Abstract: A light emitting apparatus includes a substrate having a first substrate portion, a second substrate portion arranged parallel to the first substrate portion, and a connection portion connecting the first substrate portion and the second substrate portion to each other. A plurality of first light emitting elements is formed on the first substrate portion; and a plurality of second light emitting elements is formed on the second substrate portion.

Abstract: This invention provides an electro-optical module with reduced noise in driving voltage. The invention can include a power supply substrate that is arranged separately from the flexible substrate having a driver, so that the noise of the driving voltage supplied from the power supply substrate is reduced.

Abstract: A two side display device includes: a flexible substrate including a first substrate part, a second substrate part under the first substrate part, and a bending part coupling the first substrate part to the second substrate part; a first display panel on the first substrate part and configured to display a first image in a first direction; a second display panel under the second substrate part and configured to display a second image in a second direction opposite the first direction; and a driving chip coupled to the first substrate part. According to exemplary embodiments, first and second display panels are positioned on the same surface of a flexible substrate and configured to display images in opposing directions by bending the flexible substrate, which may reduce the thickness and manufacturing cost of the two side display device.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes a display defined by a front surface for outputting screen information and a rear surface opposite to the front surface, and a bezel part formed along edges of the display, wherein the display includes a plane portion configured to output at least part of the screen information, and at least one bent portion integrally formed with the plane portion and bent from an edge of the plane portion by a preset angle, the at least one bent portion outputting at least one of a part of the screen information and a preset image.

Abstract: A tileable display panel includes a screen layer, a display layer, and an illumination layer. The display layer includes a plurality of transmissive pixels to collectively project a unified image onto the backside of the screen layer. The transmissive pixels disposed within a perimeter region of the display layer have smaller transmission apertures than the transmissive pixels disposed within a central region of the display layer. The illumination layer generates lamp light to illuminate a backside of the display layer. The illumination layer is coupled to generate the lamp light incident on the backside of the display layer in the perimeter region with greater divergence than the lamp light incident on the backside of the display layer in the central region.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor device capable of preventing deterioration due to penetration of moisture or oxygen, for example, a light-emitting apparatus having an organic light-emitting device that is formed over a plastic substrate, and a liquid crystal display apparatus using a plastic substrate. According to the present invention, devices formed on a glass substrate or a quartz substrate (a TFT, a light-emitting device having an organic compound, a liquid crystal device, a memory device, a thin-film diode, a pin-junction silicon photoelectric converter, a silicon resistance element, or the like) are separated from the substrate, and transferred to a plastic substrate having high thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A display panel for use with a multi-panel display includes an array of display pixels to emit pixel light. A fiber bundle including an array of fibers is disposed over the array of display pixels. The fiber bundle includes a first end of the array of fibers rigidly fixed adjacent to the array of display pixels and optically aligned with the array of display pixels and a loose fiber portion that permits a second end of the array of fibers opposite the first end to slump-over and move. The fiber bundle receives the pixel light emitted from the array of display pixels into the first end of the array of fibers and emits the pixel light out the second end of the array of fibers.

Abstract: The present invention provides a COF base tape. The COF base tape includes: a connected lead being configured to connect with a connected terminal of a liquid crystal glass; an alignment mark being set on the two sides of the connected lead being configured to align with a mark of the connected terminal, an area of the alignment mark thereof being light transparency. The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing the COF base tape and liquid crystal display module. The embodiment of the invention of a COF base tape and manufacturing method thereof and liquid crystal display module including the same enhances the strength of the COF base tape edge and raises the accurate alignment and operationally of the COF base tap connected with liquid glass. The present invention can save the material and reduce the cost of the art.

Abstract: An image display apparatus according to an embodiment includes: a plurality of panels arranged in a matrix form, each panel having, on its display surface, a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix form; a first junction portion provided between the panels adjacent to each other in a horizontal direction; a second junction portion provided between the panels adjacent to each other in a vertical direction; a first optical member covering the first junction portion, and magnifying or diffusing the pixels of the panels in the vicinity of the first junction portion with an anisotropy in a first direction; and a second optical member covering the second junction portion, and magnifying and diffusing the pixels of the panels in the vicinity of the second junction portion with an anisotropy in a second direction.

