Abstract: A liquid ejecting apparatus, including: a first ejecting head for ejecting a black ink; a second ejecting head disposed upstream of the first head and configured to eject a liquid that acts on an ink; third ejecting heads disposed downstream of the second head and configured to respectively eject color inks, the third ejecting heads including a specific third ejecting head disposed between the first and second heads; a head moving mechanism configured to move the specific third head between a print position and a retracted position; and a controller which controls the apparatus and which includes, an image-data storage portion, a head control portion configured to control the heads, and a head-movement control portion configured to control the head moving mechanism to move the specific third head from the print position to the retracted position when monochrome printing is conducted in which only the black ink is ejected.

Abstract: A process for forming a metal interconnection in an integrated circuit includes forming a first metal layer and a second metal layer on the first metal layer. Photoresist is placed on the second metal layer and patterned to form a mask. The second metal layer is etched. The mask is then removed and the first metal layer is patterned with the second metal layer acting as mask for the first metal layer.

Abstract: There is provided an ink jet recording apparatus including an ink jet head; a scanning mechanism for scanning the ink-jet head; a transport mechanism including nip sections for nipping a recording medium; and a controller including a pattern forming mechanism, which controls the ink jet head to form a pattern including a mark for detecting a deviation between a landing position in a forward scanning and a landing position in a backward scanning; wherein the pattern forming mechanism controls the ink jet head to form a part of the mark on the recording medium in one of an area which overlaps in the transport direction with one of the nip sections and areas which are placed at outside positions of the nip sections nipping the recording medium at outermost positions in the scanning direction.

Abstract: A line image forming method includes the steps of: ejecting a plurality of droplets of liquid sequentially from an inkjet head, the liquid containing a functional component; and depositing the droplets of the liquid onto a non-permeable medium, the deposited droplets becoming joined together on the non-permeable medium to form a line pattern of the liquid, wherein a receding contact angle of the liquid with respect to the non-permeable medium being not larger than 10°.

Abstract: A recording apparatus records a glitter color image on a medium by superimposing a glitter image formed by discharging a glitter ink and a color image formed by discharging at least one of a first color ink and a second color ink. The recording apparatus records a color sample table including a first pattern obtained by superimposing a glitter image formed with a predetermined ink amount per unit area and a color image; and a second pattern obtained by superimposing a glitter image formed with the predetermined ink amount per unit area and a color image having substantially the same color as that of the color image of the first pattern by using the first color ink or the second color ink at a different ink amount per unit area from that of the color image of the first pattern.

Abstract: In a print control device which prints a monochrome image by discharge of a black ink from a nozzle for discharging an ink, a chromatic color ink in addition to the black ink is discharged in a region where an amount of use of the black ink indicated by monochrome image data representing the monochrome image, is equal to or higher than a predetermined threshold value. In the region, chromatic color inks of different colors are discharged to positions which do not overlap with each other.

Abstract: The printing device for carrying out printing on a translucent printing medium includes: a print head having a first applying portion for applying a first color material onto the printing medium, a second applying portion for applying a second color material, and a third applying portion for applying an opaque specialty ink; a conveying portion for conveying the printing medium relative to the print head; and a printing control portion configured to execute printing according to a printing mode in which a first color-producing layer of the first color material is formed on the conveying printing medium using the first applying portion, an opaque light-blocking layer of the specialty ink is formed using the third applying portion, and a second color-producing layer of the second color material is formed over the light-blocking layer using the second applying portion after the light-blocking layer is formed.

Abstract: In an example this disclosure relates to printhead modules arranged to move with respect to each other.

Abstract: In one example, a liquid dispensing device includes a printhead assembly having a liquid port through which liquid may move between a removable liquid container and the printhead assembly and an air port through which air may flow to and from the container. A pressure source is operatively connected to the air port to pressurize the container to push liquid from the container through the liquid port into the printhead assembly. A vent is operatively connected to the air port to vent the pressurized container to draw froth from the printhead assembly through the liquid port into the container. In another example, a method for priming a printhead assembly includes pushing liquid from a container into the printhead assembly through a liquid port and then pulling froth from the printhead assembly into the container through the liquid port.

