Abstract: The invention relates to a device for testing, in particular high-frequency testing, a test item, for example an electrical machine or a converter, comprising: a simulation unit for simulating an electrical energy accumulator using a simulation model; and an electrical connection line, via which the test item can be connected to the simulation unit; wherein the device comprises compensation impedance for compensating for an impedance in accordance with a line inductance of the connection line.

Abstract: An image sensing device is provided to include a pixel array having a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix shape. Each of the pixels includes: a control node configured to generate a hole current in a substrate; a detection node configured to capture photocharge migrated by the hole current, formed in a shape whose at least part is partially open, and disposed to surround the control node, and a low resistance region including a dielectric layer formed in the substrate, and disposed in the opening on of the detection node. The low resistance region includes an inner low resistance region disposed between the control node and the center of the pixel.

Abstract: A display device includes: a substrate; a pixel connected to a gate line and a data line on the substrate; a connection unit connected to one of the gate line and the data line of the substrate; and a driving integrated circuit mounted on the connection unit. The connection unit includes an output lead line, an auxiliary lead line and a first pattern, and the output lead line, auxiliary lead line and first pattern are sequentially disposed along a first direction on an output portion of the connection unit, an end portion of the first pattern is disposed on a first side of the connection unit, at least a portion of the auxiliary lead line is disposed on an input portion of the connection unit.

Abstract: A circuit board assembly includes a main board and a connection board attached to the main board. The connection board includes a base board including a connecting pad area and a mounting area, wherein the connection board is attached to the main board in the connecting pad area, and wherein the mounting area is spaced apart from the connecting pad area in a first direction and includes a driving chip mounted thereon. The connection board further includes first connection pads disposed on the connecting pad area of the base board, and second connection pads disposed on the connecting pad area of the base board. The main board includes first main pads connected to the first connection pads in a one-to-one connection and a second main pad connected to the second connection pads in a many-to-one connection.

Abstract: A foldable display device having a foldable display region includes a flexible substrate, a plurality of first light emitting units disposed on the flexible substrate in the foldable display region, and a first protector disposed on at least one of the first light emitting units. The first protector has a surface, and at least a portion of the surface has a curved profile.

Abstract: A display device includes: a display panel including a display area including pixels and a non-display area including a dummy pixel; a scan driver which supplies a scan signal to the display panel; a data driver which supplies a data signal to the display panel; and a timing controller which supplies a first control signal for controlling the scan driver and a second control signal for controlling the data driver. The dummy pixel is connected to a bad pixel among the pixels in the display area through a repair line, and a connection of the dummy pixel to the repair line is cut off in an initialization phase in which a voltage of an initialization power source is supplied.

Abstract: The present disclosure belongs to the field of display technologies, and provides a method and apparatus for compensating white point coordinates, and a computer device and a storage medium. The method includes: acquiring target brightness and target white point coordinates of a display module in a black frame insertion mode, wherein the display module includes a backlight; determining white point coordinates corresponding to the target brightness to be reached by the backlight in the black frame insertion mode and in an always-on mode, respectively; and compensating the target white point coordinates based on a difference value between the white point coordinates in the always-on mode and the white point coordinates in the black frame insertion mode.

Abstract: A pixel driving circuit, a driving method thereof, and a display panel are provided. The pixel driving circuit includes a light-emitting element, a power line connected to the light-emitting element, a pulse amplitude modulation unit including a first driving transistor connected to the light-emitting element and the power line and configured to provide driving current with different amplitude to the light-emitting element according to voltage applied to a gate of the first driving transistor; and a pulse width modulation unit including a second driving transistor connected to the light-emitting element and the pulse amplitude modulation unit, a first transistor and a second transistor connected to a gate of the second driving transistor, and a pulse width generation circuit connected to the gate of the first transistor. Duration of driving current in the light-emitting element is controlled according to voltage applied to the gate of the second driving transistor.

Abstract: A gate driving unit includes a first input node control circuit and a charge pump circuit; the first input node control circuit is configured to connect or disconnect the between an input terminal and the first input node under control of a clock signal provided by the clock signal terminal; the charge pump circuit is configured to control to convert a voltage signal of the first input node into a voltage signal of the first node under the control of an input clock signal provided by the input clock signal terminal when the voltage signal of the first input node is a first voltage signal, so that a polarity of the voltage signal of the first input is the same as a polarity of the voltage signal of the first input node, and an absolute value of the voltage value of the voltage signal of the first node is greater than an absolute value of a voltage value of the voltage signal of the first input node.

