Abstract: A television receiver 1 enables a decoder 5 to extract a closed caption signal of DTVCC method from a digital broadcasting signal received via an antenna 11. The closed caption signal of DTVCC method extracted here is analyzed and converted into the closed caption signal of Line 21 method. And in a DVE 6, the closed caption data of Line 21 method is inserted into the 21st scanning line of an analog picture signal converted by the decoder 5 for output.

Abstract: A broadcast text data sampling apparatus comprises an A/D converter for sampling a broadcast text signal supplied from the outside, with a sampling clock of a predetermined frequency, to convert the text signal into digital data; a binarization circuit for converting the digital data into a binary signal; a sampling pulse generation circuit for detecting the cycle of clock run-in of the broadcast text signal from the binary signal, obtaining a text data sampling interval value on the basis of the clock run-in cycle, sequentially calculating the positions of data in the binary signal, which data are positioned at intervals close to the sampling interval value, starting from a predetermined sampling start position, and generating a sampling pulse that designates the calculated data positions as data sampling positions; and a sampling circuit for sampling the text data from the binary signal on the basis of the sampling pulse.

Abstract: A system and method for displaying related components of a media stream that has been transmitted over a computer network includes at least one storage device that communicates with a television decoder and with the video display. Information from one or more components of the media stream is extracted from the media stream and delivered to one or more storage devices. This stored component is subsequently transmitted to the video display in response to an information release signal that is embedded in the information. The invention can be used to display closed caption and other information with associated audio and video signals using an audio-visual media player.

Abstract: A multi-window display apparatus is provided with such characteristics that, when a data telecast window is displayed as one window of multi-window display, the user can view the screen with improved visibility of a character area of the data telecast and the multi-window display, without disturbing the “standardized presentation” of the data telecast window intended by a telecast service provider. In scale-down display of the date telecast window, an area of character telecast display part is discriminated, the area is displayed with focus to facilitate recognition of the character part, and, in response to user's selection of the focus part on a remote controller, the character area is displayed in a scale-up state of original size.

Abstract: An enhanced telephony services manager is used in a broadband communication environment, such as with a set-top-box coupled to a television monitor. A number of different telephony-based services can be offered and displayed on the television monitor (e.g., voice mail, call logs, Internet access, personal telephone directories, white pages, yellow pages, etc.), where a remote control, keyboard, or any other suitable interface device can be used to access the services. In accordance with the present invention, the GUI of the enhanced services consists of a set of menus that can be displayed concurrently with other video information on the television monitor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for analyzing the closed caption aspect of a video signal for specific undesirable words or phrases and then muting the audio portion of those words or phrases while not effecting the video portion therein while simultaneously modifying the closed captioned signal in order to display an acceptable word or phrase.

Abstract: A teletext program includes several teletext pages, with each teletext page being broadcast in the form of a set of data packets. A method for displaying a teletext program index on a television receiver screen includes receiving a teletext page which includes the set of data packets. The set of data packets includes first and second data packets. The first data packet includes at least one label referring to another teletext page, and the second data packet is associated with the first data packet and includes a page number associated with at least one label. The method includes decoding the first and second data packets to obtain at least one label and the associated page number, and at least one label and the associated page number are stored in a buffer memory.

Abstract: Recovering data (e.g., closed captioning data, teletext data) encoded in television signals. A line encoding the data is over-sampled. The resulting samples are examined to determine the average number of samples spanning the low and high values in a run-in period. The average numbers are used to determine the sampling clock and the samples which represent the encoded data. By using the two average numbers, any errors which may be otherwise encountered due to factors such as ghosting may be eliminated or avoided.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for broadcasting interactive content without using triggers embedded in the broadcast content. When a viewer sees an item of interest while viewing a program, the viewer can initiate a request for information (RFI) about that item with a single button actuation. When the RFI is entered, a client device, such as a set-top box, detects the RFI and transmits RFI data to a server, including the channel viewed, a time stamp and—in at least one implementation—a system-defined amount of closed captioning data. The RFI data is cross-referenced with program time code information, programming guide information, program information and/or advertiser information to determine the context of the RFI, i.e. what the user saw that made the user enter the RFI. Information about the item is then sent to the viewer as a system message, an e-mail message, a post, or by way of any other delivery mode.