Abstract: A semiconductor device for controlling discharge of a liquid includes a power supply terminal, a ground terminal, driving portions arranged along a straight line between the power supply terminal and the ground terminal to discharge a liquid, a power supply line extending along the straight line from the power supply terminal to supply a power supply voltage to the driving portions, and a ground line extending along the straight line from the ground terminal to supply a ground voltage to the driving portions. A width of the power supply line in a direction perpendicular to the straight line continuously or gradually decreases away from the power supply terminal, and a width of the ground line in the direction continuously or gradually decreases away from the ground terminal.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for and method of driving a multi-nozzle piezo-inkjet head based on a digital grayscale, the apparatus including: a control unit providing a pulse data signal having at least one pulse waveform according to graphic image data, controlling a voltage variation according to a frequency response characteristic of the multi-nozzle piezo inkjet head, and controlling a voltage amplification, so as to eject droplets of ink at a previously set jetting frequency according to the graphic image data; a variable voltage supply unit generating a varied operating voltage by varying a level of a previously set direct current voltage; and an amplification circuit unit generating a voltage driving waveform including at least one pulse waveform having the level of the varied operating voltage, and supplying the voltage driving waveform to the multi-nozzle piezo inkjet head.

Abstract: The present invention forms a high-quality image by using a print head, in which a plurality of arrayed small heads, each having a plurality of print elements arranged in columns, are arranged so that at least two sets of print elements in adjoining small heads are aligned in a scan direction. The print head and a print medium are moved relative to each other in the scan direction crossing a direction of the print element columns. The print elements are divided into a plurality of drive blocks and activated the drive blocks on a time-division basis. The small heads each have the plurality of print elements arranged in columns, the number of print elements being equal to an integer times the number of time-division drive blocks. Drive timings with which to activate the paired print elements aligned in the scan direction are the same time-division drive timing.

Abstract: A printing device includes the following features. The first dot group in which dots are formed based on the first printing condition and the second dot group in which dots are formed based on a printing condition which is different from the first printing condition are formed together in a common region. In the common region, when the printing is performed in a plurality of conditions such that a difference of the dot pitch between a formation position of dots belonging to the first pixel group and a formation position of dots belonging to the second pixel group is 2/720 inch to 5/720 inch, the change in CIEL*a*b* of the printed image is within the preliminary determined range.

Abstract: A pressure regulation system for a high throughput inkjet printer uses a peristaltic pump to provide a meniscus vacuum to the printheads. A peristaltic pump is a small and inexpensive device which can produce a low flow rate suitable for achieving the relatively small meniscus vacuum required by drop on demand systems. Furthermore the pump can operate in both directions, and seals in the event of power loss.

Abstract: A method for testing a nozzle in a nozzle plate includes setting an angle of the nozzle plate with respect to an optical axis of a schlieren optical system to a first angle, jetting gas through the nozzle, forming a first light-intensity representation of the gas stream jetting from the nozzle using the schlieren optical system, and capturing a first image of the first light-intensity representation. The angle of the nozzle plate with respect to the optical axis of the schlieren optical system is then adjusted to a different second angle. A second light-intensity representation of the gas stream jetting from the nozzle is formed using the schlieren optical system and a second image of the second light-intensity representation is then captured. The first and second images can be analyzed to determine whether the nozzle is functioning properly.

Abstract: A liquid stream is caused to jet from a nozzle. A small or large drop waveform applied to a drop forming mechanism causes the liquid stream to break up into a small or large volume drop, respectively. The small drop waveform includes a pulse having a pulse energy Es, and a period XS, where XS?1/fR, and where fR is the Rayleigh frequency of the liquid. The large drop waveform has a period XL, where XL=NXS, with the large volume drop being N times the small volume drop. The large drop waveform includes a first pulse having a pulse energy EL1, where EL1?ES and a second pulse occurring within a time period X2, where X2?XS, of an initial pulse of a subsequent small or large drop waveform, the second pulse including a pulse energy EL2, where EL2<ES.

Abstract: A print control device includes a processor operating as a determining unit and a direction setting unit. The determining unit determines that a condition is satisfied for a boundary block when an index value of the boundary block indicates that an estimated amount is larger than a first value, and that the condition is satisfied for an internal block when an index value of the internal block indicates that the estimated amount is larger than a second value. The second value is larger than the first value. The direction setting unit sets, for each part data, a direction of main scanning to a specific direction when the part data includes the block that satisfies the condition. The direction setting unit sets the direction of main scanning to a direction opposite to a previously set direction when the part data does not include the block that satisfies the condition.