Abstract: A pixel circuit for an electronic display may include a memory to store a digital data signal indicative of a value within a data range. The pixel circuit may also include a light-emitting diode to emit light based at least in part on the digital data signal. The pixel circuit may also include an initialization transistor to initialize the pixel circuit before the light-emitting diode emits light and a driving transistor to activate based at least in part on the digital data signal.

Abstract: The pixel circuit includes a write-in compensation module for writing data signal(s) into a light emission device through a driving transistor and compensating a threshold voltage of the driving transistor; a first reset module for providing a signal of a first reset signal end to a gate of the driving transistor under control of a first reset control end; a second reset module for providing a signal of a second reset signal end to an anode of the light emission device under control of a second reset control end; and a light emission control module for connecting a drain electrode of the driving transistor with the anode under control of a light emission control end. A cathode of the light emission device is connected with a first power source voltage end; a potential of the first reset signal end is larger than a potential of the second reset signal end.

Abstract: Provided are a pixel having two contacting points and an operating method of the pixel. The pixel includes a positive power terminal and a negative power terminal which are related to power required for driving of a pixel driving circuit unit driving a plurality of light-emitting elements, wherein the positive power terminal is connected to a data driving circuit, and the negative power terminal is connected to a scan driving circuit. The pixel may be driven according to a potential difference between a signal output from the data driving circuit and a signal output from the scan driving circuit.

Abstract: A display device and a driving method of the display device are provided. The display device includes a case, a first reel, a flexible display screen, and a retractable component. The first reel is located inside the case. The flexible display screen is wound on the first reel, and is retractable or expandable along a first direction. The retractable component includes a first retractable component including N retractable parts that are capable of sliding with respect to each other along the first direction, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2. When the flexible display screen is expanded, the N retractable parts are expanded along the first direction and are arranged along a second direction, where the second direction intersects the first direction. When the flexible display screen is retracted, the N retractable parts are arranged in sequence along the second direction.

Abstract: As a display device has higher definition, the number of pixels is increased and thus, the number of gate lines and signal lines is increased. When the number of gate lines and signal lines is increased, it is difficult to mount IC chips including driver circuits for driving the gate lines and the signal lines by bonding or the like, whereby manufacturing cost is increased. A pixel portion and a driver circuit for driving the pixel portion are provided on the same substrate, and at least part of the driver circuit comprises a thin film transistor including an oxide semiconductor sandwiched between gate electrodes. A channel protective layer is provided between the oxide semiconductor and a gate electrode provided over the oxide semiconductor. The pixel portion and the driver circuit are provided on the same substrate, which leads to reduction of manufacturing cost.

Abstract: A pixel circuit and a display device including the same are disclosed. The pixel circuit includes a driving element including a first electrode connected to a first node to which a pixel driving voltage is applied, a gate electrode connected to a second node, and a third electrode connected to a third node; a light emitting element including an anode electrode connected to the third node, and a cathode electrode to which a pixel ground voltage supply voltage is applied; a first switch element configured to supply a data voltage to the second node in response to a scan pulse; and a second switch element configured to supply a first initialization voltage set to a negative voltage that is less than the pixel ground voltage supply voltage to the third node in response to a first initialization pulse.

Abstract: Display tiles comprising pixel elements on a first surface of a substrate connected by an electrode, a driver located opposite the first surface, and a connector wrapped around an edge surface of the substrate connecting the driver to the pixel elements. Displays comprised of display tiles and methods of manufacturing display tiles and displays are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a display panel. In an aspect, a source drain electrode layer in a bending region is provided with grooves at positions corresponding to metal traces and the grooves are filled with a conductive material. By using the conductive material to connect to the metal traces, it does not have to consider stress equilibrium for the metal traces in the bending region, thereby reducing a radius of curvature of the bending and a bezel width and increasing a screen-to-body ratio. In another aspect, a pad plate is provided and the pad plate is provided with conductive bridges arranged at intervals at positions corresponding to the grooves. It can be better connected to the metal traces by the conductive bridges, preventing the conductive material from unable to connect to the metal traces.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a display panel having a non-rectangular display region. The display panel includes a substrate, a pixel definition layer, a first organic material layer, and a second organic material layer. The pixel definition layer is disposed on the substrate, and defines a first pixel area and a second pixel area on the substrate. The first organic material layer is disposed in the first pixel area and has a first light-emitting region. The second organic material layer is disposed in the second pixel area and has a second light-emitting region. The first organic material layer and the second organic material layer have the same material and the same vertical projection area on the substrate, and the vertical projection area of the first light-emitting region on the substrate is smaller than the vertical projection area of the second light-emitting region on the substrate.