Abstract: An electronic display comprises an electro-optic layer comprising electro-optical material. The display includes a first electrically conductive layer and a second electrically conductive layer, the electro-optic layer being disposed between the first electrically conductive layer and the second electrically conductive layer. A first substrate is disposed adjacent the first electrically conductive layer and a second substrate is disposed adjacent the second electrically conductive layer. The first substrate and the second substrate are formed in a shape that has at least one outer peripheral edge boundary, excluding any ledges. Internal ledges are disposed inside the at least one outer peripheral edge boundary. A first of the internal ledges comprises a portion of the first substrate and an exposed portion of the first electrically conductive layer and a second of the internal ledges comprises a portion of the second substrate and an exposed portion of the second electrically conductive layer.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling light transmission from an optical input to an optical output can function as a tunable iris or eclipse, or as a privacy window. The iris/eclipse can use a liquid crystal matrix with a dispersion of dichroic particles that absorb light in one orientation and transmit light in another, such that controlling the liquid crystal with an electric field allows control of the dichroic particles. Alternatively, a layer may be used with a light absorbing liquid or powder material that moves with a charged material in response to a variable electric field applied to the layer. Privacy windows use a plurality of liquid crystal microlenses that can be controlled with an electric field to allow an image of an optical input to be obtainable at an optical output when in a first state, or to render the image irretrievable when in a second state.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention includes a first panel including a first lower substrate, a first lower electrode formed on the first lower substrate, a first upper substrate facing the first lower substrate, a first upper electrode formed on the first upper substrate, and a first cholesteric liquid crystal injected between the first lower electrode and the first upper electrode, wherein the first lower electrode includes carbon nanotubes. The liquid crystal display including the first lower electrode made of the carbon nanotubes without a light absorption layer provides a simple structure capable of realizing a black state.

Abstract: A multi-panel display apparatus includes at least two display panels and an optical member. Each display panel includes a display area and a connection non-display area. The optical member displays light emitted from peripheral regions of the display areas of the display panels. The optical member includes an adhesive layer between laminated sheets. Each sheet includes a base film made of a transparent material having a first refractive index and a reflection layer at a surface of the base film made of metal. The adhesive layer is made of a material having a second refractive index less than the first refractive index.

Abstract: A method of detecting touch positions includes; providing an external power voltage which drives a touch panel, sequentially turning on a plurality of lower driving elements connected to the touch panel, Turning on a plurality of upper driving elements connected to the touch panel to readout at least one multi-touched position corresponding to an x-coordinate, while each of lower driving elements is turned on, receiving readout position information corresponding to an x-coordinate, turning on at least one of the upper driving elements connected to the touch panel, turning on the plurality of lower driving elements connected to the touch panel to readout the at least one multi-touched position corresponding to a y-coordinate, while each of upper driving elements is turned on, receiving readout position information corresponding to the y-coordinate, turning on a sensing element, and turning off the sensing element.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of processing three-dimensional (3D) images on a multi-layer display may generate virtual depth information based on original depth information, and display 3D images having various depth values using the generated virtual depth information. Also, the apparatus and method may appropriately provide color information to each of a plurality of display layers, thereby preventing an original image from being damaged.

Abstract: A semitransparent electronic device includes a glassy sheath having an internal cavity and a display unit disposed in the internal cavity. The display unit has an inner display area and an outer display area circumscribing the inner display area. A transparent display device included in the display unit provides at least the outer display area.