Abstract: A method of printing includes providing a printhead including a jet control element including a continuous heater element positioned to surround a nozzle. A plurality of three or more electrical contacts is in electrical communication with the continuous heater element. The plurality of three or more electrical contacts define a plurality of three or more continuous heater element portions that are actuatable with sufficient independence so as to control jet steering. The number of the continuous heater element portions equals the number of electrical contacts. A liquid is provided under a pressure sufficient to eject a jet of liquid through the nozzle. A waveform is applied to at least one of the plurality of three or more electrical contacts using a controller to affect at least one of the plurality of independently actuatable continuous heater element portions to control the jet of liquid.

Abstract: A continuous printing system includes a printhead and a controller. The printhead includes a nozzle and a jet control element including a continuous heater element positioned to surround the nozzle. A plurality of three or more electrical contacts is in electrical communication with the continuous heater element and define a plurality of three or more continuous heater element portions that are actuatable with sufficient independence so as to control jet steering. The number of the continuous heater element portions equals the number of electrical contacts. A controller is configured to apply a waveform to at least one of the plurality of three or more electrical contacts to affect at least one of the plurality of independently actuatable continuous heater element portions.

Abstract: An image recording apparatus, including: an apparatus body; a cartridge containing a recording material; a cartridge installing section which is provided in the apparatus body and to which the cartridge is removably installed; a first communication section which is provided in the apparatus body; a second communication section which is provided in the cartridge and which communicates with the first communication section by using a near field communication; a light source which is provided in the apparatus body and emits light to illuminate the cartridge installing section; an installation/removal detector which is provided in the apparatus body and detects whether or not the cartridge is installed to the cartridge installing section; and a controller which controls the light source and the first communication section.

Abstract: In an image processing apparatus, a data amount of printing data generated for each different size of dot is reduced. Specifically, in quantization to obtain data for each printing head, printing data for a large dot is set as data in which a bit number per pixel is two bits, and printing data for a medium or small dot is set as data in which a bit number per pixel is one bit. Thereby, a data amount per pixel can be reduced compared with data in which all bit numbers per pixel for the large, medium and small dots are equally two bits.

Abstract: To make it possible to easily provide printed matter with varying degrees of gloss, a printing device includes a head for ejecting a photo-curing ink to a medium, a photo-irradiation device for radiating light to the photo-curing ink ejected on the medium and curing the photo-curing ink, and a controller for causing an ejection and curing operation to be performed for ejecting the photo-curing ink and subsequently radiating the light to cure the photo-curing ink, the controller being configured so that when an image having a first degree of gloss is formed, the image is formed by a first number of ejection and curing operations, and when an image having a second degree of gloss lower than the first degree of gloss is formed, the image is formed by a second number of ejection and curing operations greater than the first number.

Abstract: A printer includes an energy storage device and a charger for charging the energy storage device and for providing a first DC voltage. The printer includes a first DC-to-DC voltage converter for converting the first DC voltage to a second DC voltage. The printer includes first printer electronics powered by the second DC voltage.

Abstract: In general, in one aspect, the invention features a method of driving an inkjet module having a plurality of ink jets. The method includes applying a voltage waveform to the inkjet module, the voltage waveform including a first pulse and a second pulse, activating one or more of the ink jets contemporaneously to applying the first pulse, wherein each activated ink jet ejects a fluid droplet in response to the first pulse, and activating all of the ink jets contemporaneously to applying the second pulse without ejecting a droplet.

Abstract: A liquid ejection apparatus including: a head having an ejection face having ejection openings for ejecting liquid onto a recording medium; a convey belt that has a support region for supporting the recording medium and a preliminary ejection region onto which the liquid is ejected in preliminary ejection and that conveys the recording medium in a conveying direction, wherein the preliminary ejection is ejection not contributing to image recording; and a controller which controls the head and the convey belt based on preliminary ejection data such that, until a specific length of time has passed from the ejection of the liquid onto the preliminary ejection region, liquid is landed on a position in the preliminary ejection region in current ejection, which position does not overlap at least one position of the liquid landed after the ejection of the liquid.

