Abstract: A liquid ejection head substrate includes: a plurality of energy generating element arrays each including a plurality of energy generating elements configured to generate energy for ejecting liquid; a supply port array in which a plurality of supply ports configured to supply liquid to the plurality of energy generating elements are arranged between the plurality of energy generating element arrays in an arrangement direction in which the plurality of energy generating elements are arranged; a temperature detection element that is configured to detect a temperature of the liquid ejection head substrate and that is provided on one side of the supply port array; and a heating element that is configured to heat the liquid ejection head substrate and that is provided on the other side of the supply port array.

Abstract: When the head temperature Tfinish, which is the head temperature at the time of completion of a preceding scan, is higher than the stable ejection temperature Tstable, the target temperature is made a temperature that is only a temperature value ?T lower than the head temperature Tfinish. On the other hand, when Tfinish, the head temperature at the time of print completion, is lower than the stable ejection temperature Tstable, the target temperature is made a temperature that is only a temperature value ?T higher than the head temperature Tfinish. Because of this it is possible to inhibit head temperature rise in the case where an image with a high print density is printed.

Abstract: A printer comprises a heating system to produce a hot-air flowimpinging on a print media, the heating system comprising a heat source, a fan, and an air chamber. The air chamber has an air-impinging plate with air-impinging holes adjacent to the print media. The heating system provides first and second partially overlapping hot-air circulation circuits. The first hot-air circulation circuit leads from the heater through the holes of the air-impinging plate to direct hot air through the air-impinging holes to the print media in the course of printing operation. The second hot-air circulation circuit leads back to the heater through a recirculation channel without passing through the air-impinging holes of the air-impinging plate to prevent air from being directed onto the print media, in the course of the heat-up operation. The heating system further comprises circuit-switching arranged to switch the air flow between the first and second hot-air circulation circuits.

Abstract: A temperature sensor provided to a recording head detects a temperature when the recording head relatively moves outside an opposite region opposite to a platen heater. A driving signal generating circuit compensates an ejection pulse in accordance with the detected temperature.

Abstract: A printing apparatus includes a print unit, an acquisition unit, and a setting unit. The print unit performs printing on a sheet by repeating reciprocating scans of a print head. The acquisition unit acquires information on a temperature of the print head. The setting unit sets a wait time to start a next scan after one scan. The setting unit increases the wait time by a predetermined additional time for each subsequent scan once a value acquired by the acquisition unit exceeds a first threshold, unless the value falls below a second threshold.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting apparatus includes a head that ejects an ink from a nozzle opening; a moving unit that moves the head; and a heating unit that sets a temperature of a recording sheet onto which the ink is ejected from the head. Before the head ejects the ink onto the recording sheet, the moving unit is moved, and the head is moved to a position opposing a platen and an upper heater, which is a position to where heat radiated from the heating unit is transferred.

Abstract: In an ink jet printing apparatus and control method using a plurality of parts of a printing unit, ink ejection can be immediately started. First and second heating units heat first and second parts of the printing unit. Each of the first and second heating units performs heating when the temperature of each of the first and second parts of the printing unit is lower than a reference temperature, and stops heating when the temperature of each of the first and second parts of the printing unit is at least equal to the reference temperature. A control unit controls ejecting of ink from the printing unit such that the printing unit starts ejecting ink according to both first and second information, the first and second information indicating that the temperature of the first and second parts of the printing unit once reached the reference temperature under certain circumstances.

Abstract: A power supply section includes a switching regulator. A plurality of linear regulators is provided for respective ones of a plurality of driving sections. The linear regulators step down a source voltage to respective driving voltages of the driving sections and supply the respective driving sections with the driving voltages. A head-temperature sensor measures temperature of a liquid ejecting head. A controller determines the source voltage and the driving voltages based on the temperature, and controls the power supply section, the linear regulators, and the driving sections to stop at least one of outputting of the source voltage by the power supply section, supplying of the driving voltages by the linear regulators, and driving of the driving sections, when a voltage difference is larger than or equal to an acceptable value. The voltage difference is a difference between the source voltage and a minimum voltage of the driving voltages.