Abstract: A terminal for interactive telebroadcasting system comprising on the one hand a unit for adaptation to the physical telebroadcasting medium and on the other hand a control unit. The first unit comprises a receiver for receiving of a telebroadcast signal and for producing downstream information extracted from the signal, a transmission time based generator for generation of a transmission time base from the downstream information and a transmitter for transmission of a return signal, which are clocked as a function of the transmission time base. The second unit comprises a calculation unit having means of generating upstream information. The calculation unit is clocked as a function of the transmission time base.

Abstract: Provided is a method of an option for caption display, including: displaying a detail item for the option for the caption display, the detail item being comprised of a ‘Style’ item having ‘Set By Program’, ‘Custom’ and ‘manufacture’, and a plurality of lower items; selecting one of the ‘Set By Program’, the ‘Custom’ and the ‘manufacture’ as the ‘Style item’; and setting the plurality of lower items depending on the selected ‘Style’ item.

Abstract: A method for storing pages of a teletext service, with at least one page being received by a storage circuit of a television receiver, is provided. The storage circuit includes a data memory for storing the at least one received page. The method includes extracting a reference number from the at least one received page, checking whether the at least one received page is a requested page, and evaluating contents of the data memory to decide whether the at least one received page is to be stored as a function of free space in the data memory and an importance of the at least one received page. The method also includes storing the at least one received page if it is decided that the at least one received page is to be stored.

Abstract: Video contents are presented in the forms requested by viewers in a quick and accurate manner based on a request condition at a video viewing side. In a content delivery server 5, a content extraction part 5A inquires the presence or absence of video contents, which belong to a requested classification, to a content database 4 based on a content classification request 1E-1 in query information 1E, converts the video contents into the form of a content URI list 5C, and sends them to a content processing part 5D along with a content view form request 1E-2. The content processing part 5D requests, based on the content view form request 1E-2, the whole or parts of video contents needed to be presented according to the requested view form among the video contents of view candidates designated by the URI list 5C to the content database 4, grabs and processes video contents comprising video data 3A and metadata 3B, so that a content delivery part 5F delivers the video contents thus processed to a user terminal 1.

Abstract: A video recording device for recording a plurality of sets of video information including a plurality of sets of character information is provided. An ADC sequentially receives the plurality of sets of video information at a receive frequency. A character extracting unit extracts the plurality of sets of character information from the plurality of sets of video information. A video recording controlling unit outputs the plurality of sets of video information one at a time at a fixed output frequency without depending on the receive frequency, wherein the video recording controlling unit skips a set of video information or outputs an once-outputted set of video information when there is a discrepancy between the receive frequency and the output frequency. A character information recording controlling unit outputs the plurality of sets of character information one at a time at the output frequency.

Abstract: A reception control section 11 for receiving the information including data and its transmission format information from a memory or communication channel, a separating section 12 for analyzing and separating received information, a transmitting section 13 for transmitting information to a memory or transmission channel, a video extending section 14 for extending a video, and video-extension control section 15 control the processing state of said video extending section 14 for extending at least one or more videos and a video synthesizing apparatus constituted with a video synthesizing section 16 for synthesizing videos in accordance with extended information, an output section 17 for outputting a synthesized result, and a terminal control section 18 for controlling the above means makes it possible to synthesize a plurality of videos at the same time and correspond to a dynamic change of transmission format information.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for operating a closed caption are disclosed. The apparatus for operating a closed caption includes an MPEG video processor for receiving a digital broadcast signal, detecting video information and PSIP (Program and System Information Protocol) information and processing it; a DTVCC decoder for extracting DTVCC information and analog CC information from the video information detected in the MPEG video processor and decoding the DTVCC information; and an analog CC decoder for receiving the analog CC information from the DTVCC decoder and decoding it. In providing a DTVCC service according to ATSC standards, the best closed service is provided under a given condition when there is an error in a broadcast station.

Abstract: The present invention provides a digital TV receiver for processing teletext information, by which a teletext signal is detected from an inputted digital or analog TV signal to be displayed on a screen in a manner of broadcast sender's intention or by which the teletext information is bypassed to an output signal for an external monitor without distortion.