Abstract: The display device disclosed in the present application includes a driving chip, a plurality of fan-out lines electrically connected to the driving chip; and a plurality of data lines electrically connected to the plurality of fan-out lines in a one-to-one correspondence, wherein the driving chip includes a plurality of resistance modules, the plurality of resistance modules are electrically connected to the plurality of fan-out lines in a one-to-one correspondence, and the plurality of resistance module are configured to compensate different impedances of the fan-out lines.

Abstract: A display device includes first pixels in a first pixel area, and second pixels in a second pixel area. The first pixels are electrically connected to first signal lines, second signal lines, and data lines. The second pixels are electrically connected to third signal lines, fourth signal lines, and the data lines. The fourth signal lines include a first conductive line crossing at least one of the third signal lines, and a second conductive line that does not cross any of the third signal lines. The first conductive line is not in contact with the third signal lines.

Abstract: The active matrix substrate includes a demultiplexer circuit disposed in a peripheral region. Unit circuits of the demultiplexer circuit each distribute a display signal from one signal output line to n source bus lines (n: two or greater). Each unit circuit includes n branch lines and n switching TFTs configured to perform individual on/off control of electrical connections of the branch lines to the source bus lines. The demultiplexer circuit includes a plurality of boost circuits each configured to boost a voltage applied to a gate electrode of a corresponding one of the switching TFTs. Each boost circuit includes: a set-and-reset unit configured to perform set operation of pre-charging a node connected to the gate electrode and reset operation of resetting the potential of the node at different timings; and a boost unit configured to perform boost operation of boosting the potential of the node pre-charged by the set operation.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a display device includes a pair of substrates including a display area in which pixels are arranged, pixel electrodes and memories provided in the pixels, signal lines supplied with digital signals, switching elements connecting the memories and the signal lines, scanning lines supplied with scanning signals, a first driver unit, and a second driver unit. The first driver unit is provided in a peripheral area around the display area, and supplies the digital signal to the signal line. The second driver unit is provided in the peripheral area, and supplies the scanning signal to the scanning line. In the display device, at least a part of the first driver unit is provided between the display area and the second driver unit.

Abstract: Disclosed are embodiments of display modules, assemblies of display modules, and systems of display modules. Display modules have a plurality of light emitting elements arranged in a predetermined pattern and providing a highly uniform visual effect. Alignment and complementary alignment features enable the alignment of adjacent display modules and the creation of large displays from a plurality of aligned display modules. Features to grip and retain a support frame are provided. Modules and systems have features that permit installation and removal from the front side of the display. A system of modular support frames works cooperatively with the display modules, adapting to different mounting environments, and thereby providing large modular displays with desirable properties.

Abstract: A display device includes a substrate including a display area and a non-display area, a first wiring at the non-display area of the substrate, a second wiring on a layer that is different from the first wiring at the non-display area of the substrate, an inorganic insulating layer on the first wiring and the second wiring, a pad on the inorganic insulating layer, and connected to a first end of the first wiring, a contact bridge on the inorganic insulating layer, and connecting the second wiring to a second end of the first wiring, an electrostatic electrode on the inorganic insulating layer between the pad and the contact bridge, a first organic insulating layer covering the contact bridge and the electrostatic electrode, and exposing the pad, a first upper wiring on the first organic insulating layer, and overlapping the contact bridge and the electrostatic electrode, and a second organic insulating layer on the first upper wiring.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a display panel and a display device using the same. The display panel includes a pixel array in which a plurality of data lines, a plurality of gate lines crossing the data lines, and a plurality of pixels are disposed; a first gate driver configured to supply a gate signal to gate lines connected to pixels disposed in a first area of the pixel array; and a second gate driver configured to receive a carry signal from the first gate driver and supply a gate signal to gate lines connected to pixels disposed in a second area of the pixel array. The second gate driver includes a signal transmission unit disposed in the pixel array to receive the carry signal from the first gate driver.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a pixel circuit, a display panel, and a display device. The pixel circuit includes: a first switch circuit, a second switch circuit, a driving circuit, a first gate line, a first data line, a second gate line, and a second data line. The first switch circuit has a control terminal connected to the first gate line, a first terminal connected to the first data line, and a second terminal connected to a control terminal of the driving circuit; the second switch circuit has a control terminal connected to the second gate line, a first terminal connected to the second data line, and a second terminal connected to the control terminal of the driving circuit; and the first gate line and the second data line extend along a first direction, the second gate line and the first data line extend along a second direction.

