Abstract: The present invention relates to a driving method of a plasma display panel for improving a picture quality. The driving method of a plasma display panel in which an nth frame having a first brightness weighting value and a (n+1)th frame having a brightness weighting value different from the first brightness weighting value are alternatively arranged every vertical synchronous signal to display a certain image, wherein one frame period of the nth frame or the (n+1)th frame is variably set such that a brightness expression period can be identically set at the nth frame and the (n+1)th frame.

Abstract: In plasma display device, a transistor includes a source terminal connected to a power supply that sequentially applies voltage pulses having a scan voltage to a plurality of scan electrode in a address period, and a drain terminal connected to a plurality of scan electrodes. A first resistor is connected between the source and the gate terminals of the transistor, and a second resistor is connected between the drain and the gate terminals of the transistor. A Zener diode is connected to the first resistor between the source and the gate terminals of the transistor. Therefore, a voltage finally applied to the plurality of scan electrodes can be generated using the same power supply that supplies the scan voltage in the falling period of the reset period.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to drive a Plasma Display Panel (PDP) having X electrodes, Y electrodes, and address electrodes includes: dividing a unit frame, which is a display cycle, into a plurality of sub-fields for displaying time ratio gray-scale, each sub-field including a reset period, an address period, and a sustain period; alternately supplying a sustain pulse to the X electrode and the Y electrode based on a reference voltage in the sustain period; and reducing the width of the last sustain pulse of the sustain period in the minimum weighted sub-field, if a load factor of the minimum weighted sub-field to which the lowest gray-scale is allocated among the plurality of sub-fields is lower than the reference load factor.

Abstract: An energy recovery circuit of the present invention includes a panel capacitor, a source capacitor for recovering and charging the voltage of the panel capacitor and re-providing the charged voltage to the panel capacitor, a reference voltage supply unit for supplying a discharge sustain voltage to the panel capacitor, an inductor disposed between the source capacitor and the panel capacitor, a first switch disposed between the inductor and the source capacitor, a second switch disposed between the inductor and the reference voltage supply unit, a third switch disposed between the inductor and the source capacitor, and a fourth switch connected between the inductor and a base potential, wherein the reference voltage supply unit is disposed so as to be connected with the inductor, for supplying any one of a rising pulse having a predetermined slope and a reference voltage having a predetermined voltage value.

Abstract: Methods for compensating for brightness variations in a field emission device. In one embodiment, a method and system are described for measuring the relative brightness of rows of a field emission display (FED) device, storing information representing the measured brightness into a correction table and using the correction table to provide uniform row brightness in the display by adjusting row voltages and/or row on-time periods. A special measurement process is described for providing accurate current measurements on the rows. This embodiment compensates for brightness variations of the rows, e.g., for rows near the spacer walls. In another embodiment, a periodic signal, e.g., a high frequency noise signal, is added to the row on-time pulse in order to camouflage brightness variations in the rows near the spacer walls. In another embodiment, the area under the row on-time pulse is adjusted to provide row-by-row brightness compensation based on correction values stored in a memory resident correction table.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for improving the gray-scale linearity of a plasma display. At least two types of gray-scale allocations are mixed for forming the original gray scale, or different gray scales are mixed to derive the original gray scale, so as to obtain the required brightness. Therefore, by using multiple combinations to adjust the original gray scale, the required brightness is obtained, and the gray scale linearity for all the gray scales is improved.

Abstract: A method of driving a Plasma Display Panel (PDP) while improving a brightness saturation phenomenon that is caused by an increase in the total number of sustain discharge pulses. A sustain discharge is performed by a plurality of first and second electrodes, a number of sustain discharge pulses for a subfield is provided based on a rate of load of an input signal, and first and second voltages are alternately and respectively supplied to the first and second electrodes in a sustain period according to the provided number of the sustain discharge pulses, the second voltage being greater than the first voltage. A duration in which the first voltage is increased to the second voltage is inversely proportional to the number of sustain discharge pulses for the subfield.