Abstract: A system and method for efficiently detecting and decoding valid teletext message sequences is provided. A system is provided that includes a correlator, a sine wave generator, two time window generators, a phase detector, a framing code search engine, and a match filter. The method includes determining the phase of the run-in burst of a teletext message sequence, identifying the framing code location, deciding whether the teletext sequence is valid, and decoding the teletext data for display.

Abstract: A television system and method for facilitating use of closed caption text or other information that may be included in an extended data service (XDS) system. The system includes a tuner adapted to receive a television signal, the television signal including a video signal and an XDS signal, and a television display for displaying a video image corresponding to the video signal. A data slicer coupled to the tuner extracts the XDS signal from the television signal, and sends the XDS signal out a data port to a peripheral device, such as a text display. The text display may be used to display text information included in the XDS signal, such as closed caption and/or other information included in text fields of the XDS signal. Alternatively, a computer may be coupled to the data port to monitor information, such as URL data, in the XDS signal to access on-line information.

Abstract: A DVD eigen number acquiring section acquires an identification number of an optical disk loaded in an optical disk reproducing apparatus. A control section transmits the identification number to a subtitle server over a communication network via a communication control section and requires that the subtitle server searches for subtitle information of video software recorded on the optical disk. The control section receives a search result from the subtitle server 21 and receives the subtitle information from the subtitle server in the case where the subtitle information exists. An output section synthesizes the received subtitle information with video pictures reproduced from the optical disk to output the synthesized pictures.

Abstract: An ITV system that monitors and stores data related to digital video broadcasts. Such data may include digital sound files, image files, subscription data, software programs, television program information, ITV advertising content, and the like. The monitoring system stores information about a pre-determined set of data that is being monitored in a digital video stream, in one or more log files. The log files may then be used to generate a plurality of user defined reports. The reports may be used by broadcasters, cable operators, and content providers, and the like to establish general auditing and billing services.

Abstract: It cannot be ensured that display setting changes are made at once in a system in which the number of display settings for a display processing apparatus is extremely large, an application is running under an operating system and display setting register change time is unpredictable from the application due to another task, or an internal configuration is incapable of immediately reflecting access from a host CPU to a display setting register. According to the present invention, outputs of a plurality of first display setting registers mapped into an address space for temporarily holding display setting data generated and outputted by a host CPU under control of a write control signal are connected to inputs of a plurality of second display setting registers holding display setting parameters referenced by display output module.

Abstract: A system for outputting a media stream and supplemental media streams is provided. A media stream manager outputs the media stream and associated supplemental media streams on a media stream output device. A timing module generates triggering events in conjunction with the output of the media streams according to event data. The media stream manager monitors for and detects the triggering events during the output of the media streams. Upon detecting a triggering event, the media stream manager determines which supplemental media streams are associated with the triggering event and iteratively outputs each associated supplemental media stream to the media stream output device. Supplemental media streams are output either synchronously or asynchronously according to previously determined information. A supplemental media stream that is output asynchronously to the media stream suspends the media stream and the timing of the media stream while the supplemental media stream is output.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a method and apparatus for segmenting a multi-media program based upon audio events. In an embodiment a method of classifying an audio stream is provided. This method includes receiving an audio stream. Sampling the audio stream at a predetermined rate and then combining a predetermined number of samples into a clip. A plurality of features are then determined for the clip and are analyzed using a linear approximation algorithm. The clip is then characterized based upon the results of the analysis conducted with the linear approximation algorithm.

Abstract: Closed captioning information is provided regarding the location of a speaker, and when the text is spoken. An audio/video signal includes a video data and the closed captioning information. The closed captioning information includes a time index, a closed captioning text, and positioning information. The positioning information indicates a position within a frame of the video data, and is associated with the closed captioning text for a given time index. The position corresponds to the speaker who is speaking the associated closed captioning text. A decoder device decodes the closed captioning information to determine the position of the speaker within the video data, and the time index to correlate the closed captioning text and positioning information to a specific frame of video data. The video data is preferably scaled to provide a less than full screen video.