Abstract: A post-treatment solution for digital inkjet printing includes a thermoplastic material having a melting temperature ranging from about 40° C. to about 250° C., a binder, and a liquid carrier. The thermoplastic material and the binder are present in a weight ratio ranging from 100:1 to 1:1. A print medium, printing method, and printing system are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: This invention has been made to judge the discharge state of each nozzle accurately at an appropriate timing. For this purpose, an apparatus using a printhead including a heater and a temperature sensor has the following arrangement. A temporal change in a detected temperature is monitored upon driving the printhead. During the temperature drop, temperatures are extracted at plural points of a time interval including a timing at which a feature point of the temporal change in the detected temperature in normal discharge appears. The second derivative of the temperature is calculated and added to obtain a total sum and intermediate sum. The total sum is compared with predetermined first and second thresholds to judge whether to normally discharge ink. If normal discharge or discharge failure is uncertain, the intermediate sum is compared with a third threshold for final judgment.

Abstract: An inkjet offset printer includes a heated drum assembly having a hollow drum with an internal surface defining an internal cavity and a heater and a cooler located in the internal cavity. The heater includes at least one ceramic heater element. The cooler includes a slot to direct an air stream that is normal to the internal surface of the drum that aids in quenching the heating element for faster control responses.

Abstract: Methods for operating a printing system are provided. In one aspect, the methods can include causing an inkjet printhead that is positioned by a support structure to emit droplets of an ink including vaporizable carrier fluid toward a target area to emit droplets according to image data, using one of a plurality of shields to individually separate each one the plurality of printheads from the target area to form a shielded region between printhead and the shield and a printing region between the shield and the target area with the shield providing an opening between the shielded region and the printing region to allow the inkjet printhead to jet droplets to the target area, and supplying an energy to heat the shields to a temperature that is above a condensation temperature of the vaporized carrier fluid.

Abstract: Inkjet droplets having a vaporizable carrier fluid are jetted from a printhead according to image data. A heated condensation shield is used between a printhead and a target area at which the printhead directs drops protects against condensation of vaporized carrier fluid and creates heat. A heat shield is used between the printhead and a support structure for the printhead protects the printhead and support structure from heat and condensation. A heated zone exists between the heat shield and the condensation shield. The condensation shield is heated to a temperature above a condensation temperature of vaporized carrier fluid in the second region so that ink droplets that pass through the heated zone are heated in a manner that causes ink droplets having a first concentration to spread when printed onto a paper in the target area as if the ink droplets had a higher concentration of at least one percent.

Abstract: An inkjet recording device includes an inkjet head that is equipped with a nozzle to discharge ink, an ink flow path connected to this inkjet head, an adjustment unit that adjusts the pressure in the ink flow path, and a maintenance unit that wipes the nozzle of the inkjet head, and a control unit that executes a maintenance mode of the inkjet head by controlling the adjustment unit and the maintenance unit. The control unit controls the maintenance unit to wipe the nozzle after the adjustment unit adjusts the pressure inside the ink flow path to a first positive pressure, and then again, after the adjustment unit adjusts the pressure in the ink flow path to a first negative pressure. The control unit further controls the adjustment unit to adjust the pressure in the flow path to a second negative pressure that is smaller than the first negative pressure.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide dynamic radiant drying for a print media by monitoring a temperature of a test patch of colorant during the drying process. One embodiment is a radiant dryer and a control system. The radiant dryer receives a media marked with a wet colorant that depicts a sheetside of print data and a test patch. The radiant dryer includes a radiant energy source that heats the colorant based on a heating power. The radiant dryer further includes a cooling system within the interior that applies a cooling gas to the medium. The control system obtains a temperature of the test patch, determines a difference between the temperature of the test patch and a target temperature, and varies the heating power and/or an application of the cooling gas based on the difference to normalize temperatures across the medium during a drying process.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting apparatus includes heating portions for heating liquid, a liquid ejecting head for ejecting the liquid heated by the heating portions, and a maintenance device for performing maintenance of the liquid ejecting head by causing the liquid to be discharged from the liquid ejecting head through sucking operation. The maintenance device performs a first suction for cleaning the liquid ejecting head by causing the head to discharge the liquid, waits until liquid is heated by the heating portions, and then performs a second suction with a suction force weaker than that of the first suction.

