Abstract: A control device includes a processor including hardware. The processor acquires a surface image of a surface of an observation target and an inside image of a target portion existing inside the observation target, calculates three-dimensional coordinates of the surface from the surface image, calculates three-dimensional coordinates of the target portion from the inside image, and estimates depth information indicating a depth from the surface to the target portion based on the three-dimensional coordinates of the surface and the three-dimensional coordinates of the target portion.

Abstract: There is provided an imaging control device, an imaging control method, a program, and an imaging system that enable easy change of a direction in which an image of a subject is captured in a case where imaging is performed using an optical member whose observation optical axis is inclined with respect to a central axis. The imaging control device includes: a rotation axis setting unit that sets a rotation axis on the basis of a pivot point and a point of interest on the subject, the pivot point serving as a fulcrum of the rod-shaped optical member whose observation optical axis is inclined with respect to the central axis and being not positioned on the observation optical axis; and a posture control unit that rotates the optical member around the rotation axis. The present technology can be applied to, for example, an endoscope system.

Abstract: In one implementation, a camera rig comprises: a first array of image sensors arranged in a planar configuration, wherein the first array of image sensors is provided to capture a first image stream from a first perspective of a physical environment; a second array of image sensors arranged in a non-planar configuration, wherein the second array of image sensors is provided to capture a second image stream from a second perspective of the physical environment different from the first perspective; a buffer provided to store the first and second image streams; and an image processing engine provided to generate a 3D reconstruction of the physical environment based on the first and second image streams.

Abstract: A method of three-dimensional reconstruction of capsule endoscope images is described. The method combines two algorithms for obtaining image depth information values to improve the calculation accuracy of image depth values, and thus to increase the image three-dimensional reconstruction rate and improve the image identification precision.

Abstract: In general, devices, systems, and methods for multi-source imaging are provided.

Abstract: A processor for an endoscope according to an aspect is characterized by including: a controller executing program code to perform: acquiring, by the controller, an endoscopic image captured using first system information; discriminating a part of a subject using a first learning model that outputs a discrimination result of discriminating the part of the subject in a case in which the acquired endoscopic image is input; acquiring, by the controller, a setting image associated with the discrimination result output by the first learning model; and outputting second system information using a second learning model that outputs the second system information in a case in which the acquired setting image and the part of the subject are input.

Abstract: A medical image viewer can render to a display, a three-dimensional view of patient anatomy, a multi planar reconstruction (MPR) view of the patient anatomy, and an intra-operational view. Some of the views can be synchronized to show a common focal point of the anatomy. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A method for surgical trajectory planning, particularly useful for deep brain stimulation. A three-dimensional model of an anatomical structure is rendered, which includes a target site. As the user gazes into the model, eye tracking data is obtained and a line of sight for the target site is identified. A surgical trajectory is determined along the line of sight between the target site and a surgical entry point on the surface of the anatomical structure. The method allows the identification of an optimal surgical trajectory to reach the target site while avoiding key structures within the anatomical structure, such as blood vessels, sulci, ventricles. Advantageously, the model is rendered in a virtual environment, and the eye tracking data is obtained from a VR headset.

Abstract: A dentition image capturing system includes: illumination devices to radiate light; an imaging device to capture first and second dentition images in a predetermined exposure period; a high luminance region extraction unit to extract a high luminance region for the first and second dentition images; a high luminance region comparison unit to calculate a degree of similarity between the high luminance region of the first dentition image and the second dentition image; a halation region specification unit to specify the high luminance region of the first dentition image as a halation region in a case where the similarity degree is smaller than a predetermined threshold; an image synthesis processing unit executing image synthesis processing of extracting a trimming region in the second dentition image corresponding to the halation region and replacing the halation region with the trimming region; and a dentition image output unit to output the first dentition image.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for establishing a global coordinate system to facilitate robotic assisted surgery. The coordinate system may be established using a combination of the robotic data, i.e., kinematics, and optical coherence tomographic images generated by an overhead optical assembly and a tool-based sensor. Using these components, the system may generate a computer-registered three-dimensional model of the patient's eye. In some embodiments, the system may also generate a virtual boundary within the coordinate system to prevent inadvertent injury to the patient.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided that enable optical image stabilization and image sensor alignments. By enabling image sensors to be adjusted based on identified misalignments, users of the systems and methods disclosed herein can adjust imaging during the course of a surgery or surgical procedure, without needing to stop the surgery or surgical procedure to manually realign optical components. The optical image stabilization allows for adjustment of sensor components to compensate for shifts or other movement of imaging devices and to maintain focus on a target object. The optical image stabilization also includes digital masks that can be overlaid on an image to block distracting mask shifting.

