Abstract: According to an aspect of the invention, a control method for an exposure shutter of an image forming apparatus includes, opening the shutter only to a slit glass for monochrome when monochrome printing is performed, and opening the shutter to slit glasses for monochrome and color when color printing is performed.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus is described. The image forming apparatus may include a first casing and a second casing above the first casing. The second casing is provided with an upper surface including a generally horizontal surface, a lower surface extending beyond the upper surface in a generally horizontal direction and a side surface connecting an end edge of the upper surface and an end edge of the lower surface with each other over the whole area. The first casing is provided with an upper surface coming into contact with the lower surface of the second casing over the whole area and a side surface including a generally vertical surface. An inclined surface connecting the generally vertical surface of the first casing and the generally horizontal surface of the second casing with each other, is provided continuously along the first casing and the second casing.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus is described. The image forming apparatus may include a casing including an image forming section, an ejecting section provided above the image forming section and an image scanning section provided above the ejecting section, formed with an ejecting port communicating with the ejecting section; and an operating section. A side surface of the casing closer to the ejecting port includes a generally vertical surface and an upper surface of the casing includes a generally horizontal surface. The casing is provided with an inclined surface inclined along a direction intersecting with the generally vertical surface and the generally horizontal surface for connecting the generally vertical surface and the generally horizontal surface with each other, and the ejecting port is formed on the inclined surface, while the operating section is arranged above the ejecting port on the inclined surface.

Abstract: A defect once around signal time period of a defect source inherent in a marking device is determined, the defect source having one or more banding frequencies. A reference scanline time delay, which is a time between a page sync signal and a writing of a reference scanline, is determined. A test target is written, sensed and analyzed. A reference scanline phase offset of each banding frequency relative to the reference scanline is determined. A banding phase of each banding frequency is determined based at least on the defect once around signal time period, reference scanline time delay and reference scanline phase offset.

Abstract: An image is formed by dividing rasterized original image data into regions in accordance with N recording heads, and scanning a recording body by simultaneously irradiating recording beams from the N recording heads. Corrected image data divided into regions in accordance with the recording heads are generated by changing the rasterized original image data based on information including positional displacements of the recording beams, so that the positional displacements are corrected. Scanning information is generated based on the positional displacement information. The scanning information includes positions and orders for the recording beams to scan the recording body to record the corrected image data.

Abstract: The exemplary embodiments disclosed herein incorporate transistor heating technology to create micro-heater arrays as the digital heating element for various marking applications. The transistor heaters are typically fabricated either on a thin flexible substrate or on an amorphous silicon drum and embedded below the working surface. Matrix drive methods may be used to address each individual micro-heater and deliver heat to selected surface areas. Depending on different marking applications, the digital heating element may be used to selectively tune the wettability of thermo-sensitive coating, selectively change ink rheology, selectively remove liquid from the surface, selectively fuse/fix toner/ink on the paper.

Abstract: The exposure apparatus is provided with: an optical member; and a holding member that holds the optical member. Both end portions of the optical member are held by the holding member with a first adhering unit that is cured by light irradiation for first duration and a second adhering unit that is cured by light irradiation for second duration which is longer than the first duration.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus is provided. The image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member; and an exposure member having a light emitting element, the exposure member exposing the photosensitive member at an exposure position opposed to an opposed position on the photosensitive member to form the electrostatic latent image, the exposure member being movable between the exposure position and a retreated position retreating from the exposure position, wherein the exposure member includes a dust-proof wall protruding more than a light-emitting surface of the exposure member and a positioning member positioning the exposure member with respect to the photosensitive member at the exposure position, and wherein the dust-proof wall and the positioning member are integrally formed.

Abstract: A disclosed optical path switching device includes a polarization bistable VCSEL that emits a beam having a rising polarization plane, a laser light source configured to emit a beam having a polarization plane orthogonal to the rising polarization plane, and an optical path switching unit configured to switch an optical path of the beam emitted from the polarization bistable VCSEL by switching the angle of the rising polarization plane of the beam emitted from the polarization bistable VCSEL. The beam emitted from the polarization bistable VCSEL is incident on an entrance window of the optical path switching unit, and the beam emitted from the laser light source is incident on an exit window of the polarization bistable VCSEL.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image carrier and an optical scanning device. The optical scanning device generates an optical scanning beam and includes an enclosure. The enclosure includes a pair of arch-like-shaped supporting members. Inside the enclosure there are provided a light source for emitting a light beam, a light deflector for deflecting the light beam emitted from the light source so as to convert the light beam into the optical scanning beam, and at least one reflecting mirror for reflecting the optical scanning beam deflected by the light deflector to scan the image carrying surface of the image carrier. At least one of the reflecting mirrors includes a specific reflecting mirror having a light reflecting surface and mounted on the pair of arch-like-shaped supporting members at a position to reflect the optical scanning beam with the light reflecting surface toward the image carrying surface of the image carrier.