Abstract: Graphics metadata is embedded in an input video signal at a first system, to form a processed video signal which is distributed to a plurality of second systems, typically cable or broadcast systems. Each individual second system can edit the metadata and insert graphics into the video based on the edited metadata so as to form a final signal for broadcast or other distribution to viewers. Thus, each second system can provide a final signal with an appearance consistent with the brand identity of that individual second system. The metadata facilitates storage and retrieval of the video.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for using broadcast television systems as an implicit portal for solicitation of video on demand programs. A viewing device is monitored for the occurrence of a specific event, such as a channel change or the detection of a trigger mechanism programmed into a content program. When the event is detected, a user is prompted to notify the user of the availability of video on demand content related to the channel or program the user is watching. If the user indicates that he is interested in such content, available video on demand programs are presented to the user for selection. Means are also provided to prevent redundant and other unwanted prompts from appearing on the user's display.

Abstract: An auxiliary digital data extractor in a television receiver includes a source of a composite video signal. The composite video signal includes an auxiliary digital data component which is either a first frame code having a predetermined number of bits and auxiliary data in a first format, or a second frame code having the same number of bits and auxiliary data in a second format. A frame code detector is coupled to the composite video signal source. The frame code detector is responsive to one subset of the frame code bits to detect the first frame code and to a different subset of frame code bits to detect the second frame code. An auxiliary data utilization circuit is coupled to the composite video signal source and the frame code detector. The auxiliary data utilization circuit receives auxiliary data in the either first format when the first frame code is detected or the second format when the second frame code is detected.

Abstract: The sharp price decrease of storage media enabled users to store more and faster content in contrary to the past. In the near future they will be overwhelmed by the amount of data stored on storage media. Because of the enormous amount of information, they will not be able to index the multimedia content stored manually for later retrieval. Tools to support the users are required. The disadvantage of these algorithms is that they are very expensive in terms of processing power and therefore not feasible for consumer storage devices. The invention proposes an apparatus for content indexing using processing parameters that come available while processing multimedia content. One embodiment of this processing is compression, processing which is performed with almost all multimedia content before it is stored.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a method of processing packet data between a video server and clients, and more particularly to a method of transmitting packet data to a plurality of clients related to different data rates from a video server that employs a real-time moving image compression method. In the method of processing packet data between a video server and a plurality of clients of the present invention, the video server is implemented as a moving image compression video server including a camera, an image acquiring unit, a moving image compressor, a stream server and a network interface, and the clients are connected to the video server through different paths. In the method, the stream server divides compressed image data, which has been read from the moving image compressor, into packets and buffers the packets in at least one packet buffer provided in the stream server, before transmitting the compressed image data to the network interface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of forcing a user to view a first announcement, when a user prevents a second announcement, embedded in a stream of audiovisual information, to be shown on a display, where the first announcement and the second announcement are equivalent to each other. The announcement may be a commercial. This prevention can be achieved either by skipping the announcement or by zapping to a different channel. The invention further relates to an apparatus capable of detecting whether a user has viewed an announcement or whether he has skipped it. The apparatus is also capable of displaying a second announcement which is equivalent to the skipped announcement.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for presenting video data recorded on a recording medium in synchronization with text-based data is disclosed. The video data recorded on the recording medium is reproduced and presented based on video presentation reference time synchronized with program clock reference (PCR) included in the video data and the text-based data is presented based on text presentation reference time. If the presentation position of the video data changes discontinuously, the text presentation reference time as well as the video presentation reference time is adjusted accordingly.

Abstract: Certain embodiments for supporting communication of media may comprise establishing a private television channel to be showed by a first television at a first home and a second television at a second home. Personal media associated with the private television channel may be displayed along with content of a media broadcast on the first and/or second television. The personal media may be communicated over the private television channel between the televisions. An identifier associated with the first television and/or the second television may be determined and the private television channel may be established based one more identifiers. A representation of the private television channel may be presented in a channel guide displayed on the first television and/or the second television. A representation of the associated personal media for the private television channel may be presented in a media guide displayed on the first television and/or the second television.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for gradually delivering software over a terrestrial or satellite network are disclosed. Packets of a software program are conveyed wirelessly from a central server to customers using a portion of standard FM radio or television signals. These packets are conveyed to a wireless receiver at the customer's premises over a relatively long period of time. The packets are slowly accumulated in the customer's receiver, which includes a storage device such as an array of hard drives or memory chips. After this “accumulation period” is completed, and a full software program has been built up, subscribers may then retrieve and use the software. The invention provides a highly secure distribution system which thwarts copyright infringement and other unauthorized copying. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the data conveyed to customers is computer software, including operating systems, applications and updates.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for controlling a program information display on an electronic program guide (EPG) screen to supply perfect program information on the EPG screen to viewers by controlling length of the program information serviced through a set top box. A descriptor analysis is performed through SDT (service description table) and EIT (event information table) filtering processes for the corresponding channels by grouping channel IDs to be shown to the viewers on one screen. And, a display range of the program information is controlled by using length data of the program information obtained through the analysis processes, thereby showing the perfect program information to the viewers.