Abstract: The display device has at least two set of maximum luminances including an image maximum luminance for displaying an image and an ordinary maximum luminance for displaying non-image information, the ordinary maximum luminance being lower than the image maximum luminance. The display device is capable of display at the appropriate brightness depending on the graphics to be displayed (whether it is an image or non-image information such as characters and menus) or in accordance with the operation done by the viewer (or operator) and which, when used as a monitor for medical diagnostic apparatus, allows for correct diagnosis by bright enough diagnostic images with good operability but without imposing any undue stress on the viewer's eyes.

Abstract: A driving circuit for producing sustain waveforms of a plasma display panel (PDP) is mentioned. The driving circuit includes the functions of voltage clamping and energy recovery. By controlling switches contained in the driving circuit, the supplied voltage source can be made to be only half of the sustain voltage. The voltage stress of some components will therefore be lower. In addition, the numbers of components can be reduced in the driving circuit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a plasma display panel, and more particularly, to a method of displaying the gray scale in a plasma display panel. According to the present invention, a method of displaying gray scales in a plasma display panel having an inverse gamma correction unit that operates using gamma tables includes the steps of allowing the inverse gamma correction unit to match picture signals, which corresponds to an n number of frames (n is a natural number) respectively, to an n number of previously stored gamma tables, allowing the inverse gamma correction unit to perform an inverse gamma process on the picture signals received according to the matched gamma tables to produce real gray scales every frame, and allowing the inverse gamma correction unit to divide the real gray scales every frame by n and then to produce last real gray scales. More fine gray scales can be represented by extending the number of real gray scales. It is thus possible to remove noise and provide a much smooth image.

Abstract: A display device including a self-emissive type display element in each pixel, the display device further including a detection circuit for detecting light emission data which indicates an amount of light emission while sequentially illuminating only a particular one of pixels according to a particular luminance data; and a supply controller for determining an amount of light emission for an equalization process for each pixel according to the detection result by the detection circuit and for supplying light emission data to each pixel for enabling illumination at the determined amount of light emission.

Abstract: Only when an input image signal continues to indicate a black display for a predetermined period of time or longer, some pixel cells randomly selected from among all pixel cells on a display screen are forcibly set to a light-emitting mode in an address process of a subfield with a small weighting.

Abstract: A method of driving a plasma display panel by reducing the types of voltages applied to the plasma display panel and a plasma display panel driven by the method include.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing an image. Specifically, one exemplary embodiment of the method comprises inputting an image into a pixel array producing pixel output signals, executing an image edge detection routine on the pixel output signals that detects pixels defining an image edge, grouping the edge defining pixels into a predetermine plurality of regions based on luminance intensity values of the edge defining pixels, using the grouping to define a non-linear transform function operation over a range of luminance intensity values of the edge defining pixels, applying the non-linear transform function to luminance intensity values, and using the edge defining pixels having the applied non-linear transform function to produce an enhanced image from the input image. One exemplary embodiment of the apparatus comprises a programmed processor that executes the method described above.

Abstract: A plasma display panel driving circuit includes a panel capacitor having first and second sides; a first switch electrically connected between a first voltage and the first side of the panel capacitor; a second switch electrically connected between a second voltage and a first node; a third switch electrically connected between a third voltage and the first side of the panel capacitor; a fourth switch electrically connected between a fourth voltage and the first node; an energy recovery circuit electrically connected between the first side of the panel capacitor and the first node; a fifth switch electrically connected between the first node and a second node; a sixth switch connected between a fifth voltage and the second node; a voltage source connected between the second node and a third node; and a scan IC. The driving circuit can produce driving waveforms that do not need to stay at ground potential.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus for automatically improving the contrast of an input image that is obtained from a digital camera or the like, and obtaining a sharper and clearing image. A contrast improvement unit (11) performs a contrast improvement process on the input image by comparing an object pixel in the input image with pixels in the surrounding area. An image combination unit (12) combines the enhanced image obtained by the contrast improvement process with the input image. The combined image is then output to a desired device such as a printer by an image output unit (13).

