Abstract: A head chip, a liquid jet head, and a liquid jet recording device each capable of increasing pressure generated while achieving power saving are provided. The head chip according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes a flow channel member, an actuator plate, and drive electrodes. The drive electrodes include a first electrode disposed on a first surface of the actuator plate so as to overlap one of a pressure chamber and a partition wall when viewed from a first direction, a second electrode which is disposed on the first surface of the actuator plate so as to be adjacent to the first electrode, and which generates a potential difference from the first electrode, and a first opposed electrode which is individually disposed on a second surface of the actuator plate at a position opposed to the first electrode, and which generates a potential difference from the first electrode.

Abstract: A composite substrate includes a supporting substrate composed of quartz, a piezoelectric material substrate composed of a material selected from the group consisting of lithium niobate, lithium tantalate and lithium niobate-lithium tantalate; and an interface layer along a bonding interface between the supporting substrate and the piezoelectric material substrate. The interface layer has amorphous structure and contains constituent components including silicon, oxygen and at least one of tantalum and niobium. The interface layer has concentrations of hydrogen atoms, nitrogen atoms and fluorine atoms of 1×1018 atoms/cm3 or higher and 5×1021 atoms/cm3 or lower, respectively.

Abstract: Provided are a dielectric, a device including the same, and a method of preparing the dielectric. The dielectric material includes a NaNbO3 ternary material including a perovskite phase with a Sm element substituted into a Na site such that the NaNbO3 ternary material has a permittivity of 600 or more at 1 kHz, and a temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) of about ?15% to about 15% in a range of about ?55° C. to about +200° C.

Abstract: A flow passage forming member includes flow passage forming member main bodies 140 and 146 that are formed of a resin material and define at least a part of a flow passage, a metal protective film 200 that is provided on a surface of the flow passage forming member main body 140 and a surface of the flow passage forming member main body 146 defining at least the flow passage and is formed of a metal material, and a protective film 210 that is laminated on the metal protective film 200 and contains an oxide or a nitride of at least on element selected from the group consisting of tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), hafnium (Hf), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), tungsten (W), and yttrium (Y).

Abstract: A method for dispensing a liquid sample by means of a dispensing apparatus in which it is determined whether a particle condition is satisfied, wherein the determination comprises checking whether at least one target particle present in a liquid of the liquid sample is contained in a monitoring region of the dispensing apparatus, wherein the monitoring region comprises a discharge region and a buffer region, wherein the buffer region is a region from which the at least one target particle is movable into the discharge region during a time delay between the determination of whether the particle condition is satisfied and an output operation of the dispensing apparatus. The method is characterised in that it is determined that the particle condition is satisfied when the at least one target particle is arranged in the buffer region and no target particle is arranged in the discharge region, and that the liquid sample is dispensed onto a target particle carrier if the particle condition is satisfied.

Abstract: A method for producing a piezoelectric actuator including forming a vibration plate, forming a first electrode on the vibration plate, forming a piezoelectric layer on the first electrode, and forming a second electrode on the piezoelectric layer, wherein the forming the vibration plate has a single layer forming step including forming a metal layer containing zirconium by a gas phase method, and forming a metal oxide layer by firing the metal layer, the single layer forming step is repeated, thereby forming the vibration plate in which the metal oxide layers are stacked, and the metal oxide layer has a thickness less than 200 nm.

Abstract: There is provided piezoelectric actuator including: vibration plate; first and second piezoelectric layers; a plurality of individual electrodes arranged on actuator surface, of the second piezoelectric layer, on first side in first direction of the second piezoelectric layer; first and second common electrodes; first surface electrode arranged on the actuator surface at an end portion in second direction orthogonal to the first direction; second surface electrode arranged on the actuator surface; and non-conductive electrodes arranged at end portions in the second direction of at least two of the actuator surface, and the first and second boundary surfaces, and which are not in conduction with any of the individual electrodes, and the first and second common electrodes. The non-conductive electrodes are arranged at least in an area of an end portion in the second direction of a stack of the vibration plate, and the first and second piezoelectric layers.