Abstract: A control method and device of a video signal combined with interactive control data are proposed, wherein interactive control data are added into or extracted from a video signal. The adding method adds the interactive control data into the front and rear blocks in the video signal exceeding the image display area. The image display area means a frame in the video signal. The front block means a plurality of image scan lines in front of each frame, and the rear block means a plurality of image scan lines behind each frame. Similarly, the extraction method extracts the interactive control data from the front and rear blocks exceeding the image display area.

Abstract: A communication system and method for communicating teletext information to mobile stations. A wireless access protocol (WAP) server is coupled to a television station and receives a signal which includes teletext information from the station. The WAP server includes a teletext decoder which decodes the teletext information in the transmitted signal. The decoded information is stored in memory using a server controller. The controller receives information requests from a network interface coupled to the mobile stations. The controller accesses the teletext information stored in memory and transmits the information to the mobile station through the network interface.

Abstract: A video processing circuit for receiving a video signal from a tuner or a video recording/reproducing apparatus through a first or second input terminal and for outputting the video signal as it is through an output terminal under one condition and outputting a character signal from a signal source thereof instead of the video signal through the output terminal or outputting the video signal with the character signal superimposed thereon from the output terminal under the other condition. In the video processing circuit, among a plurality of circuits interposing from the first and second input terminals to the output terminal, only circuits related to the signal source of the character signal are formed in one integrated circuit (second integrated circuit) and the other circuits are formed in the other integrated circuit (first integrated circuit).

Abstract: An additional information inserting apparatus automatically generates additional information to be added to an audio video signal, to be recorded or-transmitted, on the basis of original additional information inserted in an original audio video signal. Then, the apparatus automatically generates additional information in the audio video signal, for recording.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for displaying subtitles by a multination language human-machine interface that having small memory space occupation and conveniently for program maintenance. First of all, a character database is been edited, and in accordance with the character size to edit the bitmap file for each individual character. The bitmap file is then transferred to 80c51xa assembly language and stored in the character database. Then, the “string code”, the “string combination code and position shifting code”, and the “string combination code of multination language and position shifting code” of the controlling program are established, and the content of the character database is been called. During a practical usage, the desired string is been called by the controlling program, then carried out the language judgement of the exercising nation.

Abstract: In a system for transferring an analog video signal which contains command information and the like in vertical blanking interval VBI between master and slave devices via an analog line, information (bits 1 to 20) having a word configuration (words 0 to 2+CRCC) consisting of a predetermined number of bits (variable within the range from 5 bits to 80 bits) is superposed in a predetermined period (49.1 &mgr;s) of a predetermined VBI line (line number 10) at a predetermined clock (fsc/32 to fsc/2). In this manner, device which are interconnected via an analog video signal line can transfer information having various contents/lengths that can be changed in correspondence with a partner connected using vertical blanking interval VBI.

Abstract: Disclosed herein, in various embodiments, are methods and apparatus incorporating, among other things, the concept of using, in particular but without limitation, traditionally non-commercial programming as a medium for selling products or services on-line, and again in particular over the Internet. Using this concept, for example, items used for props or settings of a scene in motion picture programming are made electronically identifiable by a viewer of the programming, and thereby enabling a viewer to determine the source or location of the goods or setting or other thing for sale, using an electronic system deployed in part as a portion of the viewer's television viewing equipment. Using this concept, for example, a user viewing a soap opera is able to use a hand held device to electronically point to a dress or item of jewelry worn by an actress, and selects the dress or jewelry. In turn, the user is taken to a web site that offers the dress for sale.