Abstract: A display device for displaying pictures by sequentially performing an address period and a sustain period. The panel pixels are arranged into groups, and an address period and a sustain period are sequentially performed on the pixels of individual groups. While an address period is being performed on the pixels of a group, the pixels of other groups are idle. While a sustain period is being performed on the pixels of the group subsequent to the address period, a sustain period is selectively performed on the pixels of other groups that have already undergone an address period. Accordingly, a sustain discharge operation is performed within a short time after an address operation is performed on the pixels, so that a stable sustain discharge occurs even though narrow scan pulses and address pulses may be applied during the address operation. Also, the time required to address all pixels is reduced.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for processing a gray scale in a display device is provided. In the gray scale processing method, a video data is randomly error-diffused by using random coefficients, and the error-diffused video data is dithered by using average picture level (APL) masks, thereby enhancing a gray scale expression and minimizing an error diffusion noise.

Abstract: A display device for displaying pictures by sequentially performing an address period and a sustain period. The panel pixels are arranged into groups, and an address period and a sustain period are sequentially performed on the pixels of individual groups. While an address period is being performed on the pixels of a group, the pixels of other groups are idle. While a sustain period is being performed on the pixels of the group subsequent to the address period, a sustain period is selectively performed on the pixels of other groups that have already undergone an address period. Accordingly, a sustain discharge operation is performed within a short time after an address operation is performed on the pixels, so that a stable sustain discharge occurs even though narrow scan pulses and address pulses may be applied during the address operation. Also, the time required to address all pixels is reduced.

Abstract: A plasma display panel driving circuit includes a panel capacitor having a first side and a second side, a diode electrically connected between the first side of the panel capacitor and a first voltage, a first switch electrically connected between the first voltage and a first node, a second switch electrically connected between the first node and the second side of the panel capacitor, an inductor and a third switch electrically connected in series between the first node and the first side of the panel capacitor, a fourth switch electrically connected between the second side of the panel capacitor and a second voltage, and a fifth switch electrically connected between the first side of the panel capacitor and the second voltage.

Abstract: A method for driving a plasma display panel having discharge gaps formed by a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes, the method including: measuring a load ratio of an input video signal inputted to the plasma display panel; applying a greatest number of discharge pulses with a maximum gradient to the first electrodes and the second electrodes if the load ratio of the video signal is less than the threshold value; and reducing a luminance of the plasma display panel by gradually adjusting the gradient of at least one of the sustain discharge pulses to a lower inclination and/or declination level (or a gentle level).

Abstract: A driver circuit for plasma display panels is provided. The claimed driver circuit includes four switches and an energy recovery circuit coupled to an equivalent capacitor of a plasma display panel. The present energy recovery circuit includes a first unit, coupled to ground and the X side of the equivalent capacitor, for passing current of charging/discharging the equivalent capacitor from the X side and/or Y side; and a second unit, coupled to the first unit and the Y side of the equivalent capacitor, for passing current of charging/discharging the equivalent capacitor from the Y side. With the aid of four voltage sources, it is not necessary for the present energy recovery circuit of the driver circuit to adopt capacitors for charging/discharging the equivalent capacitor of the plasma display panel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for driving a plasma display panel. The method for driving a plasma display panel, the method including the steps of: tracing an average locus by using luminous centers existing at each gray scale; extracting gray scales corresponding to the luminous centers existing within a predetermined range of the average locus; and deducing non-extracted gray scales by using the extracted gray scales.

Abstract: A method of driving a plasma display panel is disclosed, in which the plasma display panel includes one frame divided into a plurality of subfields, the subfield being classified into a reset period, an address period, and a sustain period in order to display a gray scale of the panel by discharge of the subfields. The method includes gradually decreasing a voltage level of a scan electrode at a ending point of ramp-down in each reset period, a voltage level of a scan pulse applied to a selected scan electrode in the address period, or a voltage level of a sustain electrode according to progress of the subfields, thereby improving a stable and rapid address discharge characteristic of the plasma display panel and increasing luminance and contrast ratio of the plasma display panel by obtaining a sufficient sustain discharge time.

Abstract: An electro emission device (EED) operated by a driver for modulating the pulse width of a driving pulse according to a pulse width modulation (PWM) clock signal to control the brightness of images. The EED calculates a brightness level of image data indicating the brightness of the whole image for each unit image of a video signal. The image data is stored for each unit image of the video signal. The reference brightness level stored in the look-up table is compared with a calculated brightness level to determine a signal of the PWM clock signal condition. A PWM clock signal is generated according to the signal of the PWM clock signal condition to drive the display panel based on the PWM clock signal.