Abstract: A method of generating a virtual 3D model of a dental arch is provided. The method includes receiving intraoral scans of a dental arch, determining a first depth of a first intraoral 3D surface in a first intraoral scan, and determining a second depth of a second intraoral 3D surface in the first intraoral scan, and wherein there is a fixed distance between the first intraoral 3D surface and the second intraoral 3D surface in the first intraoral scan. The method further includes stitching together the intraoral scans and generating a virtual 3D model of the dental arch from the intraoral scans, wherein the fixed distance between the first intraoral 3D surface and the second intraoral 3D surface is included in the virtual 3D model.

Abstract: An endoscope with flexible cable is described having a first set of means to facilitate travel of an imaging capsule down the esophagus, a second set of means to enable proper orientation and optical clarity of the capsule, and a third set of means to enable ease in retrieval of the device. In most embodiments, there is an overlap of these sets of means, the combination of which assures optimal exam effectiveness while maintaining a high degree of patient comfort. The endoscope can target low cost, high volume screening for diseases of the upper digestive tract.

Abstract: A processor for an endoscope includes: a determination unit that determines whether a start condition for starting acquisition of a moving image, which is limited to a predetermined time length and has a resolution equal to or higher than that of a still image captured by an endoscope, is satisfied; and a moving image acquisition unit that starts the acquisition of the moving image when the determination unit determines that the start condition is satisfied.

Abstract: An apparatus for laparoscopic surgical training, comprising: a physical simulator unit; a physical tissue model; and a computing and display unit; wherein the physical simulator unit comprises at least one side wall and a removable internal base plate; wherein the side wall comprises: a central opening through which a camera is arranged to view the removable internal base plate; and two or more laparoscopic surgical tools entry openings; wherein the internal base plate is arranged to hold the physical tissue model in the camera's field of view and in a position accessible to laparoscopic surgical tools when inserted in the two or more laparoscopic surgical tools entry openings; and wherein the computing and display unit is arranged to acquire video data from the camera and signal data from the physical tissue model, and to then utilise the data sets to generate and display in real-time a customised mixed reality or augmented video.

Abstract: A pixel array includes octagon-shaped pixel sensors and square-shaped pixel sensors. The octagon-shaped pixel sensors may be interspersed in the pixel array with square-shaped pixel sensors to increase the utilization of space in the pixel array, and to allow for pixel sensors in the pixel array to be sized differently. Moreover, the pixel array may include a combination of red, green, and blue pixel sensors to obtain color information from incident light; yellow pixel sensors for blue and green color enhancement and correction for the pixel array; near infrared (NIR) pixel sensors to increase contour sharpness and low light performance for the pixel array; and/or white pixel sensors to increase light sensitivity and brightness for the pixel array. The capability to configure different sizes and types of pixel sensors permits the pixel array to be formed and/or configured to satisfy various performance parameters.

Abstract: Surgical systems are provided. The surgical system includes a first scope device configured to transmit image data of a first scene within a field of view of the first scope device. A second scope device is configured to transmit image data of a second scene within a field of view of the second scope device. A tracking device is associated with one of the scope devices and configured to transmit a signal indicative of a location of the one of the scope devices. A controller is configured to receive the transmitted image data and the transmitted signal to determine a relative distance between the scope devices and to provide a merged image of at least a portion of the scope devices in a single scene, where at least one of the scope devices in the merged image is a representative depiction.

Abstract: A three-dimensional information generation unit generates a three-dimensional map (D(X, Y, Z)) (three-dimensional information) regarding a surgical field, based on a surgical field image (K(x, y)) captured by an imaging device. A region-of-interest setting unit (setting unit) then sets at least one region-of-interest in the surgical field image (K(x, y)) captured at a predetermined timing. Based on the three-dimensional map (D(X, Y, Z)) and the position of the region-of-interest set by the region-of-interest setting unit, a region-of-interest estimation unit (estimation unit) estimates an existence position of the region-of-interest from within the surgical field image (K(x, y)) captured at a timing different from the predetermined timing.

