamps, or other applications. The illumination devices can include a photo detector, such as a photodiode or an LED or other light detecting device, and one or more LEDs of different colors. A related method can be implemented using these illumination devices to maintain precise color produced by the blended emissions from such LEDs. One application for the illumination devices is backlighting for FSC (Field Sequential Color) LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays). FSC LCDs temporally mix the colors in an image by sequentially loading the red, green, and blue pixel data of an image in the panel and flashing the different colors of an RGB backlight. Precise and uniform color temperature across such a display can be advantageously maintained by continually monitoring ratios of photodiode currents induced by the different colored LEDs in each illumination device as each color is flashed.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for a pixel module to determine its location in a large scale LED display. The system and method determine the pixel module's location based upon the data received by the module and the identity of the module's port via which the data was received.

Abstract: Provided is an image display device including: a pixel circuit; a power supply line; a data line for supplying a data signal to the pixel circuit; and a current path control unit. The pixel circuit includes: a light emitting element; a drive transistor for controlling a current flowing to the light emitting element; a storage capacitor provided between the data line and a gate electrode of the drive transistor, for storing a potential difference; and a data line connection switch for connecting one end of the storage capacitor on the gate electrode side of the drive transistor and the data line. Before the data line supplies the data signal, the data line connection switch is turned ON, and the current path control unit interrupts a current path from the power supply line to the one end of the storage capacitor.

Abstract: A lighting system including a plurality of luminaires capable of generating polychromatic light having a dominant wavelength in the visible spectrum and arranged into an array and a computerized device electrically coupled to the plurality of luminaires so as to selectively operate each individual luminaire to produce source light varying with each other and with time. The computerized device operates the luminaire such that each luminaire emits a source light, the source lights combining to form a combined light having selected characteristics. The source lights, when perceived directly, recreate a lighting scenario having varying lighting characteristics.

Abstract: A system and method for accenting regions of a layer including a lighting system including a plurality of light sources operable to emit polychromatic light and a layer having two or more regions configured to diffusively scatter light within a wavelength range while absorbing light not within the wavelength range. The regions may be configured to represent recognizable characters or images, and may form a sequence. The lighting system may highlight the regions individually or simultaneously. The layer may be attachable to a surface and may further include non-highlighted regions. The system may also include appliqués applied to a surface and a cover layer transparent to certain wavelengths of light that the appliqués scatter.

Abstract: A lighting system including a plurality of luminaires capable of generating polychromatic light having a dominant wavelength in the visible spectrum and arranged into an array and a computerized device electrically coupled to the plurality of luminaires so as to selectively operate each individual luminaire to produce source light varying with each other and with time. The computerized device operates the luminaire such that each luminaire emits a source light, the source lights combining to form a combined light having selected characteristics. Each of the plurality of luminaires may be operable to emit light having increased spectral opponency, thereby reducing melatonin suppression. The source lights, when perceived directly, recreate a lighting scenario having varying lighting characteristics.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and method for displaying characters, including: rotary component (1), power supply (2,9), said power supply (2) is connected to said rotary component (1); a plurality of LED lamps (3) configured on said rotary component (1) in an array arrangement manner and connected to said power supply (2); display control unit (4) electrically connected with said power supply (2) and communicatively connected with said LED lamps (3); character storage unit (5); character editing unit (6); character emitting unit (7) and character receiving unit (8). The system of the present invention allows users to self-define the display content displayed by said LED lamps on the rotary component by character editing unit, increasing interactivity and playability of a rotary product.