Abstract: An OFF timing of a drive waveform is set to be concentrated on a position of the drive waveform where a long time with substantially no voltage fluctuation can be ensured, and a pulse present before the position timewise is sequentially selected and applied to a pressure generating element.

Abstract: A printer comprises: a vacuum table for supporting a jig which holds a medium; a printer head for discharging droplets; and a relative movement means for moving the printer head relative to the medium; a registration mark detection unit and barcode detection unit for acquiring holding platform information and support position information for the jig; and a controller for controlling the movement of the printer head by the relative movement means and controlling the discharge of droplets from the printer head on the basis of the holding platform information, the support position information and information pertaining to the desired pattern. As a result of this configuration, it is possible to generate image data without aligning the jig with a reference position on the vacuum table.

Abstract: The invention describes an inkjet printer with a printing bed for displacing a print medium in a forward feed direction and a print head carriage disposed above the printing bed for displacing at least one print head unit in a transverse feed direction, a print head unit with at least one print head being provided for every color to be printed, each print head having at least one nozzle row oriented in the forward feed direction of the print medium. The nozzles of the at least one nozzle row of the print head unit are disposed offset from one another by a nozzle distance D by reference to the forward feed direction. Another print head unit is provided, which has nozzles in at least one nozzle row disposed offset from one another by a second nozzle distance d by reference to the forward feed direction of the print medium, the ratio derived from the nozzle distance D and the second nozzle distance d being a rational number and greater than 1.

Abstract: A liquid jet head has a piezoelectric, a pair of electrodes for applying an electric field, and a drive section for driving the piezoelectric body. The drive section drives the piezoelectric body by setting a voltage of one of the electrodes to a first low voltage having a relatively small absolute value, and by supplying a drive signal of one polarity to the other electrode. The driving section restores the piezoelectric body by setting the voltage of the one electrode to a high voltage having the same one polarity as the drive signal and having a relatively large absolute value, and by setting a voltage of the other electrode to a second low voltage having a relatively small absolute value. The drive section applies a voltage for generating an electric field exceeding a coercive field of the piezoelectric body to the pair of electrodes.

Abstract: A printing apparatus including a print head including nozzle groups each having nozzles, each of the nozzle groups applying ink having a plurality of volumes from the nozzles to form dots including dots differing in size, including: an arrangement determination unit to determine an arrangement of dots to be formed by each of the nozzle groups; a size determination unit to determine sizes of ink ejected to print the dots determined by the arrangement determination unit, according to respective ejection characteristics of the nozzle groups, such that a print characteristic of an image based on the dot arrangement determined by the arrangement determination unit is within a predetermined range; and an ejection control unit to control the print head to eject ink having the plurality of sizes determined by the size determination unit in positions of a print medium based on the arrangement determined by the arrangement determination unit.

Abstract: An embodiment of this invention is directed to increasing the number of printable images on a continuous sheet and throughput when printing an image in which images of different sizes coexist and are arranged. Upon printing plural images by using a full-line inkjet printhead while conveying the sheet, the time during which no ink is discharged between successive images is analyzed from inputted image data for each nozzle of the printhead. Based on the analysis result, it is determined whether preliminary discharge is necessary during printing of the plural images. If preliminary discharge is necessary, print data to be used by the printhead is generated by adding, to the image data, data for preliminary discharge. Ink is discharged from the printhead based on the generated print data.

Abstract: A power supply integrated circuit includes a DC-DC boost regulating unit and a DC-AC output controlling unit. The DC-DC boost regulating unit is used for increasing a low DC voltage into a high DC voltage. The DC-AC output controlling unit is connected with the DC-DC boost regulating unit for converting the high DC voltage into a high AC voltage. A first portion of an integrated circuit chip and a plurality of passive components are collaboratively defined as the DC-DC boost regulating unit. A second portion of the integrated circuit chip is defined as the DC-AC output controlling unit.

Abstract: A method comprising an algorithm for automatically detecting an object in a digital image in order to determine if a scent can be associated with the detected object and applying the scent to the print medium, and a printer equipped to apply the scent.