Abstract: Provided are a piezoelectric ceramics which does not contain lead, has small temperature dependence of a piezoelectric constant within an operating temperature range, and has high density, a high mechanical quality factor, a satisfactory piezoelectric constant, and a small surface roughness, and a method of manufacturing the piezoelectric ceramics. The method of manufacturing a piezoelectric ceramics is characterized by including: sintering a compact containing a raw material at 1,000° C. or more to obtain a sintered compact; abrading the sintered compact; and annealing the abraded sintered compact at a temperature of 800° C. or more and less than 1,000° C.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a liquid flow channel including nozzles constituting a nozzle row configured to eject a liquid, a dummy flow channel including dummy nozzles constituting a dummy nozzle row not configured to eject liquid, and a closing section formed by an adhesive and closing the dummy flow channel.

Abstract: An inkjet apparatus includes a head pack including sub-head packs, at least one inkjet head coupled to each of the sub-head packs, a head pack aligner coupled to each of the sub-head packs, and including a first motor which moves each of the sub-head packs in a first rotation direction, a second motor which is disposed on the first motor and moves each of the sub-head packs in a first direction which is a longitudinal direction of each of the sub-head packs in a plan view, and a controller which controls a moving position of each of the sub-head packs and a head aligner coupled to the inkjet head and including a first adjusting member which moves the inkjet head in a second rotation direction and a second adjusting member which moves the inkjet head in a second direction which is a longitudinal direction of each of the inkjet head.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a pressure chamber substrate in which wall surface portions of a pressure chamber are formed, an diaphragm that forms a top surface portion of the pressure chamber, a piezoelectric element that is provided on the diaphragm, and a communication plate, in which an upper surface of the communication plate is bonded to a lower surface of the pressure chamber substrate by an adhesive, the upper surface of the communication plate is provided with a supply opening and a discharge opening, the pressure chamber is longitudinal in an X direction, acute angle portions are formed by the wall surface portions that mutually form an acute angle at each end in the X direction of a bottom surface portion of the pressure chamber, and the acute angle portions do not overlap with the supply opening and the discharge opening in a laminating direction.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head in the present disclosure includes a first channel member including a first surface, a plurality of ejection ports in the first surface, a plurality of pressurizing chambers individually communicated with the plurality of ejection ports, and a second surface on the opposite side to the first surface; with a pressurizing member on the second surface; and with a second channel member including a third surface, a fourth surface on the opposite side to the third surface, a raised part which protrudes from the fourth surface, and a first through hole in the raised part. The second channel member is provided on a region in the second surface of the first channel member, in which the pressurizing member is not arranged. When viewed on a plane, an outer circumference of the raised part is located on inner side from an outer circumference of the fourth surface.

Abstract: A method of configuring an orientation-agnostic inkjet print module for use in either one of first or second module orientations relative to a media path, the second module orientation being rotated 180 degrees relative to the first module orientation. The method includes the steps of: configuring a key assembly to correspond with either one of the first or second module orientations, the key assembly determining a printhead orientation of a respective printhead relative to the inkjet print module; and configuring a switch to correspond with either one of the first or second module orientations, the switch being operably connected to controller circuitry distributing data signals to the printhead via first and second data paths. The switch inverts distribution of the data signals between the first and second data paths.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a first pressure compartment extending in a first direction; a second pressure compartment extending in the first direction; a first communication passage continuous from the first pressure compartment and extending in the first direction; a second communication passage continuous to the second pressure compartment and extending in the first direction; a third communication passage continuous from the first communication passage and extending in a second direction intersecting with the first direction; a fourth communication passage continuous to the second communication passage and extending in the second direction; a fifth communication passage continuous from the third communication passage and continuous to the fourth communication passage and extending in the first direction; and a nozzle provided on the fifth communication passage.

Abstract: Printer systems and associated ink cartridges can have specialized inksets and alternative fluids for use in printing. In such systems and cartridges, the inkset of a unique cartridge may be deliberately limited relative to traditional inksets that seek to have a wide color gamut such that chemistries having greater durability may be employed. Still further, such cartridges may include one or more functional inks that have a purpose other than merely coloration. Particularly in compact printers, for which space is limited, the system can be designed to accept various unique cartridges based on the intended printing application and print based on the characteristics of the received cartridge. Beyond this, the system may advise the user when a different cartridge is necessary and/or may be beneficially used for a particular application.