Abstract: A driver device for a display panel. Pixel cells are arranged on respective display lines of the display panel. Each N adjacent display lines makes one display line group. N is an integer of two or more. The pixels in each display line group are driven to emit light at different luminance levels based on one of M different dither patterns. One of the M dither patterns is selected sequentially and in predetermined periods, and the selected dither pattern is used. M is less than N. In the dither processing, N different weighting values are allocated to the N display lines in the display line group, respectively.

Abstract: In a plasma display device and a method of driving the plasma display device, one frame is divided into a plurality of sub-fields and each sub-field includes a reset period, an address period, and a sustain period. The method includes: supplying a first rising ramp pulse to at least one scan electrode during a rising period of a reset period and simultaneously supplying a second rising ramp pulse to at least one sustain electrode, and supplying a first falling ramp pulse to the at least one scan electrode during a falling period of the reset period and simultaneously supplying a second falling ramp pulse to the at least one sustain electrode.

Abstract: A driving circuit for producing sustain waveforms of a plasma display panel (PDP) is mentioned. The driving circuit includes the functions of voltage clamping and energy recovery. By controlling switches contained in the driving circuit, the supplied voltage source can be made to be only half of the sustain voltage. The voltage stress of some components will therefore be lower. In addition, the numbers of components can be reduced in the driving circuit.

Abstract: In a circuit driving a capacitive load Cp, current passed through a transistor Q3, a diode D1 and a recovering coil L is passed through lines L1, L2, and the inductance components of the lines L1 and L2, and the drain-source capacitances of the transistors Q1 and Q2 generate LC resonance. Capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in parallel to the drain-source regions of the transistors Q1 and Q2 to increase the total drain-source capacitance and reduce the resonance frequency, so that unwanted electromagnetic wave radiation in a frequency band affecting other electronic devices is suppressed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a driving method of a plasma display panel for improving a picture quality. The driving method of a plasma display panel in which an nth frame having a first brightness weighting value and a (n+1)th frame having a brightness weighting value different from the first brightness weighting value are alternatively arranged every vertical synchronous signal to display a certain image, wherein one frame period of the nth frame or the (n+1)th frame is variably set such that a brightness expression period can be identically set at the nth frame and the (n+1)th frame.

Abstract: In a method of driving a discharge display panel, each subfield may include a first address period, a first display-sustain period, a second address period, and a second display-sustain period. In the first address period, a predetermined wall voltage may be generated in display cells selected from the display cells of the first display electrode-line pair group. In the first display-sustain period, display-sustain discharge may occur during a time proportional to a gray scale weight of each of the subfields in the selected display cells of the display cells of the first display electrode-line pair group when the first address period has elapsed. In the second address period, a predetermined wall voltage may be generated in display cells selected from the display cells of the second display electrode-line pair group when the first display-sustain period has elapsed.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) driving method and a PDP gray-representing method for improving representation performance of low gray scales is disclosed. A voltage rising from a low level voltage to a reset voltage of a reset period of a subsequent subfield is applied to a scan electrode, without having a sustain period, after performing an address operation of the subfield with the minimum weight. The discharge cell selected in the address period of the minimum weight is discharged in an initial part of the gradually rising voltage.

Abstract: An apparatus for driving a display panel can execute quality image display. To allow discharge cells operating as pixels of the display panel to repeatedly perform sustain discharge, a fall period of a last sustain pulse of sustain pulses repeatedly applied to row electrodes includes a first voltage drop period in which a voltage value gently drops, a voltage constant period which follows the first voltage drop period and in which the voltage value remains constant for a predetermined period, and a second voltage drop period which follows the voltage constant period and in which the voltage value drops more gently than in the first voltage drop period.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) driving apparatus and a method for displaying pictures on the PDP increases the ability to express low gray scales without increasing the number of sub-fields. Input picture signal data are delayed by one frame and the number of high-order bits, from most significant bits not commonly used by all picture signal data within one frame, is detected. When the number of unused bits is detected, inverse gamma-corrected decimal point bits are shifted to an actual data position by the number of unused bits so as to increase power of expression of low gray scale. The decimal point bits are converted into sub-fields having low gray scale weights, in consideration of the shifting to the actual data position, for display on the PDP.