Abstract: An inkjet recording apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention includes: a carriage incorporating an image forming unit which forms an image on a recording medium by ejecting ink from an inkjet head; a scanning device which scans the recording medium by bi-directionally moving the carriage along a direction perpendicular to a direction of conveyance of the recording medium; a platen arranged opposite the carriage and supporting the recording medium from a rear surface side thereof; and a temperature control device carrying out temperature control of the platen by a temperature adjustment mechanism provided on the carriage or is provided detachably, wherein the temperature control device carries out temperature control throughout the whole range of the platen in the width direction, by moving the carriage by the scanning device.

Abstract: A media perforator for a printer disables ink from adhering to a perforation disk of the perforator. The media perforator includes a heater that applies radiant heat to a first side and a reverse side of rotating disk. The disk is heated to a predetermined temperature that prevents ink from adhering to the rotating disk as the rotating disk spins.

Abstract: A method of cleaning a heated drum within a continuous web printer includes operating an actuator to rotate a drum that is heated to a first temperature. The drum rotates in a process direction of a media web contacting the drum and heats the media web as the media web moves over a portion of the drum. The method also includes stopping movement of the media web, heating the drum to a second temperature that is greater than the first temperature, and operating the actuator to rotate the drum against a portion of the stopped media web to transfer ink from the drum to the portion of the stopped media web.

Abstract: A printing apparatus includes a printing unit, a heater, and a control unit. The printing unit prints an image on a sheet without an ink receiving layer by repeating scanning of a print head. The heater heats an area on the sheet to which ink is applied by the print head. The control unit controls output and drive timing of the heater based on a parameter for each scanning of the print head.

Abstract: A pressure buffering unit is reduced in size, and thereby the effect of a flexible membrane is suppressed while the performance of the pressure buffering unit is maintained. A liquid supply device includes: a liquid supply passage which communicates with a recording head in which a plurality of nozzles are arranged; a liquid pressure applying part provided in the liquid supply passage that applies a predetermined pressure to liquid; and a pressure buffering unit provided en route in the liquid supply passage and being configured to include a liquid chamber having a supply port and a discharge port through which the liquid flowing through the liquid supply passage flows in and out, a gas chamber provided to oppose the liquid chamber, and a flexible membrane interposed therebetween, wherein the flexible membrane is provided with initial bending in advance.

Abstract: A recording apparatus includes a carriage, a chamber room, a heating part and an agitating part. A recording head is mounted on the carriage. The chamber room covers the carriage while allowing a nozzle face of the recording head to be exposed. The heating part is configured and arranged to heat an atmosphere inside of the chamber room. The agitating part is configured and arranged to agitate the atmosphere heated by the heating part.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for inserting low temperature gas into dryers of printing systems. The system comprises a dryer, which includes a heating element and a flow generator. The heating element is within an interior of the dryer and is able to heat a web of printed media as the web travels through the interior. The flow generator is within the interior and is operable to directly project an impinging jet of gas along a width of the web that deflects heated air proximate to the web. The gas is cooler than the heated air.

Abstract: Examples are provided of controlling sheet media dryers. A controller operates a fan at plural duty cycles and correlates a resulting air pressure to each to define empirical data pairs. A parabolic curve fit to the empirical data is used to derive additional data pairs, and a lookup table is defined using the empirical and derived data pairs. The controller uses the lookup table to operate the fan during normal operations of a sheet media dryer.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a plurality of optical scanning devices, a job receiver, a job executor, an image discriminator, a temperature condition judger and a temperature adjuster. When a formation-target image is a single-color image and an image to be formed next is a multi-color image, the temperature adjuster drives a motor of one optical scanning device at a second rotating speed slower than a rotating speed during an image forming operation and drives motors of unused optical scanning devices at a third rotating speed faster than the second rotating speed if a temperature condition is satisfied upon the completion of an image forming operation of the single-color image.