Abstract: A method for ejecting fluid from a fluid ejector includes actuating a piezoelectric actuator to cause deformation of a membrane defining a wall at a first end of an elongated channel of the fluid ejector, the deformation of the membrane causing ejection of a droplet of fluid from a nozzle disposed at a second end of the channel. The elongated channel fluidically connects a first channel to the nozzle, the first channel disposed at the first end of the elongated channel, and wherein an impedance of the first channel is at least ten times greater than an impedance of the elongated channel. Deformation of the membrane induces fluid flow along the elongated channel, and wherein at least 60% of the fluid flow induced by the deformation of the membrane is in a direction extending from the first end of the elongated channel to the second end of the elongated channel.

Abstract: A device for depositing liquid droplets onto a carrier includes a droplet generator and a holding device for the carrier, and a detector arranged to detect a signal for each liquid section or droplet, and a transport device for moving the holding device relative to the droplet generator and preferably a memory connected to the detector.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a piezoelectric element and a vibrating plate configured to vibrate in response to actuation of the piezoelectric element, the vibrating plate including a first layer that contains SiO2 and a second layer that contains ZrO2 and that is stacked on the first layer. The second layer contains a first impurity element different from Zr, and the concentration of the first impurity element at an interface in contact with the first layer in the second layer is higher than the concentration of the first impurity element in an internal region that is included in the second layer and that is contiguous from the interface to the surface of the second layer.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head includes a plate with a plurality of nozzles arranged along a first direction through which liquid is ejected. A substrate is on the plate and includes a hole extending along the first direction by which the liquid is supplied. An actuator is on the substrate along the hole. The actuator has a plurality of pressure chambers, from which the liquid from the hole is ejected by the nozzles, and a plurality of air chambers. Each air chamber is between two of the pressure chambers that are adjacent to each other. A plurality of individual electrodes is formed on the substrate and each is connected to a corresponding one of the pressure chambers. A common electrode is formed on the substrate and an inner peripheral surface of the hole.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element in which a first electrode, a piezoelectric layer, and a second electrode are stacked on a substrate is provided. The piezoelectric element is a piezoelectric element in which the first electrode, the piezoelectric layer, and the second electrode are stacked in order on the substrate and includes an orientation control layer that is provided between the piezoelectric layer and the first electrode and that controls orientation of the piezoelectric layer and a titanium layer that is provided between the first electrode and the orientation control layer and that contains at least Ti.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head is provided, including a channel unit and a piezoelectric actuator stacked on the channel unit. The channel includes a channel including a nozzle and a pressure chamber. The piezoelectric actuator includes a piezoelectric element which includes a piezoelectric layer; a constant electric potential electrode arranged between the piezoelectric layer and the channel unit; and a driving electrode arranged on a surface of the piezoelectric layer opposite to the constant electric potential electrode. A relational expression of 0.5107?+18.476<?<0.7326?+54.409 is fulfilled assuming that ? represents a length in a transverse direction orthogonal to both of one direction and a stacking direction of the pressure chamber and ? represents a length in the transverse direction of the driving electrode.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head includes a first piezoelectric element that is supplied with a first drive signal, and a second piezoelectric element that is supplied with a second drive signal, wherein the first drive signal transitions from a first potential to a second potential in a first period, maintains the second potential during a second period, and transitions from the second potential to the first potential in a third period, wherein the second drive signal transitions from a third potential to a fourth potential in a fourth period, maintains the fourth potential during a fifth period, and transitions from the fourth potential to the third potential in a sixth period, wherein the first period and the fourth period overlap, wherein the third period and the sixth period overlap, wherein the second potential is higher than the first potential, and wherein the fourth potential is lower than the third potential.

Abstract: A flexible cable may include a base member including a terminal portion, a conductor layer including a plurality of conductive lines disposed on the base member, and a protection layer disposed on the base member to cover at least prat of the conductor layer and to expose a portion of each of the plurality of conductive lines at the terminal portion. A length of each of the plurality of conductive lines may be longer than a length of the base member. A vibration device may include a vibration structure including a vibration layer, a first electrode layer disposed on a first surface of the vibration layer, and a second electrode layer disposed on a second surface of the vibration layer and a flexible cable electrically connected to the first electrode layer and to the second electrode layer of the vibration structure.