Abstract: Techniques for electronic messaging synchronized to media presentation are provided. The techniques include a method for displaying text in connection with an audiovisual production, a method for displaying text in connection with playback of an audiovisual production, a method for synchronizing viewer-inputted messages with playback of an audiovisual production, and others. For example, a method for displaying a message in connection with an audiovisual production includes receiving a signal from a viewer interface to define the message, displaying the defined message adjacent to a first display of the audiovisual production, and displaying the defined message in a second display adjacent to the audiovisual production. In addition, the present invention provides a system for displaying messages in connection with playback of prerecorded media to produce an audiovisual production and a computer-readable medium with instructions for displaying messages in connection with an audiovisual production.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system that digitally decodes and combines portions of two or more broadcast video signals in a memory of a set top box in a manner described by a presentation description. The presentation description may be transferred as part of a broadcast video signal or may be accessed across a network. Different presentation descriptions may be sent to different set top boxes depending on set top box type or user preferences. The presentation description may be modified by user input or by stored user preferences. Audio and/or image portions of the video signals may be combined to produce a combined video output. Combination methods include replacement, logical and mathematical operations or a combination thereof. The presentation description may include dynamic variables that specify the manner of combination for a plurality of frames or a specified period of display.

Abstract: A television caption data and a method for generating the TV caption data are disclosed. In the present invention, before a caption information is input to a packet, the size of a block remaining in the packet is compared with the size of the caption information. If the size of the block is larger than the size of the caption information, the caption information is input to the remaining block of the packet. Otherwise, the caption information is input into a following packet which does have a size of a remaining block larger than the size of the caption information.

Abstract: The data slicer circuit has a first capacitor that holds a pedestal potential of a video signal; a second capacitor that calculates an average potential of signals existing in a period where a clock run-in signal of the multiplex signal is present and holds the average potential; and a comparator which compares the two held potentials. The comparator outputs a detection signal indicative of the presence of the multiplex signal when the potential held by the second capacitor is higher than that held by the first capacitor.

Abstract: A communication system in which a transmitter transmits cyclically a plurality of mutually related objects to a terminal. If the objects are used in the terminal there is no mechanism to establish whether the objects are consistent, e.g. that they are originated at the same time. To ensure that the objects are consistent, they are combined in a common transport entity. The receiver is arranged to extract only the complete set of mutually related objects from the common transport entity. Consequently, the consistency is always ensured.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for transmitting and receiving multimedia broadcasting in order to provide multimedia broadcasting services and interactive broadcasting services are provided. An apparatus for receiving multimedia broadcasting includes a reference clock receiver, which receives a reference clock value, i.e., a current time value, of real-time multimedia broadcasting; a multimedia document receiver/storage, which receives and stores a first multimedia document; a media data receiver/storage, which receives and stores first media data; and a multimedia document renderer, which when the first multimedia document is scheduled at the reference clock value and the first media data is a rendering material used to render the first multimedia document, renders the first multimedia document using the first media data.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for handling transition errors is presented herein. The transition errors include handling unreported time base discontinuities during trick mode transition, miscalculated time stamps during trick mode transition, erroneous sequence end codes, and unreported broken group of picture transmission. Unreported time base discontinuities are detected by comparing the program clock reference (PCR) value of the data packet to the system time clock (STC). If the difference exceeds a predetermined threshold, the STC is set to the PCR value. Miscalculated time stamps are detected by examining the difference in PTS values between temporally adjacent data packets. If the difference is not within a margin of error from predetermined value, the PTS is disabled. Unreported broken groups of pictures are handled by skipping the first two B-frames of the first group of pictures following a trick mode transition.

Abstract: An audio description of a television program, i.e., a sound bite, is reproduced simultaneously with the display of the program at a television receiver. Specifically, the sound bite is embedded in a television signal that contains audio component and a video component. The television signal is transmitted to a plurality of television receivers and intercepted at one of the receivers. The video component is displayed on a monitor and the audio component is reproduced. On command the sound bite is reproduced instead of the audio component. An audio description of a television program, i.e., a sound bite, is also reproduced simultaneously with the display of a program listing of the program at a television receiver. Specifically, when the program listing is marked with an on-screen cursor, the sound bite is reproduced.