Abstract: The status of a ceiling mounted projector is provided. Status is provided wirelessly to a remote control (RC) of the projector. Or, status is projected on the screen using a separate projection method such as a laser or light emitting diode (LED), which projects a color corresponding to status or which projects the status using words.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide an LCD unit, an LCD apparatus, and a method of setting a drive voltage of the LCD unit with a simple operation. The LCD unit includes a label pasted on a place of the LCD unit, wherein the label includes an information code, which is information-coded from a data of a drive voltage for achieving the best contrast in optical characteristics of the LCD unit. The best drive voltage to drive the LCD unit with the best contrast is thereby easily set.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a digit display are provided. In one aspect, a digit display comprises at least one display unit. The at least one digit unit comprises twenty-eight character segments that are arranged in a manner including a quadrilateral, a cross, and four X-shaped arrangements. The quadrilateral is formed by eight of the twenty-eight character segments with two character segments on each of four sides of the quadrilateral. The cross is formed by four of the twenty-eight character segments and dividing the quadrilateral into four quadrants. Each of the four X-shaped arrangements is disposed in a respective one of the four quadrants and formed by respective four of the twenty-eight character segments.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent display system comprising at least one organic-light-emitting diode (OLED), a zener diode in series to the organic light-emitting diode, a rectification diode, and a capacitor used as a memory device. During a frame period of the display device, there are address and light emission periods. A reverse bias voltage is applied across the organic light-emitting diode during the address period to prevent metal migration into the organic layers of the OLED. Current mode data programming is used to address the display device. During the light emission period, charge previously stored in selected capacitors during the address period supplies a forward current for the OLEDs. A ramp waveform applied to the row electrode during the light emission period, forces the capacitor to discharge through the OLED and controls the forward current level. This keeps the operation of the OLEDs in their area of maximum performance.

Abstract: A display device is disclosed. The display device includes: a pixel array unit and a driving unit which drives the pixel array unit. The pixel array unit includes rows of first scanning lines and second scanning lines, columns of signals, pixels in a matrix state arranged at portions where the scanning lines and the signal lines cross each other and power supply lines and ground lines supplying power to respective pixels. The driving unit includes a first scanner performing line-sequential scanning to pixels by each row by supplying a first control signal to each first scanning line sequentially, a second scanner supplying a second control signal to each second scanning line sequentially so as to correspond to the line-sequential scanning and a signal selector supplying a video signal to rows of signal lines so as to correspond to the line-sequential scanning.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting diode (35) is described, which comprises a light-emitting structure designed to emit light when it is powered, and a delay structure designed to delay a propagation of at least two power signal pulses (4a_left, 4b_right, 4a_top, 4b_bottom) having a temporal relationship with one another and such a signal strength that a part of the light-emitting structure is driven in dependence on coincidence of the power signal pulses at said part of the light-emitting structure, and a terminal structure designed to receive the at least two power signal pulses (4a_left, 4b_right, 4a_top, 4b_bottom) and to feed the delay structure at its different positions with the at least two power signal pulses (4a_left, 4b_right, 4a_top, 4b_bottom). A circuit for powering said light-emitting structure, as well as a method of operating said organic light-emitting diode (35) is also described.

Abstract: There are provided a light source (1) having a plurality of light emitters, each of the light emitters, whose light-emission period is controlled separately, emitting one color of a plurality of colors; an image signal analyzer for analyzing an input image data, and determining a timing of light emission for each light emitter; a light source controller (5) for controlling the light-emission period for the light source based on the light-emission timing for each light emitter, such that the light-emission period is not shorter than a light-emission period of a predetermined minimum time length light-emission period; a light detector (6) for detecting the light emitted in the light-emission period of the minimum time length, and outputting the average light-emission peak values (Ir1, Ig1, Ib1); and a peak value corrector (7) for generating correction values (d_Ir, d_Ig, d_Ib) for controlling each of the average light-emission peak values (Ir1, Ig1, Ib1) to become equal to corresponding one in the reference pea

Abstract: The present invention is related to a high efficiency electronic display device comprising a plurality of EPDs and a plurality of LEDs, [especially to a like electronic paper display equipment made by EPD and the adding cooperation for LED]. Therefore, the device is capable of display information by means of EPD in the daytime and LED light while not having enough light.