Abstract: A display device and a display method thereof are provided. An image compensation unit is utilized to analyze a first image signal and a second panel data to calculate a difference value between a row number of first virtual rows included in the first image signal and a row number of second virtual rows included in the second panel data. Further, the first image signal is compensated to obtain a third display signal to display on the display panel, which can improve a display abnormality problem that occurs when the display panel is matched with an image input module from different manufacturers.

Abstract: A slide rail mechanism for a retractable screen structure includes a holder assembly including a holder; and a slide rail assembly including a fixed seat fixedly coupled to the holder, a sliding member coupled to a flexible display screen of the retractable screen structure and arranged on the fixed seat and slidable along a first direction, and an elastic assembly having a first end coupled to the fixed seat and a second end coupled to the sliding member. The second end of the elastic assembly and the flexible display screen are driven to move together when the sliding member slides along the first direction relative to the fixed seat.

Abstract: Systems and methods for azimuthal multiplexing using three-dimensional diffractive optics An azimuthal optical multiplexing system includes a light source. The system includes two or more at least partially transparent plates. Each plate of the two or more plates has a structured or patterned surface positioned in an optical path of the light source. The system includes means for rotating at least one plate of the two or more plates axially with respect to at least one other plate of the two or more plates. The means for rotating is operatively coupled to the at least one plate. The structured or patterned surface is configured to modulate light directed along the optical path and through the two or more plates.

Abstract: A display panel, a display device and a driving method. The display panel includes a display region and a peripheral region. The display region includes a subpixel unit array having a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns of subpixel units, and the peripheral region includes a gate drive circuit. The display region further includes a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of data lines. Each subpixel unit is driven by a scanning signal provided by one gate and a data signal provided by one data line, and a same data line is connected with at least two subpixel units which are not adjacent to each other and have a same color. The gate drive circuit includes a plurality of shift register units, and the plurality of gate lines are electrically connected with the plurality of shift register units in a one-to-one correspondence in order.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first display area and a second display area. The display panel includes a plurality of first pixel groups in the first display area, a plurality of second pixel groups in the second display area, and a plurality of scan lines connected to the first and second pixel groups. The second display area includes a plurality of light emitting areas in which the second pixel groups are respectively disposed, and a plurality of open areas in which the second pixel groups are not disposed. One of a second pixel group of an n-th row is cut and does not overlap an adjacent open area of the n-th row, and is connected in the second display area to a scan line of a second pixel group of an (n?1)-th row or a scan line of a second pixel group of an (n+1)-th row.

Abstract: The application provides a display device and a driving method thereof, and an electronic device. The display device driving method obtains a first driving parameter and a first compensation value of the display device, determines an abnormal driving parameter of the display device based on the first driving parameter and the first compensation value of the display device, then determines a second compensation value of the display device based on the abnormal driving parameter of the display device, and drives the display device using the second compensation value and the first driving parameter.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods and systems for unlocking a tracking apparatus that is affixed to an asset are disclosed herein. In one example, a method of unlocking a tracking apparatus that is affixed to an asset is provided. The tracking apparatus may comprise an electronic tag electronically coupled to a securing component comprising an actuating element. The method may comprise: receiving asset information associated with the tracking apparatus; generating and storing a secure machine-readable code in conjunction with the asset information; in response to receiving a request to unlock the tracking apparatus, determining whether a received input corresponds with the stored secure machine-readable code; and providing an indication to cause an electronic reader in electronic communication with the tracking apparatus to trigger deactivating the actuating element.