Abstract: An electronic display comprises an electro-optic layer comprising electro-optical material. The display includes a first electrically conductive layer and a second electrically conductive layer, the electro-optic layer being disposed between the first electrically conductive layer and the second electrically conductive layer. A first substrate is disposed adjacent the first electrically conductive layer and a second substrate is disposed adjacent the second electrically conductive layer. The first substrate and the second substrate are formed in a shape that has at least one outer peripheral edge boundary, excluding any ledges. Internal ledges are disposed inside the at least one outer peripheral edge boundary. A first of the internal ledges comprises a portion of the first substrate and an exposed portion of the first electrically conductive layer and a second of the internal ledges comprises a portion of the second substrate and an exposed portion of the second electrically conductive layer.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a display device includes a display unit and a drive circuit. The display unit includes a first display region to display a first image and a second display region to display a second image. The display unit includes a first support substrate, a second support substrate, and a liquid crystal layer. The second support substrate is disposed to oppose the first support substrate. The liquid crystal layer is interposed between the first support substrate and the second support substrate and is held by the first support substrate and the second support substrate. The drive circuit drives the display unit.

Abstract: An electronic device having a liquid crystal shutter is disclosed. A liquid crystal shutter is provided in an area formed by expanding a liquid crystal display. The liquid crystal shutter includes a rear polarizer, a rear glass substrate, a segmented electrode, a liquid crystal, a counter electrode, a front glass substrate, a shutter aperture, and a front polarizer. A camera module is disposed behind the rear polarizer. A voltage applied to the segmented electrode can be controlled to visually expose or hide the lens of the camera module from a shutter aperture.

Abstract: A multi display device is disclosed. The multi display device includes a first display panel, a first frame positioned on a back surface of the first display panel, a first electromagnetic shielding layer including a first portion positioned on a front surface of the first display panel and a second portion positioned on the side of the first display panel, a second display panel positioned adjacent to the first display panel, a second frame positioned on a back surface of the second display panel, and a second electromagnetic shielding layer including a first portion positioned on a front surface of the second display panel and a second portion positioned on a side surface of the second display panel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display. A liquid crystal display includes: a mounting plate; a backlight unit; a plurality of liquid crystal panels which are arranged to be adjacent in a state of being spaced from an upper surface of the mounting plate; a fixing frame which is connected to the mounting frame and includes portions extending along neighboring edges of the plurality of the liquid crystal panels in a state of being spaced from one another by a predetermined distance; and a fixing bar which is fitted between the adjacent portions of the fixing frame in a state of pressing edges of the neighboring liquid crystal panels among the plurality of the liquid crystal panels. Since a liquid crystal panel is fixed by a fixing bar, the liquid crystal panel can be fixed more firmly with a simple structure.

Abstract: A foldable display apparatus includes a bendable display panel which folds with respect to a folding axis. The display panel includes a plurality of display devices and a window layer. Each of the display devices includes a plurality of pixels each including a plurality of color elements having different colors from each other. A plurality of color elements of a same color is linearly arranged in a direct line direction which is non-parallel to the folding axis. The window layer includes a soft material part including a soft material in a folding part of the display panel, and a protective window part other than the soft material part. The protective window part protects the display part of the plurality of display devices.

Abstract: A direct-viewing type display device includes a display panel including a display region which has a plurality of pixel lines extending in a first direction and a frame region, the display region and the frame region having a border extending in the first direction therebetween; and a light-transmitting cover. The plurality of pixel lines include a first pixel line adjoining the border, a second pixel line, and a third pixel line. The first pixel line, the second pixel line and the third pixel line are of different colors from each other. The light-transmitting cover includes a lens portion located over the border, the lens portion refracting a part of light going toward the frame region. A light diffusion structure is provided between the lens portion and a part of the display panel including the first pixel line, the second pixel line and the third pixel line.

Abstract: A display apparatus used for creating 3D images has a display panel and a phase-delaying layer disposed on the display panel. The phase-delaying layer has first and second light-changing patterns that are self-aligned to at least one of pixels and a black matrix of the display panel. The self-aligned structure is formed by selectively passing curing light (e.g., UV light) through the display panel to cure curable liquid crystal films while the films are respectively aligned by aligning layers having different alignments.

Abstract: The occurrence of defective orientation of a composite of a polymer and a liquid crystal is suppressed. Furthermore, the occurrence of defective display of a liquid crystal display device including the composite of a polymer and a liquid crystal is suppressed. The composite of a polymer and a liquid includes a plurality of domains with different periods of alignment, a boundary formed between the plurality of domains, and a region where the plurality of domains adjoin and bond to one another without the boundary. The composite of a polymer and a liquid crystal exhibits a blue phase.