Abstract: A disclosed device for optically scanning a target surface includes a light source unit configured to emit a light beam; a light intensity detecting unit; a coupling unit configured to substantially collimate the emitted light beam; a beam limiting unit configured to limit the amount of the collimated light beam; a beam splitting unit configured to split the beam limited light beam and thereby to cause a first portion of the beam limited light beam to enter the light intensity detecting unit, wherein the light intensity detecting unit is configured to detect the intensity of the first portion of the beam limited light beam; and a beam deflecting unit configured to deflect a second portion of the split light beam toward the target surface. In the disclosed device, the beam limiting unit and the beam splitting unit are integrated as a single unitary structure and positioned between the coupling unit and the light deflecting unit.

Abstract: A method of printing using an image-on-image device that includes a photoreceptor, including monochrome exposing the photoreceptor or monochrome charging the photoreceptor, wherein monochrome exposing the photoreceptor includes charging the photoreceptor, successively exposing the photoreceptor in a monochrome mode using a plurality of exposing devices during a single revolution of the photoreceptor relative to the exposing devices, and developing a monochrome image on the photoreceptor; and monochrome charging the photoreceptor includes successively charging the photoreceptor via a plurality of charging devices during a single revolution of the photoreceptor relative to the charging devices, exposing the photoreceptor using an exposing device, and developing an image on the photoreceptor. A marking device capable of implementing the method of printing.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image forming apparatus including a photoconductor, a charging unit configured to charge the photoconductor, a writing unit configured to form a latent electrostatic image, a toner image forming unit configured to form a toner image by developing the latent electrostatic image, the toner image forming unit having a plurality of developing devices housing a plurality of color developers for each color, a transfer unit configured to transfer the toner image formed on the photoconductor onto a transfer material, and a fixing unit configured to fix the transferred toner image on the transfer material, wherein the time spent by an arbitrary point on the photoconductor in moving from a position in which to face the writing unit to a position in which to face the developing unit is shorter than 50 ms and longer than the transit time of the photoconductor.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image carrier that carries a latent image; an exposure device, which includes a light source and an optical member, for focusing, on the image carrier, light emitted by the light source that is used to form a latent image on the image carrier; and a developing device, for developing the latent image. A dust prevention member that contacts the image carrier is arranged for the exposure device.

Abstract: An image formation apparatus with a plurality of laser diodes that form color-component images, which correspond to a plurality of color components, onto a plurality of corresponding photosensitive drums respectively, and a transfer belt onto which the color-component images that are formed on the respective photosensitive drums are transferred. The image formation apparatus adjusts the image formation timing based on the positions of the color-component images that are transferred to the transfer belt; and when adjusting the image formation timing, the respective laser diodes form color-component images at formation intervals that correspond to an integral multiple of the period of a periodic noise.

Abstract: An optical scanning device 65 is adapted to bring a deflector mirror plane 651 into independent pivotal motions about a first axis and a second axis perpendicular to each other. A mirror driver section including a first axis driver and a second axis driver is so controlled as to bring the deflector mirror plane 651 into pivotal motion about the first axis thereby deflecting a light beam L for scanning along a main scan direction. On the other hand, the deflector mirror plane 651 is pivotally moved about the second axis thereby to adjust the scanned beam L for its position on a photosensitive member 2 with respect to a subscan direction. Thus, even if the scanned beam is deviated from a reference scan position with respect to the subscan direction due to component tolerances or assembly errors, such a deviation can be corrected.