Abstract: The gradation display device contains gradient detecting circuit (3) for detecting a gradient of gradation values of pixels in an incoming image; time-varying gradation-value detecting circuit (4) for detecting changes in gradation values of the pixels with a passage of time; an image detector for detecting a magnitude and a direction of movement of the incoming image according to outputs from gradient detecting circuit (3) and time-varying gradation-value detecting circuit (4); and gradation correcting circuit (12) for correcting signals of the incoming image according to the detected magnitude and direction of the image and the weight of luminance assigned to each of the sub-fields so as to display proper image.

Abstract: An apparatus for driving a plasma display panel and a method for processing pictures of a plasma display panel. An input video signal is converted into sub-field data. It is determined whether address consumption power of the sub-field data is high. When the address consumption power is high, interlaced scanning is carried out. It is determined whether lines having sub-field data items identical or similar in a row direction exist using the sub-field data. The lines are sequentially scanned. Accordingly, the number of times of switching address electrodes is reduced and thus the address consumption power is decreased.

Abstract: A panel capacitor is formed by a scan electrode and a sustain electrode. The voltage at the panel capacitor is reduced by turning on a transistor coupled between the scan electrode and the capacitor. As a result, the voltage within the panel capacitor exceeds the discharge firing voltage to discharge the panel capacitor. When the gate voltage of the transistor is reduced by an RC circuit, the transistor is turned off, and the scan electrode is floated. A discharge is then steeply quenched, and wall charges are finely controlled. Next, the above-noted operation is repeated by turning on the transistor.

Abstract: A display apparatus is provided with a current driving type light-emitting device and a driving device for controlling a driving current flowing through the light-emitting device for each pixel of the display apparatus. The display apparatus consists of power source units for supplying power for causing a driving current to flow via the driving device to the light-emitting device via a power source wire, and signal wire driving units for supplying a data signal to the driving device via signal wires. In addition, voltage adjusting units adjust a voltage for the power source units or a data signal from the signal wire driving units so that a quantity of a driving current flowing through the light-emitting device when a data signal of a predetermined voltage is supplied to the driving device via signal wires or a quantity of emitted light emitted from the light-emitting device comes close to a predetermined reference value.

Abstract: A display device having a display matrix (m+2x by n+2x) including an active, e.g., controllable, pixel border located around the edge locations of a frame buffer matrix for improved character viewability. The border can be several pixels wide, e.g., 1<x<5. In one embodiment, the border is two pixels wide and surrounds a liquid crystal display (LCD) matrix area having (m×n) pixels that are controlled by a frame buffer memory. In one embodiment, the pixels of the border are active pixels and each contain a red, a green and a blue subpixel. The pixel border is useful for increasing viewability, e.g., contrast, of characters that are displayed along the edge of the LCD matrix area in a frame buffer region. The invention includes a border attribute register for containing a color attribute and a brightness attribute, in one embodiment.

Abstract: A plasma display device is provided which is capable of expanding an ensured operating temperature range or operating life time even at time of changes of a driving margin induced by a panel temperature or cumulative operating time of the panel. Display is controlled in a scanning period during which writing discharge is made to occur in a cell, in a sustaining period during which a cell having undergone writing discharge is turned ON for displaying, and in an initializing period during which wall charges in a cell and space charges accumulated before the scanning period starts are initialized. A wall charge adjusting period during which a potential difference between scanning electrodes and data electrodes varies gradually is set and a change rate of a potential between scanning electrodes and data electrodes during the wall charge adjusting period is changed according to the panel temperature and/or cumulative operating time of the panel.

Abstract: A driving circuit of a plasma display panel utilizes only one energy recovery unit for both sides of the panel capacitor. The driving circuit includes a panel capacitor having an X-side and a Y-side, a voltage clamping circuit and an energy recovery unit. The voltage clamping circuit includes four switches and is provided in parallel with the panel capacitor of the plasma display panel. The energy recovery unit is coupled between the X-side of the panel capacitor and the Y-side of the panel capacitor for charging and discharging the panel capacitor.

Abstract: A method for driving a display panel including a first electrode, a second electrode and an address electrode crossed with the first and second electrodes to form a discharge cell. The method comprises, during a sustain period, alternately applying a voltage pulse to the first and second electrodes, and floating the first or the second electrode and maintaining it at a first voltage level while the voltage pulse is applied to the other electrode.