Abstract: A sheet-discharge device, including: a sheet-discharge mechanism having a discharge opening from which a sheet is discharged in a discharge direction; a stopper having a hitting portion against which a leading edge, in the discharge direction, of the discharged sheet hits, so that the sheet is bounced back; a discharge tray having a support surface on which the sheet bounced back by the stopper is supported; and a sheet-discharge controller configured to control the sheet-discharge mechanism such that the discharged sheet flies above the support surface, wherein the hitting portion is provided at a position where a one-side portion of the leading edge first hits the hitting portion, the one-side portion of the leading edge being nearer to a one-side end of the sheet than a center of the leading edge in an orthogonal direction parallel to a horizontal plane and orthogonal to the discharge direction.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a plurality of optical scanning devices, a mode receiver, a temperature condition judger and a temperature adjuster. In the case of forming an image using one optical scanning device, the temperature adjuster drives motors of unused optical scanning devices at a first rotation speed if a predetermined temperature condition is satisfied and drives the motors of the unused optical scanning devices at a second rotation speed slower than the first rotation speed if image formation is finished during the drive at the first rotation speed.

Abstract: A printed color pattern is subjected to accurate colorimetry irrespective of the type of sheet to be used or the like, and further, sheet consumption is reduced. For the purpose of this, a printing apparatus includes: a print unit configured to perform printing on a sheet; a sensor configured to subject a color pattern formed on the sheet printed; and a mechanism configured to press the sheet against a reference surface at the time of the colorimetry by the sensor. In a case where the color pattern is printed, a position, at which the color pattern in a sheet movement direction is started to be printed, is varied based on the type of sheet to be used. After the color pattern is printed, the sheet is pressed by the mechanism in a state in which a part of the sheet including the sheet tip is suspended from the reference surface.

Abstract: Provided is a printing apparatus for printing an image on a medium, which is transported in a transport direction, by forming dots by ejecting ink from a plurality of nozzles while moving the nozzles in an intersecting direction that intersects the transport direction. The printing apparatus has a first printing mode for printing a mirror image of a predetermined image as the image on the medium and a second printing mode for printing a positive image of a predetermined image as the image on the medium, the medium being a transparent medium. The first printing mode is different from the second printing mode in at least one of a transportation operation of transporting the medium and a dot-forming operation of forming the dots by ejecting ink while moving the nozzles.

Abstract: The present invention provides a recording head that has a driving circuit performing driving by dividing a plurality of heaters into a plurality of blocks and supplying electric current on a block-by-block basis based on recording data; a constant current source applying a common bias current to each temperature sensor group obtained by dividing temperature sensors disposed in correspondence to each heater of a plurality of heaters into blocks; a voltage output circuit having a switching element that turns electric current supply to the temperature sensors of the selected temperature sensor group ON and OFF, and obtaining a voltage generated at both terminals of the selected temperature sensor by supplying an electric current to the temperature sensor; and an amplifier circuit amplifying the detection voltages.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a flow channel forming substrate made of silicon and having pressure generating chambers that communicate with nozzles through which liquid is ejected, a piezoelectric elements that is disposed on the flow channel forming substrate so as to oppose the pressure generating chambers and varies a pressure of a liquid in the pressure generating chambers, and a protective substrate which has a holding section that houses the pressure generating unit and is bonded to a side of the flow channel forming substrate where the pressure generating unit is disposed, and the flow channel member is made of silicon and is provided with a thermistor that is disposed on a side of the flow channel member opposite to the flow channel forming substrate.

Abstract: An inkjet recording head includes plural element substrates and a coolant flow channel. Each of the plural element substrates is provided with an ejection port surface and plural energy generating elements. The coolant flow channel is provided with a first heat transfer portion overlapping, in a direction vertical to the ejection port surface, a central portion of each of the element substrates in a direction in which the plural energy generating elements are arranged, and a second heat transfer portion overlapping, in the vertical direction, an area between the plural element substrates which adjoin in the arranged direction. The first heat transfer portion and the second heat transfer portion are provided with recesses or projections, and arrangement density of the recesses or the projections of the first heat transfer portion being greater than that of the second heat transfer portion.

Abstract: A liquid jetting apparatus includes a first head unit and a second head unit, each of the head units including nozzles through which a liquid is discharged; a head drive section configured to drive the first head unit and the second head unit; a controller configured to control the head drive section to selectively execute a first drive mode in which both of the first head unit and the second head unit are driven and a second drive mode in which only the second head unit is driven; and a heating element configured to generate heat under a condition that the head drive section executes the first drive mode and the second drive mode. The second head unit is arranged at a position separated farther from the heating element than the first head unit.