Abstract: An optical scanning apparatus includes: a light source that emits multiple light beams; a deflecting unit that accepts the multiple light beams emitted from the light source on an identical reflecting surface of the deflecting unit, and movies the reflecting surface to deflect the multiple light beams; and an optical system that is interposed between the reflecting surface of the deflecting unit and a surface to be scanned and converges the multiple light beams reflected by the reflecting surface respectively. And the optical system includes an optical element that converges lights at least in a sub scanning direction. The optical scanning apparatus includes an adjust unit that adjusts incident angles of the multiple light beams radiated onto the optical element, in a direction corresponding to the sub scanning direction on the surface to be scanned.

Abstract: In an optical scanning device employing a multi-beam scanning method, a surface emitting laser light source includes laser emission sources; a parallel-plate-like quarter wavelength plate is arranged between the surface emitting laser light source and a first optical system; a light-intensity detecting unit separates light intensity of the laser beams of which form is converted by the first optical system and detects separated laser beams; and a light-intensity adjusting unit adjusts emission intensity of the laser emission sources individually based on a detection result by the light-intensity detecting unit. The quarter wavelength plate is arranged so that an optical axis thereof is tilted ±45 degrees with respect to the main-scanning direction around an optical axis of the first optical system.

Abstract: An optical scanner includes at least one light source, an optical element, a deflective scanner, an optical housing, a pressing member, and a mounting member. The light source emits a light beam to an object. The optical element forms the light beam emitted from the light source into a desired shape. The deflective scanner deflects the light beam. The optical housing stores the optical element and the deflective scanner, and includes at least one positioning member. The positioning member positions the light source in an axial direction of the light source. The pressing member presses the light source toward the positioning member to sandwich the light source between the pressing member and the positioning member and mount the light source on the optical housing. The mounting member fastens the pressing member to the optical housing.

Abstract: An image is formed by dividing rasterized original image data into regions in accordance with N recording heads, and scanning a recording body by simultaneously irradiating recording beams from the N recording heads. Corrected image data divided into regions in accordance with the recording heads are generated by changing the rasterized original image data based on information including positional displacements of the recording beams, so that the positional displacements are corrected. Scanning information is generated based on the positional displacement information. The scanning information includes positions and orders for the recording beams to scan the recording body to record the corrected image data.

Abstract: An optical scanning apparatus effectively blocks undesirable-light generated in opposed scanning units, and forms high-quality image with simple configuration. The apparatus includes two scanning units disposed with a polygon mirror therebetween, each scanning unit including: an incident optical system guiding a beam from a light source to the polygon mirror; and an imaging optical system including an imaging optical element to cause the deflected beam form an image on a scanning surface. One of the scanning units includes a member to block an undesirable light reflected on optical surfaces of the imaging optical element of the other scanning unit and traveling toward the scanning surface of said one scanning unit. rp<L?A/2 is satisfied, where rp denotes circumcircle radius of polygon mirror; L denotes distance from rotational center of polygon mirror to the blocking member of said one scanning unit, and A denotes length of polygon mirror drive circuit substrate.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a light source that emits a light beam in a main scanning direction according to image data to be used for image formation, a control unit that controls the light source, and detectors that detect the light beam. The main scanning direction is divided into areas and a cycle of a pixel clock is corrected in each area independently based on detection results of the detectors so as to correct an image position and image magnification.

Abstract: In a color marking assembly, a series of ROS units are aligned above a photoconductive surface. These units have side mounts and a side positioned outboard linear actuator connecting them to this assembly. The inboard mounts are attached to a first inboard side of the ROS, and the outboard mounted linear actuators are attached to a second outboard side of the KROS unit. The inboard mount is an elongated bar extending beyond the height of the ROS unit. This elongated bar has hinged portions on both its top and bottom connections to the ROS unit. The linear actuator that is positioned on the outboard side of the ROS unit has a rigid sphere, resting in a V-housing in a V-Block. This actuator configuration and the board mount enable the ROS unit to be easily deskewed when required to provide improved vibration-free images.

Abstract: An image-forming device includes: a housing; an endless belt; a plurality of process units; and a plurality of scanner units. Each scanner unit and each process unit are inclined obliquely to a vertical direction. At least a part of each process unit is inserted into and removed from the housing in an obliquely inclined direction.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to control power supplied to a paper transfer belt (PTB) unit and a laser scanning unit (LSU) included in an image forming device includes the PTB unit to transfer a developed latent image onto a printing medium, the LSU to scan light onto a photosensitive medium, a first controller to control power supplied to the PTB unit and the LSU, and a connection unit to connect the PTB unit to the first controller, wherein the first controller controls the power supplied to the LSU according to a connection state of the connection unit.