Abstract: In a method of expressing a gray level of a high load image and an apparatus for driving a Plasma Display Panel (PDP) using the method, a load ratio of the input image signal is calculated, and an error diffusion of a lower bit of gray level data corresponding to the input image signal is performed when it has been determined that the calculated load ratio is greater than or equal to a critical load ratio which is a lowest load ratio among the load ratios in which luminance at every gray level does not increase while the gray level increases at a low gray level area. The error-diffused gray level data is then displayed on the PDP.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) and driving method that includes a floating reset process. A number of subfields are generated from input video signals, and subfield data for each subfield are output. A first voltage is applied to the first electrode according to sustain information to cause a discharge in a first discharge space, and the first electrode is floated during a period which corresponds to subfield data of a previous subfield. During this process, the floating time is controlled according to the number of addressed cells called for in previous subfield data.

Abstract: A driving circuit of a plasma display panel utilizes only one energy recovery unit for both sides of the panel capacitor. The driving circuit includes a panel capacitor having an X-side and a Y-side, a voltage clamping circuit and an energy recovery unit. The voltage clamping circuit includes four switches and is provided in parallel with the panel capacitor of the plasma display panel. The energy recovery unit is coupled between the X-side of the panel capacitor and the Y-side of the panel capacitor for charging and discharging the panel capacitor.

Abstract: A driver circuit for plasma display panels is provided. The driver circuit includes four switches and an energy recovery circuit coupled to an equivalent capacitor of a plasma display panel. The present energy recovery circuit includes a first unit, coupled to the X side of the equivalent capacitor, for passing current of charging and/or discharging the equivalent capacitor from the X side; a second unit, coupled to the Y side of the equivalent capacitor, for passing current of charging and/or discharging the equivalent capacitor from the Y side; and a third unit coupled to the first unit, the second unit and ground, the third unit comprising a capacitor, capable of charging and/or discharging the equivalent capacitor from the X side and/or the Y side.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a plasma display apparatus in which reliable erase discharge is performed and an erroneous discharge is suppressed, even when a discharge sustain period is shortened so as to realize a PDP having high definition. The above object is achieved in the following manner. In the discharge sustain period, a pulse applied in the later part of the discharge sustain period has a larger pulse width than a pulse applied in the earlier part of the discharge period, except for an initial pulse in the discharge sustain period. In addition, a called narrow pulse is applied in an erase period to perform an erase discharge. According to this method, wall voltages in discharge cells at the end of the discharge sustain period are raised to a higher level than in the related art. As a result, reliable erase discharge is performed, and an erroneous discharge is suppressed.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus in which in an address period, address discharge is generated in each display cell of a display panel selectively in accordance with pixel data based on a video signal, and in a sustain period, a sustain pulse for sustain discharge is applied between row electrodes constituting the row electrode pairs by a predetermined number of times which is preset for each of the subfields, and a length of a front-edge period of the sustain pulse to be applied is adjusted subfield by subfield in accordance with a load level in each subfield.

Abstract: Barrier ribs are disposed on a back substrate so as to separate main discharge cells and priming discharge cells, and the top parts of the barrier ribs are formed so as to abut on a front substrate. In a driving method, in an odd-numbered line writing time period, scan pulse Va is sequentially applied to odd-numbered scan electrode SCp and voltage Vq is applied to even-numbered sustain electrode SUp+1 to cause priming discharge between even-numbered sustain electrode SUp+1 and odd-numbered scan electrode SCp. In an even-numbered line writing time period, scan pulse Va is sequentially applied to even-numbered scan electrode SCp+1 and voltage Vq is applied to odd-numbered sustain electrode SUp to cause priming discharge between odd-numbered sustain electrode SUp and even-numbered scan electrode SCp+1.

Abstract: A driving circuit for creating sustain waveforms of plasma display panel (PDP) is provided. The driving circuit includes the functions of voltage clamping and energy recovery. The main structure of this driving circuit is composed of 5 switches, two diodes, and an inductor which couple to the panel capacitor of the PDP. The use of more voltage potentials can also be implemented very easily if they are required.