Abstract: A large scale LED display has a number of display panels each having a cable and spacer support structure for a number of LED modules. Adjacent display panels are connected together by a number of seam links that snap onto one cable of one of the display panels and one cable of the adjacent display panel. The cables may include a number of seam link engagement members spaced along the length of the cable and onto which the seam links snap wherein each of the seam link engagement members locates an LED module on the support structure. The LED modules include top and bottom housing sections that snap together, wherein one of the housing sections includes a seat for an electrical connector. The seat locates the connector and a printed circuit assembly within the LED module.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a digital dimming device and a digital dimming method, for controlling a plurality of light emitting device channels. The method comprises: generating a corresponding plurality of driving signals to control the plurality of light emitting device channels; receiving a PWM input signal having a duty ratio, and phase shifting the PWM input signal to generate multiple PWM output signals with about the same duty ratio as the PWM input signal, but with respectively shifted phases; and enabling or disabling corresponding driving signals by the multiple PWM output signals, respectively.

Abstract: An emission control driver including a plurality of stages, each including a first unit adapted to generate a first output signal at a first node thereof based on an input signal, a clock signal, a inverted input signal, first and second power source voltages, a second unit adapted to output an emission control signal based on the first output signal and the input signal, a third unit adapted to transmit the first or second power source to the first unit based on the emission control signal, a inverted clock signal and an inverted emission control signal when a first path between the first power source and the first node and a second path between the second power source and the first node are blocked by the clock signal, and a fourth unit adapted to output a inverted emission control signal based on the emission control signal and the first output signal.

Abstract: Lighting systems, apparatus, and methods are disclosed, which employ optical transmission of two-dimensional control signals to manipulate lighting elements. The lighting apparatus can include a projector with an IR LED array to wirelessly transmit pixel information onto a target space. The pixel information controls lighting elements within the target space. The two-dimensional control signals can includes subareas corresponding to lighting elements in a control array. The lighting elements can be lights producing light of desired wavelengths including infrared and/or visible wavelengths. LEDs can be used as light sources in exemplary embodiments.

Abstract: A large scale LED display has a cable and rigid link support structure for a number of LED modules. The cable and rigid link support structure is flexible but has sufficient structural integrity to prevent misalignment of the pixel modules. The LED modules are removable from the support structure individually and as a group so as to facilitate repair of the display. The LED modules are rugged so as to withstand harsh outdoor conditions and they provide sufficient luminescence for use in sunlight.

Abstract: A multi-die LED package comprises a diode that works as a light-emitting diode for emitting light and as a sensing diode for detecting at least one physical quantity. The multi-die LED package is able to provide desired luminance and color independent of aging, temperature or other effects.

Abstract: Backlit LCD displays are becoming commonplace within many vehicle applications. The unique advantage of this invention is that it optimizes system power savings for display of low dynamic range (LDR) images by dynamically controlling spatially adjustable backlighting. This is accomplishes through use of a control technique that takes into account the sequential nature of the video display process.

Abstract: A sensor scan driver may include a shift register unit for driving photodiodes, a transmission gate unit for changing a voltage range of sensor scan signals generated by the shift register unit, and a buffer unit for supplying the sensor scan signals supplied from the transmission gate unit to the photodiodes, wherein the transmission gate unit includes first and second transmission gates, each including an electrode adapted to receive an output signal of the shift register unit, another electrode adapted to receive the inverted output signal of the shift register unit, an input terminal coupled to first and second power sources, respectively, and an output terminal coupled to an output terminal of the transmission gate unit.

Abstract: A LED backlight module includes a substrate, a heat-dissipating plate, a LED string and a backlight driving circuit. The LED string includes plural LEDs. The LED string further includes a positive driving terminal, a negative driving terminal and a connecting terminal. A positive output terminal, a negative output terminal and a zero voltage terminal of the backlight driving circuit are respectively connected with the positive driving terminal, the negative driving terminal and the heat-dissipating plate, so that a positive driving voltage and a negative driving voltage are generated by the backlight driving circuit to drive illumination of the LED string. A first number of LEDs of the LED string are electrically connected between the connecting terminal and the positive driving terminal. A second number of LEDs of the LED string are electrically connected between the connecting terminal and the negative driving terminal.

Abstract: An input device includes an operating unit that a user grasps and operates in a three-dimensional free space in order to remotely operate an information processing device; and a transmitting unit to transmit a signal for a first gesture in the free space of the operating unit to set a mode, and a signal for a second gesture in the free space of the operating unit which differs from the first gesture to execute processing in the mode set based on the first gesture.