Abstract: Provided are methods, performed by an electronic device, for processing an image. The method includes obtaining a first image by photographing a subject. The method further includes obtaining a depth image including information related to a distance from the electronic device to the subject. The method further includes determining whether light reflection exists in the first image. The method further includes obtaining depth information indicating the distance from the electronic device to the subject. The method further includes obtaining a second image by photographing the subject in an activated state of a flash. The method further includes performing pre-processing for matching the first image, the second image, and the depth image. The method further includes obtaining the image from which the light reflection has been removed using at least one of the pre-processed first image, the pre-processed second image, or the pre-processed depth image.

Abstract: An endoscope processor device generates first video signals. A recognition processing processor device generates second video signals by reflecting a result of recognition processing based on the first video signals. A display displays any one of the second video signals or the first video signals switched from the second video signals on the basis of first video switching signals from the recognition processing processor device. The display displays that a result display of the recognition processing is being stopped in a case where the result display of the recognition processing by the second video signals is stopped.

Abstract: A system includes a console assembly, a trocar assembly operably coupled to the console assembly, a camera assembly operably coupled to the console assembly having a stereoscopic camera assembly, and at least one rotational positional sensor configured to detect rotation of the stereoscopic camera assembly about at least one of a pitch axis or a yaw axis. The console assembly includes a first actuator and a first actuator pulley operable coupled to the first actuator. The trocar assembly includes a trocar having an inner and outer diameter, and a seal sub-assembly comprising at least one seal and the seal sub-assembly operably coupled to the trocar. The camera assembly includes a camera support tube having a distal and a proximal end, the stereoscopic camera operably coupled to the distal end of the support tube and a first and second camera module having a first and second optical axis.

Abstract: A three-dimensional sensing system includes a plurality of scanners each emitting a light signal to a scene to be sensed and receiving a reflected light signal, according to which depth information is obtained. Only one scanner executes transmitting corresponding light signal and receiving corresponding reflected light signal at a time.

Abstract: The invention provides systems, devices, and methods for the delivery, deployment, and positioning of magnetic compression devices at a desired site so as to improve the accuracy of anastomoses creation between tissues, organs, or the like.

Abstract: A surgical electronic microscope device (10) includes a microscope unit (110) and a support unit (120) that supports the microscope unit (110). The microscope unit (110) images an operative site of a patient (330) on an operating table (340), and outputs an image signal. The support unit (120) includes a prop unit (290c). The prop unit (290c) supports a second arm (290b) rotatably around an axis (05). The second arm (290b) supports a first arm (290a) rotatably around an axis (04). The first arm (290a) supports the microscope unit (110). Pivoting the second arm (290b) on the axis (05) while keeping the first arm (290a) substantially level makes it possible to change a height of the microscope unit (110). A length (V) of the second arm (290b) is greater than a length (H) of the first arm (290a). Accordingly, a movable range of the microscope unit (110) in a vertical direction is wide.

Abstract: A user-interface for aiding navigation of an endoscope through a lumen of a tubular anatomical structure during an endoscopy procedure includes a video region in which a live video feed received from the endoscope is displayed and an observation location map. The observation location map depicts a point of observation from which the live video feed is acquired within the lumen relative to a cross-sectional depiction of the lumen as the endoscope longitudinally traverses the tubular anatomical structure within the lumen during the endoscopy procedure.

Abstract: A system may comprise an image capture device to capture an image of a work site. The system may also comprise a processor to determine whether a tool disposed at the work site is energized and determine a first area of the captured image of the work site, including or adjacent to an image of a portion of the tool in the captured image. The processor may also determine a second area of the captured image including a remainder of the captured image that does not include the first area. Conditioned upon determining that the tool is energized, at least one of the first area and the second area of the captured image of the work site may be processed to indicate that the tool in the first area is being energized. The image of the work site with the first area and the second area may be displayed.