Abstract: A print head includes a body, holding a droplet jetting device, a flexible electrical connection element, and an adhesive covering and securing first and second contact pad structures together. The droplet jetting device has an actuator for jetting a droplet of liquid from a nozzle of the droplet jetting device. The actuator is in electrical connection to the first contact pad structure. The flexible electrical connection element has, at one end, the second contact pad structure, which is mounted onto the first contact pad structure. The first and second contact pad structures each have an interface surface which contacts the interface surface of the other to form an electrical connection. At least one of the first contact pad structure and the second contact pad structure includes a recessed portion as compared to a wider portion positioned between the recessed portion and the interface surface.

Abstract: An inkjet printing head 1 includes a pressure chamber 5, a movable film formation layer 10 that includes a movable film 10A defining a top surface portion of the pressure chamber 5, and a piezoelectric element 6 that is formed to contact a surface of the movable film 10A at an opposite side from the pressure chamber 5 and having a peripheral edge receded further toward an interior of the pressure chamber 5 than the movable film 10A in plan view. The piezoelectric element 6 includes a lower electrode 7 formed on a surface of the movable film formation layer 10 at the opposite side from the pressure chamber 5, an upper electrode 9 disposed at an opposite side from the movable film formation layer 10 with respect to the lower electrode 7, and a piezoelectric film 8 provided between the upper electrode 9 and the lower electrode 7, and the upper electrode 9 has a thin portion 92 at least at a portion of a peripheral edge portion.

Abstract: A communication plate in which are provided a first communication channel communicating with the first pressure chamber and the second pressure chamber and a first common liquid chamber communicating with the first pressure chamber and the second pressure chamber at positions different from positions at which the first communication channel communicates with the first pressure chamber and the second pressure chamber, and a nozzle substrate in which a first nozzle communicating with the first pressure chamber and the second pressure chamber in common via the first communication channel is provided. A second communication channel communicating with the first common liquid chamber and communicating with the first pressure chamber and the second pressure chamber in common is provided in the pressure chamber substrate or the communication plate.

Abstract: According to one or more embodiments, a liquid ejection head includes an actuator and a driver. The actuator has a piezoelectric element made of a lead-free piezoelectric material. The driver applies a voltage to the actuator to vibrate the piezoelectric element in a first direction with a first electric field in a first polarization direction of the piezoelectric element and a second electric field in a direction opposite to the first polarization direction. The second electric field is controlled to be equal to or less than a coercive electric field of the piezoelectric element.

Abstract: A substrate, a diaphragm, and a piezoelectric actuator are laminated in this order in a first direction, the diaphragm includes a first layer containing silicon as a constituent element, a second layer disposed between the first layer and the piezoelectric actuator, and containing any one or both of at least one metal element selected from the group made of chromium, titanium, aluminum, tantalum, hafnium, and iridium, and silicon nitride, as a constituent element, and a third layer disposed between the second layer and the piezoelectric actuator and containing zirconium as a constituent element, and a fourth layer containing any one or both of at least one metal element selected from the group made of chromium, titanium, aluminum, tantalum, hafnium, and iridium, and silicon nitride, as a constituent element is provided on the third layer on a piezoelectric actuator side.

Abstract: Provided is a memcapacitor. The memcapacitor includes: a first electrode having a metal-doped perovskite composition; a second electrode disposed on the first electrode; and a dielectric thin film having a perovskite composition, disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and having a variable dielectric constant depending on a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: An acoustic resonator and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The acoustic resonator includes a resonating part including a first electrode, a second electrode, and a piezoelectric layer; and a plurality of seed layers disposed on one side of the resonating part.

Abstract: A liquid material unit capable of applying a liquid material having a high viscosity stably for a long time includes an application needle and a liquid material container. The liquid material container stores the liquid material. The liquid material container has a space that stores the liquid material and a hole that allows the application needle to pass through the space. A wetting and spreading suppressing structure for the liquid material is disposed at the periphery of the hole in the liquid material container.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid discharging apparatus including a modulation circuit, an amplification circuit, and a demodulation circuit that includes a first capacitor, a second capacitor, and an inductor and outputs the drive signal, one end of the first capacitor and one end of the second capacitor are coupled to one end of the inductor, the first capacitor and the second capacitor are coupled to each other in parallel, the first capacitor includes a first laminated portion in which a resin thin film layer and a first metal thin film layer are laminated, the second capacitor includes a second laminated portion in which a ceramic thin film layer and a second metal thin film layer are laminated, and the electrostatic capacitance of the first capacitor is larger than the electrostatic capacitance of the second capacitor.