Abstract: A thin MFP includes a scanning module, a printing module, a paper advance module, a paper switch module and a paper-guiding module all disposed in a casing thereof. Both the scanning module and the printing module are fixed on the same plane. The paper advance module has a first paper advance box and a second paper advance box for guiding paper into the casing, respectively. The paper switch module mates with the paper advance module for selectively guiding paper from the first paper advance box or the second paper advance box. The paper-guiding module mates with the paper switch module for guiding paper from the paper switch module to the scanning module for scanning or to the printing module for printing. Whereby, the size of the thin MFP is reduced by changing the disposition of the scanning module and the printing module and sharing the paper-guiding module.

Abstract: An image reading device of the present invention reads a reference white plate before an actual document image in order to generate shading correction data. As for the first line, an input data determining circuit unconditionally determines that input data is normal. A sum data selecting circuit selects input data if the input data is normal or selects a value stored in a white data storage if otherwise. A sum data calculating means forcibly makes data output from white sum data storage (logical) ZERO, i.e., black data and then writes the result of calculation in the above storage. As for the second and successive lines, a decision value calculating circuit calculates a noise decision value for each pixel by using the white data of a previous line stored in the white data storage. The input data determining means compares the noise decision value and input image data to thereby determine whether or not the input image data is normal.

Abstract: A system and method for the automated detection of printing defects in an image output device are described, employing an imaging device adjacent a photoresponsive member in the output device, wherein the imaging device generates image signals in response to developed and undeveloped regions on the photoresponsive member to identify defects therein.

Abstract: Many xerographic machines have a motor polygon assembly (MPA), which is a rotating polygonal mirror. As the MPA rotates, it reflects a modulated light beam to produce scan lines on a photoreceptor. Inconsistencies in the MPA can cause inconsistencies in the scan lines, and therefore banding in a printed document. Misalignment, improper mounting, improper manufacture, or sources can cause the MPA inconsistencies. The banding is periodic, can be measured and can be compensated for. Although the modulated light beam can be modulated by many sources, further modulation using a compensation source can reduce banding.

Abstract: A complex image forming apparatus is provided having an improved structure in which a thermal printing engine forming a color image by heat and a laser printing engine performing single-color printing are integrated. The complex image forming apparatus comprises a supplying unit supplying a printing medium; a transfer path via which the printing medium supplied by the supplying unit is transferred; a thermal printing engine being disposed on the transfer path and performing color printing by heating a thermal imaging printing medium having one or more image forming layers; and a laser printing engine being disposed on the transfer path on which the thermal printing engine is installed and performing printing on the supplied printing medium by electrophotolithography.

Abstract: A scanning optical apparatus uses a light source pair that includes at least two light sources to scan a same scan line. The scanning optical apparatus includes: a first group of light sources which include a first light source of a light source pair and are lined up on a first line; and a second group of light sources which include a second light source of the light source pair and are lined up on a second line. The first line and the second line are inclined with respect to reference lines corresponding to scan lines so that the first light source and the second light source of the light source pair scan the same scan line. Moreover, a distance between the first light source and the second light source of the light source pair is at least twice a distance between two adjacent light sources in the first line.

Abstract: A transparency conveying apparatus is provided with: a first rail for guiding one end of a transparency; a second rail for guiding the other end portion, which is provided parallel to the first rail with the transparency reading region placed between the first and second rails; a first belt for conveying the transparency along the first rail, which faces the first rail in a position where the one end is inserted between the first belt and the first rail; a second belt for conveying the transparency along the second rail, which faces the second rail in a position where the other end is inserted between the second belt and the second rail; a first engagement member for engaging the one end with the first belt; a second engagement member for engaging the other end with the second belt; and a drive unit for rotating the first and second belts.

Abstract: A photo-printing system includes a laser exposure unit, a reference clock generation unit, an image input unit, and a controller. The image input unit receives first pixel data and second pixel data to be expressed after the first pixel in accordance with image data. In a first control, the first and second pixels are scanned for exposure in a laser emission region state wherein each of the scan-start timings of the first and second pixels are controlled in accordance with a reference clock. In a second control, the first pixel is scanned for exposure in a nonlinear light emission region state, and the second pixel having a density equal to or lower than a predetermined density is scanned for exposure in the laser emission region state, the scan-start timing of the second pixel is advanced with respect to the first control.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus having a photosensitive drum and a developing roller for coating a developer on the photosensitive drum. The image forming apparatus includes a plurality of light scanning units. Each of the light scanning units scans a light on the photosensitive drum to sharingly form an electrostatic latent image thereon. A selective input unit is provided to select between a normal mode and a saving mode. A controller controls, in the saving mode, a relatively less number of the light scanning units to scan the light on the photosensitive drum, as compared with in the normal mode. Thus, the developer can be saved in a simple and effective way.