Abstract: A remote control device 60 measures a distance to a noticed imaging target OB directly in front of the remote control device 60 by a distance measurement unit. Further, the remote control device 60 measures a movement from an initial state by a motion sensor unit and transmits imaging target position information indicative of the measured distance and movement from a communication unit to an imaging device 20. An imaging target position calculation unit provided on the imaging device 20 calculates, on the basis of the imaging target position information from the remote control device 60, a direction of the noticed imaging target OB with respect to the direction in the initial state of the imaging device 20. By generating a direction controlling signal on the basis of a calculation result of the imaging target position calculation unit and outputting the direction controlling signal to a pan head 40, the imaging direction of the imaging device 20 can be set to the direction of the noticed imaging target OB.

Abstract: Aspects of embodiments pertain to a sensing systems configured to receive scene electromagnetic (EM) radiation comprising a first wavelength (WL1) range and a second wavelength (WL2) range. The sensing system comprises at least one spectral filter configured to filter the received scene EM radiation to obtain EM radiation in the WL1 range and the WL2 ranges; and a self-adaptive electromagnetic (EM) energy attenuating structure. The self-adaptive EM energy attenuating structure may comprise material that includes nanosized particles which are configured such that high intensity EM radiation at the WL1 range incident onto a portion of the self-adaptive EM energy attenuating structure causes interband excitation of one or more electron-hole pairs, thereby enabling intraband transition in the portion of the self-adaptive EM energy attenuating structure by EM radiation in the WL2 range.

Abstract: Disclosed are an endoscopic reflection microscope using an optical fiber bundle and an image acquisition method using the same. The endoscopic reflection microscope includes an incident wave output unit configured to output an incident wave to a target object through any one optical fiber in an optical fiber bundle, a reflected wave receiver configured to receive a reflected wave output from the target object in response to the incident wave through a plurality of corresponding optical fibers in the optical fiber bundle, and an image acquirer configured to establish a reflection matrix corresponding to the reflected wave and to acquire an image in which at least one of phase retardation of the incident wave or phase retardation of the reflected wave is compensated for based on the established reflection matrix.

Abstract: Endoscopic systems, non-transitory, machine-readable storage media, and methods for correcting brightness non-uniformity are described. In an embodiment, the endoscopic system includes a light source positioned to emit illumination light onto a scene; a photodetector positioned to receive illumination light reflected off of the scene and configured to generate a scene signal based on the received illumination light; a display; and a controller operatively coupled to the light source, the photodetector, and the display.

Abstract: Systems and methods for vision-based position and orientation determination for endovascular tools are disclosed. In one example, a method includes receiving a two-dimensional medical image including a view of at least a distal portion of a medical instrument, the distal portion of the medical instrument including one or more fiducials positioned thereon, the one or more fiducials being radio-opaque and visible in the medical image. The method also includes detecting, within the medical image, a two-dimensional appearance of the one or more fiducials, and based on the two-dimensional appearance of the one or more fiducials, determining at least one of a roll angle of the distal portion of the medical instrument, and an incline of the distal portion of the medical instrument.

Abstract: Provided is a medical observation system including a medical observation device and an image processing device. The medical observation device includes a plurality of imaging elements and a branching optical system configured to split incident light into a plurality of rays of light, and each of the plurality of rays of light split by the branching optical system is guided to at least one of the plurality of imaging elements. Of the plurality of imaging elements, two or more imaging elements each capture images having mutually different brightness, and two or more imaging elements are arranged so as to have mutually different optical distances from the branching optical system.

Abstract: Disclosed is an endoscope system, which comprises an endoscope, the endoscope having at its distal end multiple cameras each having a different field of view (FOV). The system also comprises an image processing box adapted to receive images of different FOVs from the multiple cameras and process the image to form a consolidated image covering 360-degree view of areas surrounding the distal end using the received images of different FOVs and image-stitching techniques.

Abstract: In an endoscope system, a frame adjustment unit makes a frame adjustment for changing the number of frames to be displayed per unit time (frame rate) for a normal image and for a computational image on the basis of a computational processing time detected by a computational processing time detection unit and an amount of motion detected by a motion detection unit. A display control unit determines a display method for the normal image and the computational image on the basis of the amount of motion, and the normal image and the computational image are displayed on a monitor in accordance with the display method.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer-readable media for detecting image degradation during a surgical procedure are provided. A method includes receiving images of a surgical instrument; obtaining baseline images of an edge of the surgical instrument; comparing a characteristic of the images of the surgical instrument to a characteristic of the baseline images of the edge of the surgical instrument, the images of the surgical instrument being received subsequent to obtaining the baseline images of the edge of the surgical instrument and being received while the surgical instrument is disposed at a surgical site in a patient; determining whether the images of the surgical instrument are degraded, based on the comparing of the characteristic of the images of the surgical instrument and the characteristic of the baseline images of the surgical instrument; and generating an image degradation notification, in response to a determination that the images of the surgical instrument are degraded.