Abstract: In an ink jet printing apparatus including a plurality of print heads and a method for controlling the ink jet printing apparatus, ink ejection can be immediately started. If temperatures of both a first print head and a second print head have become equal to or higher than a reference temperature at least once, a printing operation or a preliminary ejection operation using the first print head and the second print head is started even when one of the temperature of the first print head and the temperature of the second print head is lower than the reference temperature.

Abstract: A printing apparatus includes a printhead incorporating a temperature sensor, a control unit which controls the printhead, and a flexible cable which connects the printhead and the control unit. The flexible cable includes a first signal line and second signal line which generate voltages corresponding to the temperature of the printhead, and are connected to the temperature sensor. A differential amplifier circuit which is incorporated in the control unit amplifies the voltage difference between the first signal line and the second signal line to output the amplified voltage difference as temperature information of the printhead. A matching circuit makes the wiring resistances of the first signal line and second signal line match each other by grounding either the first signal line or the second signal line via a resistor in the printhead.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting apparatus includes a carriage that has a head ejecting liquid cured by receiving the irradiation of light and moves in a movement direction intersecting a transportation direction of a medium; a first irradiation section; a second irradiation section; and a controller that forms the image on the medium through performing an ejection operation ejecting the liquid from the head while moving the carriage in the movement direction and a transportation operation that transports the medium in the transportation direction, and performs control of the irradiation intensity of the light of the first irradiation section at the time of the ejection operation to regulate the surface condition of the image and to change the irradiation intensity of the light of the second irradiation section according to the irradiation intensity of the light of the first irradiation section.

Abstract: A pressure purging device for an inkjet recording apparatus includes a back pressure tank 21, a distribution tank 12, ink opening/closing electromagnetic valves 13, and recording heads 14, and in which the distribution tank 12 is connected to the back pressure tank 21 via an ink supply path 24, the ink opening/closing electromagnetic valves 13 are attached to the distribution tank 12 while being connected to the recording heads 14 via the distribution supply pipe 15, the ink opening/closing electromagnetic valves 13 are directly attached to the distribution tank 12, and there is provided an air switching three-port electromagnetic valve 61 connected to an upper part inside of the back pressure tank 21 via an air path 63 while being connected to a compressed air supply path 62.

Abstract: An aqueous inkjet printer includes a print zone with a relative humidity sensor and a temperature sensor. A controller identifies a dew point of air between a printhead and an intermediate imaging member with reference to the air temperature and the moisture in the air of the print zone, and identifies a target dew point with reference to the image data used to operate the printhead. The controller operates a heater and an air mover to adjust the dew point of the air between the printhead and the intermediate imaging member to the target dew point.

Abstract: A method of controlling a maintenance operation of an inkjet printhead in an inkjet printer, the method includes providing at least one parameter of the maintenance operation as a function of humidity condition; receiving data corresponding to a current outdoor humidity condition; determining a humidity condition corresponding to the current outdoor humidity condition; and controlling the maintenance operation, wherein the at least one parameter is determined in accordance with the determined humidity condition.

Abstract: Condensation control systems are provided for use with inkjet printing systems that use a combination of higher resistance flow areas and lower resistance flow areas to allow a vaporized carrier fluid reducing airflow to flow between a printing module and a receiver during printing without creating observable artifacts in a print. Removal of the vaporized carrier fluid reduces condensation.

Abstract: A temperature detecting apparatus includes: a temperature sensor having an element whose resistance value changes depending on temperature and detecting temperature based on a voltage value obtained by supply of a supply current to the element from a power source and outputting an output voltage depending on the voltage value; a change-instructing-signal output portion connected to the temperature sensor and outputting a change instructing signal for changing the supply current based on the output voltage outputted from the temperature sensor; and a current-value change portion disposed between the power source and the element, connected to the change-instructing-signal output portion, and changing a current value of the supply current to be supplied to the element when having received the change instructing signal.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a multi-function inkjet print system which prints with inks having thermo-reactive properties and which can further process media printed with thermo-reactive inks such that the various properties of the inks can be activated. One embodiment of the present print device comprises at least one thermo-changing element which resides in proximity to a transport path along which the media travels. The thermo-changing element effectively changing a temperature T of the media to: T?TL or T?TH, as desired. In various embodiments, a sensor is used for sensing a temperature of the media. A temp-normalizing element is positioned along the transport path and downstream of the thermo-changing element for changing a temperature of the media such that the media's temperature T can be normalized back to a range of TL<<T<<TH prior to the media being deposited into an output tray. Various embodiments of a user interface are disclosed.