Abstract: A wiring substrate unit is provided. The unit includes: first and second wiring substrates, first and second input portions respectively formed in marginal portions of the first and second wiring substrates, and first and second output contact points respectively formed on one surfaces of the first and second wiring substrates. A through hole is formed in the first wiring substrate to correspond to the second output contact point; a cutout is formed either at a position adjacent to the first input portion of the marginal portion of the first wiring substrate or at a position adjacent to the second input portion of the marginal portion of the second wiring substrate; and one of the first and second input portions is exposed from the cutout.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a first image forming section to form a first image onto an image carrier and transfer the first image onto the paper, a paper humidifying section to humidify at least the first image transferred paper, a humidity switching section to switch to be humidified or not by the paper humidifying section, a second image forming section to form a second image onto the image carrier and transfer the second image onto the paper, a paper transport section to transport the paper from the first image forming section to the second image forming section, and a control section to control the first and second image forming sections, wherein the control section is operated to switch the image formation control at the second image forming section, depending on whether the paper is to be humidified or not.

Abstract: An image forming method for use in an inkjet head includes a pressure chamber filled with ink, a nozzle which communicates with the pressure chamber and in which a meniscus of the ink is formed, a piezoelectric element which pressurizes the pressure chamber, and a drive circuit which performs an operation of ejecting the ink in a printing state and generates a basic pulse for vibrating the meniscus in a non-printing state. The basic pulse is generated by turning off a voltage applied to the piezoelectric element for substantially the same period as a natural vibration period of the ink. An additional pulse is generated at least once before or after the basic pulse when the basic pulse is generated by the drive circuit in the non-printing state. The additional pulse is generated by turning off the voltage applied to the piezoelectric element.

Abstract: A liquid stream is caused to jet from a nozzle. A small or large drop waveform applied to a drop forming mechanism causes the liquid stream to break up into a small or large volume drop, respectively. The small drop waveform includes a pulse having a width wS, and a period x, where x?1/fR, where fR is the Rayleigh frequency of the liquid. The large drop waveform includes a period Nx, with the large volume drop being N times the small volume drop. The large drop waveform includes a first pulse having a pulse width wL1, where wL1?wS, and a second pulse occurring within a period of (fR/fC)x of an initial pulse of a subsequent small or large drop waveform, where fC is the cut off frequency of the liquid. The second pulse includes a pulse width wL2, where wL2<wS.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus forming an image on a recording medium includes a head unit which includes an ejecting unit which ejects photo-curable color ink which is cured by being irradiated with light, an ejecting unit which ejects photo-curable transparent ink which is cured by being irradiated with light, and a light irradiation unit which radiates the light; a moving unit which moves the recording medium and the head unit relatively in reciprocating movements; and a controller which causes the transparent ink to be ejected toward the recording medium while causing the head unit to move in one direction in the reciprocating movements, and causes the transparent ink which is applied in the one direction to be irradiated with the light while causing the head unit to be moved in the other direction in the reciprocating movements.

Abstract: A system and a method for printing a desired pattern on a substrate, the method may include: receiving or generating printing instructions for printing multiple patterns during multiple printing iterations, wherein at least two different printing iterations are expected to be executed by different sets of nozzles of an array of nozzles, wherein a superposition of the multiple patterns is expected to differ from the desired pattern by a tolerable difference even when a nozzle of the array of nozzles malfunctions; and printing the multiple patterns during multiple printing iterations, wherein at least two different printing iterations are expected to be executed by different sets of nozzles of the array of nozzles.

Abstract: A printing apparatus includes a print head that is able to apply light-blocking ink that blocks light and metallic ink that creates a metallic look on a printing medium, a metallic look control unit that determines the ink amount per unit area of the light-blocking ink that the print head applies based on the created metallic look, and an ink application control unit that controls the print head, applies the metallic ink and the light-blocking ink based on the determined ink amount on the printing medium, and laminates the metallic ink and the light-blocking ink such that the side that is viewed has the metallic ink.

Abstract: A printing apparatus includes a controller forming an image on a printing-medium by repeating an image-forming-operation of allowing a plurality of nozzle-columns to be moved and allowing the plurality of nozzle-columns to eject ink and a transporting-operations of allowing the printing-medium to be transported. The controller forms a first-image by an image-forming-operation where the moving-direction of a nozzle-column is one direction in a second direction by using a first-image-nozzle-group configured with the nozzles included in the first-nozzle-column.