Abstract: A stereoscopic imaging apparatus for use in a robotic surgery system is disclosed and includes an elongate sheath having a bore. First and second image sensors are adjacently mounted at the distal end to capture high definition images from different perspective viewpoints for generating three-dimensional image information. The image sensors produce an unprocessed digital data signal representing the captured images. A wired signal line transmits the unprocessed digital data signals along the sheath to a proximal end to processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to perform processing operations on the unprocessed digital data signals to produce respective video signals suitable for transmission to a host system or for driving a 3D display. A secondary camera is also disclosed and includes an elongate strip of circuit substrate sized for insertion through a narrow conduit, the strip of circuit substrate connecting between an image sensor and a processing circuit substrate.

Abstract: An endoscope system includes a light source unit, an image sensor, an image acquisition unit, a first image generation unit, a second image generation unit, and a region discrimination unit. The light source unit emits a plurality of types of illumination light beams with different wavelengths. The image acquisition unit acquires images corresponding to the respective illumination light beams. The first image generation unit generates a first image (white light image) serving as a base of a display image. The second image generation unit generates a second image (bright/dark region discrimination image or the like), using at least one image having a different corresponding wavelength from that of the image used for the generation of the first image. The region discrimination unit discriminates the regions in the observation target, using the second image.

Abstract: A stereoscopic-vision endoscope optical system includes a pair of objective optical systems, a pair of relay optical systems, and a pair of image forming optical systems. The image forming optical system includes a first lens unit, a first optical-path bending element, and a second optical-path bending element. The objective optical system and the relay optical system are disposed in a first optical path. A second optical path is formed between the first optical-path bending element and the second optical-path bending element. A third optical path is formed between the second optical-path bending element and a final image. The second optical path is positioned farther from the central axis, than the first optical path. The third optical path is positioned closer to the central axis, than the second optical path.

Abstract: An endoscopic system includes a left optical system having a first focal position, a right optical system having a second focal position that is different from the first focal position. An image capturing device generates a first image and a second image respectively from images of a subject that are obtained by the left optical system and the right optical system. A display device displays the first image or the second image. A proper image determiner determines the magnitude relationship between the position of the subject in a predetermined area displayed on the display device and at least one threshold value Th is established between the first focal position and the second focal position. A video signal processor switches to the first image or the second image depending on a determined result from the proper image determiner and displays the image on the display device.

Abstract: A manipulation assembly includes a delivery catheter having a lumen extending therethrough and a deployment catheter positioned within the delivery catheter. The deployment catheter is independently manipulatable with respect to the delivery catheter. The assembly further includes a visualization element extendable distally beyond the deployment catheter and an ablation probe comprising an energy transmitting surface positionable to ablate tissue adjacent to a distal end of the ablation probe. The ablation probe is extendable distally beyond the deployment catheter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to production of 2D digital images suitable for use in medical imaging. The invention particularly relates to remapping X-ray images taken from a first viewpoint so that they present the same image as seen from a second viewpoint. Remapping is achieved by registering separate 2D images taken from the first and second viewpoints of an area with a 3D scan volume of the same region to ascertain their relative viewpoints with respect to the 3D scan volume. The image taken with respect to the first viewpoint is then remapped to yield the image as seen from the second viewpoint.

Abstract: Imaging methods aid a user in understanding relative depths of objects or topography within a field of view. In one method, image data is gathered using 3D image sensors, while illumination of an area of interest is alternated with projection of a pattern onto the area of interest. The captured image data is used to display a 3D true color image; a monochrome grid on surfaces of the area of interest; a 3D true color image with a monochrome grid on surfaces of the area of interest; a 2D or 3D false color image where different colors identify different depths of regions of the area of interest; and/or a 2D or 3D true color image of an area of interest with features in the area of interest located a first depth relative to the image sensors highlighted with a common color. In another method, 3D image data is used to generate a 2D image that highlights features at a common depth using the same color.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a learning-based three-dimensional (3D) model creation apparatus and method. A method for operating a learning-based 3D model creation apparatus includes generating multi-view feature images using supervised learning, creating a three-dimensional (3D) mesh model using a point cloud corresponding to the multi-view feature images and a feature image representing internal shape information, generating a texture map by projecting the 3D mesh model into three viewpoint images that are input, and creating a 3D model using the texture map.