Abstract: A scan driver includes stages, each of the stages receiving first and second clock signals having a first low level as an active level, and a third clock signal having a high level as the active level. Each of the stages includes a logic circuit that changes a voltage of a first node to the first low level based on an input signal and the first clock signal, and changes a voltage of the first node to a second low level lower than the first low level based on the second clock signal, a first output buffer that outputs, as an active-low scan signal, the second clock signal in response to the voltage of the first node, and a second output buffer that outputs, as an active-high scan signal, the third clock signal in response to the voltage of the first node.

Abstract: A display device includes a touch panel (TP), a transparent adhesive member (TAM) on a surface of the TP, a touch printed circuit board (TPCB), and a display panel (DP) on a surface of the TAM. The TP includes a sensing portion and a pad side portion (PSP) on a side of the sensing portion. The TPCB includes a contact portion (CP) attached to a surface of the PSP. The DP includes a substrate, an optical film (OF) on a surface of the substrate, and a bending protection layer (BPL) on a side of the OF on the surface of the substrate. The surface of the PSP includes a connection area attached to the CP and a non-connection area not attached to the CP. The OF is spaced from the BPL with a gap disposed therebetween. The TAM overlaps, in a thickness direction, with the TPCB and the gap.

Abstract: A display device includes a display panel, a support film, and a polymer layer. The display panel includes a display area comprising a first area that is bendable, and a non-display area adjacent to the display area. The support film is coupled to a bottom surface of the display panel. The support film includes a first groove overlapping with the first area. The polymer layer is disposed in the first groove. The polymer layer includes a material with higher flexibility than the support film. Angles formed by the top surface of the support film and inner sides of the support film defining the first groove are acute angles.

Abstract: A display system includes a display region including a plurality of sub display apparatuses and a host processor which divides source image data into a plurality of sub input image data corresponding to the plurality of sub display apparatuses, and provides the plurality of sub input image data to the plurality of sub display apparatuses. A sub display apparatus of the plurality of sub display apparatuses includes a sub display panel including a plurality of pixels and a panel driver which receives corresponding sub input image data among the plurality of sub input image data and drives the sub display panel based on the corresponding sub input image data. The host processor includes a data generator which senses information of the plurality of sub display apparatuses included in the display region and determines a number of the plurality of sub display apparatuses.

Abstract: A novel semiconductor device or display system is provided. The display system includes a correction circuit having a function of correcting an image signal by utilizing artificial intelligence. Specifically, learning by an artificial neural network enables the correction circuit to correct an image signal so as to alleviate the image discontinuity. Then, by making an inference (recognition) utilizing the artificial neural network which has finished the learning, the image signal is corrected and compensation for the image discontinuity can be made. In this manner, the junction can be inconspicuous on the displayed image, improving the quality of a high-resolution image.

Abstract: A flexible display apparatus includes: a flexible panel having a first area, a bending area extending from the first area, and a second area extending from the bending area; a plurality of separate protection films on a surface of the flexible panel; and a filler in a gap between the plurality of separate protection films.

Abstract: An electronic device has a display substrate including a display area, a driver area, and a fan-out area. The fan-out area has interconnects providing electrical accesses to display elements of the display area. The device has a driver chip disposed on the driver area. The driver chip includes a first edge adjacent to the display area and multiple pad groups, each pad group including a respective row of electronic pads that is (i) arranged substantially in parallel with the first edge and (ii) electrically coupled to a respective subset of display elements via respective interconnects routed on a respective region of the fan-out area. The pad groups include a first pad group and a second pad group. The first and second pad groups have two different distances from the first edge and correspond to two different subsets of interconnects routed on two non-overlapping regions of the fan-out area.

Abstract: A display device includes a 1-1st wiring including a 1-1st end at an end portion thereof in a first direction, a 1-2nd wiring extending in a second direction opposite to the first direction and including a 1-2nd end that is apart from the 1-1st end, a second wiring that is apart from the 1-1st wiring and the 1-2nd wiring, a first bridge wiring in contact with the 1-1st wiring and the 1-2nd wiring and electrically connecting the 1-1st wiring to the 1-2nd wiring, and a third wiring extending in the first direction and disposed such that the second wiring is between the 1-1st wiring and the third wiring. The first bridge wiring has a convex shape in a direction opposite to a direction from the 1-1st wiring and the 1-2nd wiring to the second wiring.