Abstract: A display panel including a first substrate having a first panel area and a second panel area, a second substrate disposed above the first panel area, a third substrate disposed above the second panel area, a first liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a second liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the third substrate, a first active device array disposed on the first substrate to drive the first liquid crystal layer, a second active device array disposed on the third substrate to drive the second liquid crystal layer, an integrated circuit (IC), and a conductive element is provided. The IC is disposed on the third substrate. The conductive element is disposed between the first substrate and the third substrate to electrically connect the IC to the first active device array.

Abstract: A backlight unit capable of improving contrast properties by implementing a local dimming method while making the backlight unit slim, and a liquid crystal display using the same are provided. The backlight unit includes a first light guide plate array including a plurality of first light guide plates arranged in parallel in a first direction to define a first light guide channels; a second light guide plate array including a plurality of second light guide plates arranged in parallel in a second direction intersected with the first direction to a second light guide channels; a first light array arranged near at least one end of the first light guide plate array to illuminate light to the at least one end of the first light guide plate array; and a second light array arranged near at least one end of the second light guide plate array to illuminate light to the at least one end of the second light guide plate array.

Abstract: The present invention provides a structure in which a pixel region 13 is surrounded by a first sealing material (having higher viscosity than a second sealing material) 16 including a spacer (filler, minute particles and/or the like) which maintains a gap between the two substrates, filled with a few drops of the transparent second sealing material 17a which is spread in the region; and sealed by using the first sealing material 16 and the second sealing material 17.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes: a substrate including display areas and a non-display area disposed around edges of the display areas; gate lines disposed in the display areas; data lines disposed in the display areas and crossing the gate lines; pixels disposed in the display areas and connected to the gate lines and data lines; and a gate driver disposed in the peripheral area, between the display areas. The gate driver is connected to the gate lines, to output gate signals to the gate lines.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element includes a liquid crystal composition sandwiched between substrates, wherein at least two types of liquid crystal compositions which exhibit liquid crystal phase in different temperature ranges are contained within each one pixel, and each of the at least two types of liquid crystal compositions is sealed and isolated within each pixel.

Abstract: Images are displayed in response to a video signal using a light emitting assembly having one or more optically transmissive substrates, films or sheets, each having at least one pattern of optical elements on or in the substrates, films or sheets. A plurality of light sources are configured to illuminate one or more output areas of one or more of the substrates, films or sheets. The light emitting assembly is configured to emit light through the pattern of optical elements and produce a predetermined luminance profile of the light emitting assembly. At least one of the light sources is dimmed or boosted in response to an input video signal while operating a liquid crystal display as a light valve to illuminate the liquid crystal display by the light emitting assembly.

Abstract: A multidimensional display apparatus includes a main display screen divided into at least three display areas including a first centre display area and at least two surrounded display areas, at least two reflective elements, and at least three display surfaces. The reflective elements are arranged above and inclined with respect to the second display areas, and a reflection surface of each of the reflective elements faces the corresponding second display area. One of the display surfaces is above the first display area, and the other two are corresponding to the second display areas, facing the reflection surfaces of the reflective elements. The contents displayed on the first display area is viewable on the display surface above, and the contents displayed on the second display areas are reflected by the corresponding reflection surfaces of the reflective elements and viewable on the other two display surfaces.

Abstract: One or more embodiments of the invention provide an apparatus and method for producing an image on a display screen that extends to the pixels or image elements disposed at the edge of the display screen. The display screen has an optical element with a thickness and an index of refraction that are selected to direct light to pixels or image elements disposed at the edge of the display screen without passing through the portion of the optical element that is blocked by a support frame or other structural member disposed on the rear surface of the display screen. Positioning such display screens together into a single screen assembly produces a tiled display having a much less noticeable grid pattern visible to the viewer.