Abstract: An optical scanning unit used in an image forming apparatus having a latent image carrier includes a light emitter, a rotary deflector, an inclination adjustment unit, and a controller. The light emitter emits a light beam. The rotary deflector deflects and scans the light beam onto a surface of the latent image carrier. The inclination adjustment unit adjusts an inclination of a scan line corresponding to the light beam relative to a reference scan line on the latent image carrier. The controller changes at least one of a linear velocity of the latent image carrier and a rotation speed of the rotary deflector so as to change a ratio between the linear velocity of the latent image carrier and a scan speed of the light beam, and controls the inclination adjustment unit based on the ratio to keep the scan line from inclining relative to the reference scan line.

Abstract: An illuminating light source, and a scanner module and an image scanning apparatus including the same. The illuminating light source includes: a vacuum tube have a cylindrical shape, is filled with a discharging gas, and has a light emitting portion disposed in a lengthwise direction thereof; a discharging electrode disposed upon the vacuum tube, and having a width that increases from a center portion to end portions thereof; and a fluorescent body disposed within the vacuum tube, to absorb first light beams emitted by the discharging gas and to emit second light beams having a longer wavelength than the first light beams, with the second light beams being illuminated through the light emitting portion.

Abstract: Control circuitry associated with an electrophotographic imaging device is adapted to manage bias levels of components in an image forming unit. A photoconductive surface is charged to a first bias level, a developer member is charged to a second bias level, and an imaging unit selectively discharges image feature locations on the photoconductive surface to a third bias level. In certain regions having a predetermined image feature density, the imaging unit may discharge an area in the vicinity of the image features to a fourth bias level that is between the first and third bias levels. The amount by which the imaging unit discharges the area in the vicinity of the image features changes as image feature density changes and as the difference between the first and third bias levels change.

Abstract: A digital preservation system (10) for accepting a digital data record as input, for providing a preview of the digital data record on a display screen (80), for writing the data record in human-readable form onto a preservation-quality medium (210), for storage of the medium (210), and for retrieval of the data record from the medium (210. The digital preservation system (10) preserves a data record in human-readable form, along with an associated metadata record, allowing the human-readable preserved data record to be readable in the distant future, independent of specific reading hardware. A preview function allows an operator to specify storage and retrieval characteristics for the data record.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus changes over an electric potential on an image bearing member in response to an attenuation region in which a remaining potential on a developing member is attenuating after a developing bias applied to the developing member has been turned off after completion of an image forming operations. Accordingly, it is possible to mitigate adherence of developer due to a large potential difference between the developing member and the image bearing member.

Abstract: This invention relates to an image recording apparatus provided with a transporting unit transporting an image recording material whose shape has at a least one side in a predetermined transporting direction; an image recording position detecting unit detecting a position of the at least one side along the predetermined transporting direction, an image recording position correcting unit correcting the image recording position for the image recording material based on result of detection of the at least one side by said image recording position detecting unit; and an image forming unit forming a predesired image on the image recording material at the corrected image recording position.

Abstract: A method for driving a self-scanning light-emitting element array is provided in which two light-emitting elements may be illuminated simultaneously in one chip. In a self-scanning light-emitting element array including a transfer element array and light-emitting element array, a magnitude of the write signal for illuminating adjacent two light-emitting elements simultaneously is two times that of the write signal for illuminating one light-emitting element. The self-scanning light-emitting element array is composed of a plurality of self-scanning light-emitting element array chips arranged in a linear manner, and the two-phase clock pulses are applied commonly to the plurality of self-scanning light-emitting element array chips.