Abstract: A gate driving circuit includes a first type of stage circuit for outputting a first gate signal and a second type of stage circuit for outputting a second gate signal, and further including a bias transistor for supplying, when turned-on, a bias voltage to a shield metal positioned to overlap with a semiconductor layer of a specific transistor among a plurality of transistors included in the first type of stage circuit, thereby preventing a leakage current from occurring inside the gate driving circuit.

Abstract: A residual DC measurement device of the present invention receives light emitted from a display device and outputs a light reception signal, measures a flicker value of the display device on the basis of the light reception signal output while the flicker measurement image is displayed by the display device and stores the flicker value in a storage as an initial flicker value, subsequently causes the display device to display a predetermined display image for a predetermined display time, causes the display device to display the flicker measurement image again when the predetermined display time elapses, measures the flicker value of the display device on the basis of the light reception signal output while the flicker measurement image is displayed and stores the flicker value in the storage as a posterior flicker value, and calculates a flicker change amount by calculating the posterior flicker value stored in the storage and the initial flicker value as an index value representing the residual DC.

Abstract: A display device includes a first light-transmitting substrate, a second light-transmitting substrate opposed to the first light-transmitting substrate, a liquid crystal layer comprising polymer dispersed liquid crystals filled between the first light-transmitting substrate and the second light-transmitting substrate, at least one light emitter opposed to at least one of a side surface of the first light-transmitting substrate and a side surface of the second light-transmitting substrate, and a first electrode and a second electrode disposed so as to sandwich the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A light-emitting diode (LED) package includes a first LED pixel including a plurality of first LED chips and a first pixel driving integrated circuit to drive the first LED chips according to an active matrix (AM) mode using entirety of a first frame period, wherein the first pixel driving integrated circuit includes a first storage area configured to store first frame data of each first LED chip, a second storage area configured to store duty ratio compensation data of each first LED chip, a pulse width modulation (PWM) data calculator configured to perform an arithmetic operation on the first frame data and the duty ratio compensation data to generate PWM data, and a PWM data generator configured to adjust an emission duty ratio based on the PWM data.

Abstract: A flexible display apparatus includes: a flexible panel having a first area, a bending area extending from the first area, and a second area extending from the bending area; a plurality of separate protection films on a surface of the flexible panel; and a filler in a gap between the plurality of separate protection films.

Abstract: A method of controlling a display panel includes steps of: detecting a plurality of lines of display data to generate a detection result; determining whether to apply a general timing or a compensation timing to each of the lines of display data according to the detection result; allocating a first display line period for a first line of display data determined to be applied with the general timing; outputting at least one control signal to the display panel in the first display line period according to a length of the first display line period; allocating a second display line period for a second line of display data determined to be applied with the compensation timing; and outputting the at least one control signal to the display panel in the second display line period according to a length of the second display line period different from the first display line period.

Abstract: A wiring structure includes a plurality of first connection lines disposed in a first wiring layer and extending respectively from first ones of the plurality of first electrical contacts to first ones of the plurality of second electrical contacts, the first connection lines not intersecting each other; and a plurality of second connection lines disposed in a second wiring layer and extending respectively from second ones of the plurality of first electrical contacts to second ones of the plurality of second electrical contacts, the second connection lines not intersecting each other. An orthographic projection of any one of the first connection lines onto a plane parallel to the first and second wiring layers does not intersect an orthographic projection of any one of the second connection lines onto the plane.

Abstract: The proposed device comprises a plurality of electroactive material actuator units arranged as a set. Control data for driving individual units is transferred over three shared power lines. The electroactive material actuator of each unit is driven depending on control data received from the power lines via a demodulator, a controller, and a driver.

Abstract: A display device includes a display panel, a display panel driving circuit, and a power management integrated circuit that generates driving voltages, receives driving set data from a timing controller, stores driving hex values corresponding to the driving set data in first internal registers, and determines voltage levels of the driving voltages based on the driving hex values. The power management integrated circuit divides the driving hex values into upper and lower decimal values, derives a result decimal value by applying the upper and lower decimal values to a first authentication-formula, generates a result hex value based on the result decimal value, compares an authentication hex value corresponding to authentication data received from the timing controller with the result hex value, and selectively operates in a normal mode or in a protection mode based on a comparison result between the authentication hex value and the result hex value.