Abstract: A multi-display vehicular rearview mirror system (2600) and method includes an electrochromic (EC) glass element (2603) and a plurality of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) (2605a, 2605b, 2605c) positioned behind EC element (2603). A plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs) (2610a, 2610b, 2610c) are used for providing backlighting for each respective LCD of the plurality of LCDs such that the LCDs utilize a plurality of imaging devices (2717, 2719, 2721) for forming substantially a single image across the plurality of LCDs (2605a, 2605b, 2605c).

Abstract: The present invention discloses an LCD panel. The LCD panel includes a plurality of data lines, a plurality of scan lines insulatingly intersecting the date lines, and a plurality of pixel units defined by the scan lines and corresponding data lines. Any two adjacent pixel units in a same row are respectively coupled to two corresponding scan lines. Any two adjacent pixel units in a same column are respectively coupled to two corresponding data lines. In this present invention, the pixel units coupled to a same data line are respectively coupled to different scan lines so as to reduce the power consumption of the LCD panel.

Abstract: To provide a display device having an input function that is not dependent on the light environment, multiple sensor pixel circuits that detect light in a specified detection period and hold the light amount when not in the specified detection period are disposed in a pixel region. In a frame in which input is performed using the sensor pixel circuits, a backlight is lit one time for a time in a frame period, and a first detection period and a second detection period are set one time each in the frame period. The difference between the light amount in the first detection period and the light amount in the second detection period is obtained using a difference circuit. The backlight is in an extinguished state at the beginning of the first detection period, and lighting of the backlight is started at a time during the first detection period.

Abstract: A display device 1 of the present invention includes a first conductive layer 20 and a second conductive layer 21 arranged across an insulating layer 24 from the first conductive layer 20. An overlap section 40 at which the first conductive layer 20 and the second conductive layer 21 overlap each other is provided. At least one of the first conductive layer 20 and the second conductive layer 21 includes a slit portion 210a that is arranged in the overlap section 40. The width of the slit portion 210a is set to be smaller at a medial area 82 except both end areas 81 of the slit portion 210a, than at the both end areas 81.

Abstract: A passive daylight-coupled display having an LCD panel, a diffuser, and a curved reflector behind the LCD panel. For passive backlighting, the diffuser transmits daylight to the reflector, which reflects the daylight to the LCD panel and provides for substantially uniform distribution of the daylight on the LCD panel for backlighting it. An N-stack daylight-coupled display includes a plurality of passive backlights cascaded in a stack for backlighting of LCD panels or static display panels. One N-stack display can include an active light source to provide light to the reflectors, and a secondary light source to provide light to at least one of the reflectors to provide backlighting of the display in low lighting conditions. A collapsible daylight-coupled display includes a daylight-coupled backlight that is collapsible when not in use for hand-held or portable display devices.

Abstract: To provide an erasing device whose power consumption required for erasing operations is suppressed, which does not spoil the portability of an optical writing type display medium. In a first display function layer, voltages applied to two cholesteric liquid crystal layers when an erasing voltage is applied between a pair of electrodes are defined as V1, V2, respectively, and threshold voltages with which the cholesteric liquid crystal layers change to the homeotropic alignment are defined as Vth1, Vth2, respectively. In that case, in a state the voltages V1 and V2 are determined according to only each resistance of the cholesteric liquid crystal layers and resistance of a photoconductive layer, i.e., a sufficient time has passed from a point at which the erasing voltage is applied, V1?Vth1 and V2?Vth2 apply.

Abstract: A display device including a first prism sheet, a second prism sheet disposed side by side with the first prism sheet, a first display module, and a second display module is provided. The first display module is disposed beneath the first prism and has a first display surface. At least a portion of the first display surface close to the second prism sheet is inclined toward the second prism sheet and forms a first angle with respect to the first prism sheet. The second display module is disposed beneath the second prism sheet and has a second display surface. At least a portion of the second display surface closed to the first prism sheet is inclined toward the first prism sheet and forms a first angle with respect to the second prism sheet.