Abstract: when one of two positions in a second direction intersecting the first direction is defined as a first position and the other position is defined as a second position from which the shortest distance to the partition wall is shorter than the shortest distance from the first position to the partition wall, the vibrating plate has a first portion corresponding to the first position and a second portion corresponding to the second position, and a surface of the first portion in the first direction is, in the first direction, closer than a surface of the second portion in the first direction.

Abstract: A piezoelectric body layer of a first area has (100) plane preferential orientation, and a (100) plane orientation ratio of the piezoelectric body layer of a second area is lower than a (100) plane orientation ratio of the piezoelectric body layer of the first area, when one area far from an end portion of a second electrode is the first area, and one area near the end portion of the second electrode is the second area, of two areas of the second electrode in a second direction intersecting a first direction.

Abstract: There are provided a substrate on which a first integrated circuit, a first transistor, a second integrated circuit, and a second transistor are disposed; a heat sink fixed to the substrate; the substrate has a first fixing reference hole and a second fixing reference hole, the heat sink has a first fixing reference pin and a second fixing reference pin which are inserted into the first fixing reference hole and the second fixing reference hole, and the first integrated circuit, the second integrated circuit, the first transistor, and the second transistor are positioned between the first fixing reference hole and the second fixing reference hole.

Abstract: An inkjet head includes a back end part, a front end part, and a heating plate. The back end part includes an ink passage. The back end part is fed with ink and delivers the fed ink. The front end part is supplied with ink from the back end part. The front end part includes nozzles. The heating plate includes a heating element to produce heat by electricity. The heating plate is disposed between the back end part and the front end part. The heating plate conducts heat from the other side of plane so as to heat the front end part. The heating plate conducts heat from one side of plane so as to heat the back end part.

Abstract: There is provided liquid discharge head including: channel substrate which has first surface; and actuator substrate having second surface. A trap chamber configured such that the adhesive is trapped in the trap chamber in a case that the first and second surfaces are adhered to each other, an inflow channel configured such that the adhesive flows into the inflow channel, and an atmosphere communicating channel are formed in the channel substrate. The trap chamber has first and second ends in first direction and first and second ends in second direction. End of the inflow channel is located at the first end in the first direction and the second end in the second direction of the trap chamber. End of the atmosphere communicating channel is located at the second end in the first direction and the first end in the second direction of the trap chamber.

Abstract: A recording element substrate for a liquid ejection head is provided with a storage section including an antifuse element and a first resistor connected in parallel with the antifuse element, and a second resistor that is connected in parallel with the storage section and serves as a reference in rating information of the antifuse element, and a second switch connected to the second resistor.

Abstract: The present invention includes and provides a method of delivering a medicament to an eye of a subject in need thereof a solution, the method comprising: (a) providing droplets containing the medicament with a specified average size and average initial ejecting velocity; and (b) delivering the medicament to the eye, where the droplets deliver a percentage of the ejected mass of the droplets to the eye.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes: a first pressure chamber that applies pressure to a liquid; a second pressure chamber that applies pressure to the liquid; a nozzle channel that extends in a first direction and includes a nozzle that ejects the liquid; a first communication channel that extends in a second direction crossing the first direction and enables the first pressure chamber and the nozzle channel to communicate with each other; a second communication channel that extends in the second direction and enables the second pressure chamber and the nozzle channel to communicate with each other; and a first branch channel that has a portion extending in the first direction and enables the first pressure chamber and the nozzle channel to communicate with each other through a path different from a path of the first communication channel.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid discharge head including: a pressure chamber plate including a plurality of pressure chambers and a vibration film, a piezoelectric actuator, and a protective plate covering the plurality of piezoelectric elements. The plurality of piezoelectric elements include a piezoelectric layer that is common to the plurality of pressure chambers. A circular recess and an island-like piezoelectric layer residual part enclosed by the circular recess are provided in a portion of the piezoelectric layer overlapping with partition walls of the pressure chamber plate. A residual overlapping part of the protective plate overlaps in a thickness direction with the island-like residual part, and is pressed on the island-like residual part of the piezoelectric actuator.