Abstract: An aqueous inkjet printer includes a print zone with a relative humidity sensor and a temperature sensor. A controller identifies a dew point of air between a printhead and an intermediate imaging member with reference to the air temperature and the moisture in the air of the print zone, and identifies a target dew point with reference to the image data used to operate the printhead. The controller operates a heater and an air mover to adjust the dew point of the air between the printhead and the intermediate imaging member to the target dew point.

Abstract: An aqueous inkjet printer is configured to evaluate and adjust multiple components within the printer with reference to image data of the surface of a rotating member obtained at different times during a single print cycle. The print cycle can be performed in a multiple pass manner to enable a single optical sensor to be used for generation of the image data. Alternatively, the print cycle can be performed in a single revolution of the rotating member and multiple optical sensors positioned about the rotating member to generate the image data.

Abstract: Approaches to remove bubbles from ink in an ink jet printer are described. Bubble removal may be implemented using a membrane disposed along an ink flow path. The membrane includes first and second component membranes having first and second coefficients of thermal expansion. The membrane is configured to, in response to a change in ink temperature, mechanically displace as a function of temperature due to a difference in the thermal coefficients of expansion of the first and second component membranes. The mechanical displacement of the membrane causes a volumetric change in a portion of the ink flow path.

Abstract: The amount of ink wastage is reduced, even in a case wherein a predetermined amount of air bubbles has grown in a print head at a specific internal temperature and the growth has been settled, and thereafter the temperature in the print head is increased. A suction-based recovery control method, for an ink jet printing apparatus that includes a print head, a temperature detection unit, and a suction-based recovery unit, comprising: a temperature detection step; a temperature judgment step for judging whether the internal temperature of the print head is higher than a reference temperature that is determined based on internal temperatures of the print head that were previously employed; and a suction-based recovery step for permitting the suction-based recovery unit when it is determined at the temperature judgment step that the internal temperature of the print head is higher by the predetermined number of degrees or greater.

Abstract: A liquid jet head has a head chip including channels and nozzle holes communicating with respective ones of the channels. The channels have sidewalls each provided with a drive electrode. A temperature sensor is configured to detect a temperature of a liquid in the channels. A drive voltage value setting device is electrically connected to the temperature sensor for determining a magnitude of a drive voltage based on the temperature of the liquid detected by the temperature sensor. A control device performs a control operation that applies a drive voltage of the magnitude determined by the drive voltage value setting device to the drive electrodes of the head chip so as to increase a pressure in each of the channels by deformation of the side walls to thereby discharge the liquid in the channels from the respective nozzle holes.

Abstract: An image recording device includes a conveying part that conveys a medium along a conveying path, a first medium support part that supports a region of the medium positioned in an image recording area on the conveying path and heats the region, a second medium support part disposed in an upstream area from the image recording area on the conveying path, and supports an upstream region of the medium positioned in the upstream area and heats the upstream region, and a temperature control part that controls a temperature of the first medium support part and a temperature of the second medium support part so that the temperature of the second medium support part corresponding to the upstream region is lower than the temperature of the first medium support part corresponding to the region.

Abstract: An ink supply system includes a print head assembly and a print head with one or more nozzles for a color. The print head is connected with the nozzles via a first connection line. A supply tank is connected with an intermediate tank via a filler line under an interconnection of a feed unit and a filter assembly. The pressure difference of the ink flow from a return tank to the supply tank is controlled by the print head. A method cleans the ink supply system, and a method cleans the print head.

Abstract: A printing apparatus that includes printing element substrates which are provided with printing elements that discharge ink. A plurality of temperature sensors, each of which is provided with one of the printing element substrates, measures a temperature of a corresponding printing element substrate. A selection unit selects any one of the temperature sensors, and a determination unit performs a determination operation to determine a state of the printing element substrate based on the temperature measured by the selected temperature sensor in a case when only the printing elements of a substrate that corresponds to the selected temperature sensor are driven. The determination unit performs the determination operation on a first substrate and then on a second non-adjacent substrate.