Abstract: High efficiency drive circuitry for a group of parallel-connected light emitting devices, in which each device is driven in series by a respective source of bias current. The maximum voltage drop among the group of biased light emitting devices is determined and in response, a control voltage to drive all the light emitting device at the lowest effective voltage for the LED group is produced.

Abstract: An active-matrix display device employs current-programmed-type pixel circuits and performs the writing data to each of pixels on a line-by-line basis. The active-matrix display device having a matrix of current-programmed-type pixel circuits includes a data line driving circuit 15 formed of m current driving circuits (CD) 15-1 to 15-m arranged corresponding to respective data lines 13-1 to 13-m. The data line driving circuit (CD) 15-1 to 15-m holds image data (luminance data herein) in the form of voltage, and then converts the voltage of the image data into a current signal. The current signal is then fed to the data lines 13-1 to 13-m at a time. The image information is thus written on the pixel circuits 11.

Abstract: A method of driving a GaN-based semiconductor light emitting element formed by laminating a first GaN-based compound semiconductor layer having a first conductive type, an active layer having a well layer, a second GaN-based compound semiconductor layer having a second conductive type, includes the steps of: starting light emission by the start of the injection of carrier; and then stopping the injection of the carrier before a light emission luminance value becomes constant.

Abstract: A graphical display station of arbitrary shape such as channel letters or other shaped structures is populated with pixels which are components of flexible pixel strings which can be arranged to fit the arbitrary shape(s). The flexible pixel strings provide for straightforward and cost effective fabrication of channel letter or other shaped displays. The invention also includes pixel units which comprise lighting elements together with such control circuits as are needed to roperly drive the lighting elements to form a graphical image. Addressing of the particular pixels is provided to accommodate the arbitrary arrangement of pixels of the flexible pixel strings. Methods of fabricating a channel letter display are also disclosed.

Abstract: Display device, with a plurality of display elements arranged in the shape of a bar, wherein each display element can represent at least one first display state (off) and one second display state (on), and a value being shown can be indicated by the second display state (on) of at least one display element assigned to the value, so that an intermediate value between the value being displayed and a succeeding or preceding value can be represented by activating the preceding or succeeding display element.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent display device includes an organic electroluminescent diode receiving a driving voltage and a first ground voltage; first and second driving thin film transistors for providing a driving current to the organic electroluminescent diode, each of the first and second driving thin film transistors receiving one of the driving voltage and the first ground voltage; a first switching thin film transistor receiving a data voltage and switched by an nth scan signal to output the data voltage; a second switching thin film transistor switched by a current providing signal to provide the one of the driving voltage and the first ground voltage to the second driving thin film transistor; a third switching thin film transistor receiving a second ground voltage and switched by a selection signal to output the second ground voltage to an output terminal of the first switching thin film transistor; a fourth switching thin film transistor disposed among an output terminal of the second switching th

Abstract: A signal adapting chromacity system to control that may include a signal conversion engine to receive a source signal designating a color of light defined by a two spatial plus luminance dimensional color space, such as the xxY color space. The signal conversion engine may convert the source signal to a three dimensional color space defined within a subset gamut of a full color gamut, such as an RGW, RBW, or GBW color space. The subset gamut may include a first color light, a second color light and a high efficacy light. The signal conversion engine may perform a conversion operation to convert the source signal to an output signal, using the output signal to drive light emitting diodes (LEDs). The conversion operation may be a matrix, angular or linear conversion operation.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention provides a pixel structure of an active matrix organic light emitting display comprising a gate line, a common electrode line, a signal line, a power line, a first thin film transistor which is used as an addressing element, and a second thin film transistor which controls the organic light emitting display. A short-circuit-ring structure is connected between the common electrode line and the signal line and the short-circuit-ring structure communicates the signal line and the common electrode line in the case where a large current flows.