Abstract: A liquid discharging apparatus includes a liquid discharging section which performs a liquid discharging operation for discharging liquid; and a controller which makes the liquid discharging section perform the liquid discharging operation, thereby executing image formation coating processing which forms a plurality of images on a medium and also performs coating of the images.

Abstract: A wiring connection structure of driver IC is provided. The wiring connection structure includes: a driver IC installed on a wiring substrate; output wires connected to output terminals of the driver IC; input wires including multiple kinds of signal input wires for transmitting multiple kinds of signals different from each other in susceptibility to an influence of noise; and bonding wires which connect input terminals of the driver IC to connection terminals of the input wires, and have an identical length to each other and a different loop height from the wiring substrate. The intervals between the input terminals are narrower than those between the connection terminals, and the loop height is higher with respect to the bonding wire connected to the connection terminal of the signal input wire for transmitting a signal more susceptible to the influence of noise.

Abstract: According to the liquid ejection head and the liquid ejection apparatus of the present invention, it is possible to reduce wasted nozzles in a joint section by reducing the total number of nozzles NA included in a joint section between head units that are positioned and fixed with high accuracy, while diminishing discontinuity of liquid ejection in joint sections between head units and joint sections between intermediate units, and furthermore, it is possible to make the replacement of each intermediate unit easy and hence to reduce the work involved in replacing intermediate units by further increasing the total number of nozzles NB included in joint sections between intermediate units which are fixed with less strict positioning accuracy than the head units.

Abstract: A method for operating an inkjet printer to form images that include both high density and low density segments has been developed. The method includes operating one printhead to eject ink drops with a large size to form high density segments of the image, and operating a second printhead to eject ink drops with a small size to form low density segments of the image. The large ink drops provide high coverage in the high density segments, and the small ink drops provide improved image quality in the low density segments of the image.

Abstract: A method of driving a liquid ejection head adapted to apply a voltage to the liquid ejection head to eject a liquid including a polymer is provided. The method includes raising the voltage from a first voltage to a second voltage; raising the voltage from the second voltage to a third voltage at a gradient larger than that in raising the voltage from the first to the second voltage, and then holding the voltage at the third voltage; dropping the voltage from the third voltage to a fourth voltage, and then holding the voltage at the fourth voltage; raising the voltage from the fourth voltage to a fifth voltage, and then holding the voltage at the fifth voltage; dropping the voltage from the fifth voltage to a sixth voltage, and then holding the voltage at the sixth voltage; and raising the voltage from the sixth voltage to a seventh voltage.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid droplet jetting apparatus including: a transporting mechanism; and a head moving mechanism configured to move the second liquid droplet jetting head between a first position facing the one surface of the object and a second position facing the other surface of the object. Under a condition that the second liquid droplet jetting head is arranged at the first position, a first nozzle row and a second nozzle row are arranged such that each of first nozzles is overlapped with one of second nozzles with respect to a nozzle-row direction.

Abstract: According to one example there is provided a method of printing an image on a substrate using a printing system having a printhead.

Abstract: An ink jet head according to an embodiment comprises a substrate including a mounting surface and a pressure chamber, a vibration plate including a first surface fixed to the mounting surface and covering the pressure chamber, and a second surface opposite the first surface. The ink jet head further comprises a first electrode on the second surface, a piezoelectric body overlapping the first electrode, a second electrode overlapping the piezoelectric body, and a protective film provided on the second surface. The inkjet head further comprises a nozzle in communication with the pressure chamber and configured to discharge ink, and a drive circuit provided on the mounting surface of the substrate and configured to apply a drive voltage to the first electrode or the second electrode to deform the piezoelectric body and to change a volume of the pressure chamber.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for depositing films on a substrate which may form part of an LED or other types of display. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to an apparatus for depositing ink on a substrate. The apparatus includes a chamber for receiving ink; a discharge nozzle having an inlet port and an outlet port, the discharge nozzle receiving a quantity of ink from the chamber at the inlet port and dispensing the quantity of ink from the outlet port; and a dispenser for metering the quantity of ink from the chamber to the inlet port of the discharge nozzle; wherein the chamber receives ink in liquid form having a plurality of suspended particles and the quantity of ink is pulsatingly metered from the chamber to the discharge nozzle; and the discharge nozzle evaporates the carrier liquid and deposits the solid particles on the substrate.