Abstract: This optical adapter for an endoscope includes a plurality of incident optical systems eccentrically disposed with each other, an optical axis of each of the plurality of incident optical systems being spaced away from an axis of the optical adapter for an endoscope with an interval; a brightness stop including a plurality of apertures corresponding to the plurality of incident optical systems respectively; a relay lens configured to relay incident light entering each of the plurality of incident optical systems to the corresponding aperture; and a distal light-shielding portion which is disposed more distally than the relay lens, wherein the plurality of incident optical systems, the relay lens, and the brightness stop are disposed in this order from a distal end side toward a proximal end side of the optical adapter for an endoscope along an incident direction of the incident light.

Abstract: An optical system for stereoscopic vision includes in order from an object side, a front unit and a rear unit. Each of the front unit and the rear unit includes a lens component consisting of a single lens or a cemented lens. The front unit includes a first front unit and a second front unit, and an optical axis of the first front unit, an optical axis of the second front unit, and an optical axis of the rear unit are positioned in a same plane. The optical axis of the rear unit is positioned between the optical axis of the first front unit and the optical axis of the second front unit, and the following conditional expression (1) is satisfied: 0.15<De/?<0.85??(1).

Abstract: Described are various embodiments of a sensored surgical tool, and surgical intraoperative tracking and imaging system incorporating same. In one embodiment, the surgical tool comprises a rigid elongate tool body having a substantially rigid tool tip to be displaced and tracked within the surgical cavity so to reproducibly locate the tool tip within the cavity. The tool further comprises one or more tool tip cameras and/or pressure sensors operatively disposed along the body at or proximal to the tool tip.

Abstract: Systems and methods of imaging include projecting infrared (IR) light from the endoscope toward the at least one anatomical feature (e.g., the exterior of a liver or lung), capturing the IR light, projecting optical light from the endoscope toward a similar portion of the anatomical feature, and capturing the optical light. Once the IR light and the optical light are captured, both are associated with one another to generate an intra-operative 3D image. This projection and capture of IR and optical light may occur at discrete times during the imaging process, or simultaneously.

Abstract: Optical fiber waveguide for communicating electromagnetic radiation pulsed by an emitter in an endoscopic imaging system. A system includes an emitter for emitting pulses of electromagnetic radiation and an endoscope comprising an image sensor for sensing reflected electromagnetic radiation. The system includes a waveguide communicating the pulses of electromagnetic radiation from the emitter to the endoscope. The system is such that at least a portion of the pulses of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the emitter comprises electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength from about 513 nm to about 545 nm, from about 565 nm to about 585 nm, and/or from about 900 nm to about 1000 nm.

Abstract: The disclosed technology is directed to an endoscopic image capturing device. The image capturing device comprises a first objective lens frame a first lens compartment housing therein first optical members of a first objective optical system and a second lens compartment housing therein second optical members of a second objective optical system that is positioned contiguously with the first objective optical system. A second objective lens frame is disposed for sliding movement with respect to the first objective lens frame in optical axis directions. An image capturing frame is disposed for sliding movement with respect to the second objective lens frame in the optical axis directions and housing therein an image capturing device that has an image capturing surface onto which first and second optical images that has passed through the first and second objective optical systems are focused. A positioning member is disposed in the objective optical system hole.

Abstract: A stereoscopic imaging apparatus for use in a robotic surgery system is disclosed and includes an elongate sheath having a bore. First and second image sensors are adjacently mounted at the distal end to capture high definition images from different perspective viewpoints for generating three-dimensional image information. The image sensors produce an unprocessed digital data signal representing the captured images. A wired signal line transmits the unprocessed digital data signals along the sheath to a proximal end to processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to perform processing operations on the unprocessed digital data signals to produce respective video signals suitable for transmission to a host system or for driving a 3D display. A secondary camera is also disclosed and includes an elongate strip of circuit substrate sized for insertion through a narrow conduit, the strip of circuit substrate connecting between an image sensor and a processing circuit substrate.