Abstract: An emission control line driver includes even-numbered stages that are connected to even-numbered emission control lines, respectively, and are driven by a first clock signal, and odd-numbered stages that are connected to odd-numbered emission control lines, respectively, and are driven by a second clock signal, wherein each of the stages includes an input unit adapted to receive a control signal and an inverted control signal output from a previous one of the even and odd numbered stages or from an external source, the input unit being adapted to control voltages of a first node and a second node, a first output unit adapted to generate an emission control signal based on the voltages of the first node and the second node, and a second output unit adapted to generate an inverted emission control signal based on the voltages of the first node and the second node.

Abstract: A drive section sequentially supplies respective scanning lines with a control signal and supplies respective signal lines with a video signal to carry out a correction operation for holding a voltage equivalent to a threshold voltage of a drive transistor in a holding capacitance, and subsequently performs a write operation for writing the video signal in the holding capacitance, and before the correction operation, the drive section switches potentials at the bias line and adds a coupling voltage to one current terminal of the drive transistor via an auxiliary capacitance to carry out a preparation operation for an initialization to set a potential difference between a control terminal and the one current terminal of the drive transistor larger than the threshold voltage.

Abstract: A display unit has an organic light emitting diode (OLED) 21 provided in correspondence with each of pixels and capable of emitting light by itself, a drive transistor 22 for driving the OLED 21, a twig transistor 23 which is formed so as to have a portion of an electrode of the drive transistor 22 independently formed, and which is used to detect a threshold voltage (Vth) of the drive transistor 22, a compensating capacitor 28 in which the threshold voltage (Vth) detected by the twig transistor 23 is written, a signal capacitor 27 in which a signal voltage to be supplied to the drive transistor 22 is written, a first transistor 24 provided between a data line and the signal capacitor 27, a second transistor 25 provided between the signal capacitor 27 and the compensating capacitor 28, and a third transistor 26 provided between a gate electrode and another electrode of the twig transistor 23.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes: a plurality of light emitting elements configured to emit light when a direct current is supplied thereto; and a direct current power supply circuit configured to supply an electric current of a given level or more to the light emitting elements. The light emitting device further includes: a light emitting element voltage detection circuit configured to detect a voltage applied to the light emitting elements; and a forward/reverse inverting circuit configured, when the light emitting element voltage detection circuit detects an abnormality in a light emitting element, to apply a reverse voltage to the light emitting element in which the abnormality is detected.

Abstract: An image displaying apparatus, which is excellent in heat radiation efficiency and has an excellent back design, includes a display panel for displaying an image; a heat generating member provided on a back side of the display panel; and a cabinet for covering the display panel and the heat generating member at least from the back side of the display panel. In the cabinet, an aperture is provided at a position facing the heat generating member, and an opening/closing unit enables switching between closing and opening of the aperture. In a state that the aperture is opened by the opening/closing unit and one part of a heat-transfer member is positioned on a side of the cabinet opposite to the display panel, the other part of the heat-transfer member extends through the aperture so that the heat-transfer member can thermally be connected to the heat generating member.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus, such as a lighting device having light emitting diodes (LEDs) or a power generating device having photovoltaic diodes. The exemplary method includes forming at least one first conductor coupled to a base; coupling a plurality of substantially spherical substrate particles to the at least one first conductor; converting the substrate particles into a plurality of substantially spherical diodes; forming at least one second conductor coupled to the substantially spherical diodes; and depositing or attaching a plurality of substantially spherical lenses suspended in a first polymer. The lenses and the suspending polymer have different indices of refraction. In some embodiments, the lenses and diodes have a ratio of mean diameters or lengths between about 10:1 and 2:1. In various embodiments, the forming, coupling and converting steps are performed by or through a printing process.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus, such as a lighting device having light emitting diodes (LEDs) or a power generating device having photovoltaic diodes. The exemplary method includes forming at least one first conductor coupled to a base; coupling a plurality of substrate particles to the at least one first conductor; converting the plurality of substrate particles into a plurality of diodes; forming at least one second conductor coupled to the plurality of spherical diodes; and depositing or attaching a plurality of substantially spherical lenses suspended in a first polymer, with the lenses and the suspending polymer having different indices of refraction. In some embodiments, the lenses and diodes have a ratio of mean diameters or lengths between about 10:1 and 2:1. In various embodiments, the forming, coupling and converting steps are performed by or through a printing process.