Abstract: A scanning apparatus having a cold cathode fluorescent lamp includes a central processing unit (CPU) controlling a scan unit to be in one of the stand-by mode, a scan mode and a sleep mode and outputting a PWM signal having a variable duty ratio based on an operation mode of the scan unit; a filter unit receiving the PWM signal from the CPU, filtering the PWM signal, and outputting the filtered signal; a feedback unit detecting the voltage applied to the fluorescent lamp and outputting a feedback signal; a controlling unit controlling the illumination of the fluorescent lamp based on the voltage input from the feedback unit, the controlling unit outputting a control signal variably controlling the voltage applied to the fluorescent lamp depending on the filtered signal; and a lamp drive unit applying variable AC voltage to the fluorescent lamp based on the control signal, thereby driving the fluorescent lamp.

Abstract: The invention concerns an image recording apparatus suitable for forming a medical image that is used for a medical diagnosis, and a test pattern for evaluating a quality of the medical image. The image recording apparatus includes a printing section to either the medical image or the test pattern on the recording medium, based on image date; a printing-condition setting section to set a printing condition for printing the test pattern; and a printing-condition displaying section to display the printing condition set by the printing-condition setting section. The printing section prints at least one of a sharpness-evaluating pattern and a granularity-evaluating pattern.

Abstract: A light beam scanning apparatus according to an embodiment of this invention includes a reflection unit for reflecting a light beam, a rotation unit for rotating the reflection unit, a rotation control unit for controlling rotation of the rotation unit, a rotational speed detection unit for detecting a rotational speed of the rotation unit, a light amount control unit for, before the rotational speed detection unit detects that the rotational speed has reached a predetermined rotational speed, controlling light emission of the light beam and controlling the light amount of the light beam to a predetermined value, and a light emission control unit for, after the rotational speed detection unit detects that the rotational speed has reached the predetermined rotational speed, controlling a light emission timing of the light beam.

Abstract: An image forming system, having: a first controller that controls whether to make the first image processor to process image data in accordance with the function selected by the function selector, or to make the written data transmitter to transmit data by transmitting image data to the second image processor with the read data transmitter and by processing image data with the second image processor; a job register that registers plural jobs; a priority order determiner that determines the priority order for output of jobs registered by the job register, and a second controller that determines the outputting order for image data of each job based on the priority order and outputs image data of the job whose priority order is highest among jobs which are capable of immediate output when image data of a job is impossible to be outputted because of a process by the second image processor.

Abstract: When correction data is set, a CPU 3 reads out the correction data from an EEPROM 8 through strobe signal lines STB1-N to STB4-N and supplies it as print data signals DATA3 to DATA0 to an LED driver IC 6. When the driving of an LED array 7 according to print data is instructed, the CPU 3 supplies a group selection signal to the LED array 7 through the strobe signal lines STB1-N to STB4-N. An electrophotographic printer which can realize a high speed of the operation and contribute to the improvement of the reliability is provided.

Abstract: An optical scanning apparatus includes a laser unit formed by integrating a semiconductor laser and collimator lens, an incident optical system for making a light beam emerging from the laser unit strike an optical deflector while keeping the light beam wider than the width of a deflecting surface of the optical deflector in the main scanning direction, and an imaging optical system for forming the light beam reflected/deflected by the optical deflector into an image on a scanned surface. The laser unit is shifted by a shift adjusting means in a predetermined direction with respect to the optical axis of the incident optical system so as to make an illuminance distribution of scanning lines on the scanned surface become substantially symmetrical about the scanning central axis.

Abstract: Light emitted from an entire surface of a light source is passed selectively through a liquid crystal shutter. The shutter can be controlled to open/close on a pixel basis in response to image data and then selectively passed light is converted into light having a specified wavelength by a nonlinear optical element before impinging on a metal film. The metal film induces and emits its own electrons and forms an electrostatic latent image directly on a dielectric film.

Abstract: A system for charging a photoconductive surface being suitable use in forming an image on a substrate, the system including: an at least partial vacuum chamber; at least one nanostructure being disposed within the vacuum chamber and suitable for emitting electrons; and, at least one cap disposed with respect to the at least one nanostructure such that electrons emitted from the at least one nanostructure and colliding with the cap cause radiation suitable for charging the photoconductive surface.

Abstract: A method is provided for applying a watermark pattern along a length of photosensitive medium, the photosensitive medium having a frame pitch in the length direction that is the sum of an image frame height plus an interframe distance. The method exposes watermark tiles contiguously along the length of the photosensitive medium, wherein each watermark tile has a height dimension that is an integral divisor of the frame pitch.