Abstract: In a method and system for increasing print quality, activation pulses are activated with which a nozzle of an inkjet printing device to print dots on a recording medium. The activation pulses may be adapted based on sensor data with respect to already printed dots. The method and system can further include an automatic adaptation of the activation pulses to increase print quality even given the presence of soiling at the nozzle.

Abstract: A printing system includes a substrate support, a printhead assembly positioned facing the substrate support, and an imager. The printhead assembly includes a plurality of dispensing nozzles extending in an ejection direction towards the substrate support and a plurality of marks. The imager is movable relative to the printhead assembly and oriented in a direction opposite to the ejection direction for capturing at least one image including the plurality of marks indicating positions of the plurality of dispensing nozzles in the printhead assembly.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a reservoir and a printhead. The printhead includes a support structure including a deformable portion defining at least a top surface of a pumping chamber, a flow path extending from the reservoir to the pumping chamber to transfer fluid from the reservoir to the pumping chamber, and an actuator disposed on the deformable portion of the support structure. A trench is defined in a top surface of the actuator. Application of a voltage to the actuator causes the actuator to deform along the trench, thereby causing deformation of the deformable portion of the support structure to eject a drop of fluid from the pumping chamber.

Abstract: There is provided a head including: a piezoelectric layer; a plurality of individual electrodes located below the piezoelectric layer in an up-down direction; a common electrode located below the piezoelectric layer. The plurality of individual electrodes includes: a first individual electrode array including a plurality of first individual electrodes aligned in a first direction; and a second individual electrode array including a plurality of second individual electrodes aligned in the first direction. The common electrode includes: a plurality of first facing portions which are demarcated to correspond to the plurality of first electrodes, respectively; a plurality of second facing portions which are demarcated to correspond to the plurality of second electrodes, respectively; and a connecting portion located between the plurality of first facing portions and the plurality of second facing portions, and connecting the plurality of first facing portions and the plurality of second facing portions.

Abstract: A drive waveform acquisition unit that acquires a drive waveform, a drive voltage generation unit that generates the drive voltage, a jetting frequency setting unit that sets a jetting frequency on the basis of drop velocity information representing a relationship between the jetting frequency and a drop velocity in a single-shot, and a drive voltage supply unit that supplies the drive voltage to the jetting head are included. The jetting frequency setting unit sets a jetting frequency at which the drop velocity is a second velocity equal to or less than a first velocity in the drop velocity information as the jetting frequency of the jetting head.

Abstract: First and second individual flow paths coupling a first common liquid chamber to a second common liquid chamber are arranged side by side, and each individual flow path is provided with first and second pressure chambers. At least a part of the first individual flow path is provided in a space overlapping a region between the adjacent second pressure chambers when viewed in a Z axis direction, the space not overlapping the second pressure chamber when viewed in a Y axis direction.

Abstract: A liquid discharging head includes a pressure chamber partitioning portion that includes a plurality of partitioning walls that partition a pressure chamber in which a pressure to discharge a liquid is applied to the liquid, a diaphragm that includes a wall surface that faces the pressure chamber, The pressure chamber is located between the partitioning walls in a second direction. The wall surface of the diaphragm includes a first portion at a first position, and a second portion. A position of the second portion in the first direction is on an opposite side in the first direction with respect to a position of the first portion in the first direction.

Abstract: A liquid discharge method of discharging a liquid from a nozzle of a liquid discharge head by applying a drive pulse to a drive element of the liquid discharge head includes an acquisition step of acquiring a recording condition, and a driving step of applying the drive pulse to the drive element. The drive pulse includes a first potential, a second potential different from the first potential, and a third potential different from the first potential and the second potential. The second potential is to be applied after the first potential, and the third potential is to be applied after the second potential. In the liquid discharge method, in the driving step, the drive pulse in which a time of the third potential varies depending on the recording condition acquired in the acquisition step is applied to the drive element.

Abstract: A film structure (10) includes a substrate (11), a piezoelectric film (14) formed on the substrate (11) and containing first composite oxide represented by a composition formula Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3, and a piezoelectric film (15) formed on the piezoelectric film (14) and containing second composite oxide represented by a composition formula Pb(Zr1-yTiy)O3. In the composition formulae, x satisfies 0.10<x?0.20, and y satisfies 0.35?y?0.55. The piezoelectric film (14) has tensile stress, and the piezoelectric film (15) has compressive stress.