Abstract: A dual liquid crystal display device includes a transmissive liquid crystal display panel; a reflective liquid crystal display panel formed on the same substrate as the transmissive liquid crystal display panel; a first light guide block disposed under the transmissive liquid crystal display panel and having dot patterns formed on a first surface thereof; a second light guide block disposed under the reflective liquid crystal display panel and having V-grooves formed on a first surface thereof; a light source disposed adjacent to the first light guide block; a housing in which the transmissive and reflective liquid crystal display panels, the light source and the light guide blocks are seated, the housing having an opening to correspond to an image display surface of the reflective liquid crystal display panel; a dual brightness enhancement film provided in a region corresponding to the opening of the housing.

Abstract: A display apparatus used for creating 3D images has a display panel and a phase-delaying layer disposed on the display panel. The phase-delaying layer has first and second light-changing patterns that are self-aligned to at least one of pixels and a black matrix of the display panel. The self-aligned structure is formed by selectively passing curing light (e.g., UV light) through the display panel to cure curable liquid crystal films while the films are respectively aligned by aligning layers having different alignments.

Abstract: A display device 1 according to the present invention, having a display area AA capable of image display and a nondisplay area PA provided outside the display area AA, includes a first wiring line 14 and a second wiring line 20 in the nondisplay area PA. The second wiring line 20 is arranged across an insulating layer 17 from the first wiring line 14, so that a crossover section 25 at which the first wiring line 14 intersects with the second wiring line 20 is provided. The second wiring line 20 includes a plurality of branch lines 22, 23 branching therefrom and being located in the crossover section 25, while the first wiring line 14 includes a plurality of slit portions 260A, 270A and the like crossing the branch lines 22, 23.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) is provided that comprises a rearward LCD substrate sheet that has an array of vias formed, where the vias provide electrical conduction between both sides of the rearward LCD substrate sheet. The number of vias in the array is substantially equal to or at least equivalent to a combination of a number of column drive lines and a number of row drive lines. The respective drive lines are connected to a corresponding via, such as on one side of the rearward LCD substrate sheet, and respective patterned conductors are connected to a corresponding via, such as on the other side of the rearward LCD substrate sheet. The patterned conductors provide a connection between respective drive lines and one or more corresponding drivers. In one example, this allows a “full bleed” display to be generated.

Abstract: The present invention provides a structure in which a pixel region 13 is surrounded by a first sealing material (having higher viscosity than a second sealing material) 16 including a spacer (filler, minute particles and/or the like) which maintains a gap between the two substrates, filled with a few drops of the transparent second sealing material 17a which is spread in the region; and sealed by using the first sealing material 16 and the second sealing material 17.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device 1 of the present invention includes a first conductive layer 20 and a second conductive layer 21 arranged across an insulating layer from the first conductive layer 20. A crossover section 40 at which the first conductive layer 20 and the second conductive layer 21 intersect each other is provided. At least one of the first conductive layer 20 and the second conductive layer 21 includes a slit portion 210a and a cutout portion 201b, which are arranged in the crossover section 40 so that the cutout portion 210b is at a predetermined distance from the slit portion 210a.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate having a reflective region and a transmissive region, a second substrate corresponding to the first substrate, and a liquid crystal structure located between the first substrate and the second substrate, the liquid crystal structure including a first liquid crystal layer located in the reflective region and a second liquid crystal layer located in the transmissive region, wherein the first liquid crystal layer is configured to control movement of the second liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device has a first substrate, a second substrate facing the first substrate, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first and the second substrates. The first substrate includes a plurality of pixels, each of which includes a thin film transistor and a pixel electrode. The second substrate includes a color filter facing a pixel electrode of one of the pixels, and a black matrix formed on a region except the color filter. The black matrix has an opening that exposes a portion of one of the gate electrodes. External light entering the opening is reflected from the gate electrode.

Abstract: A delay line interferometer is configured with a liquid-crystal (LC) tuning element as a phase modulator for demodulating a phase-modulated input signal. The LC tuning element allows for quickly tuning the phase difference between two optical signals separated from the phase-modulated input signal, so that the two optical signals can be coherently recombined to interfere with each other and produce one or more intensity-modulated optical signals. In some embodiments, the LC tuning element is configured to reduce polarization-dependent frequency shift without the use of additional high-precision optical elements and/or coatings.

Abstract: A display panel including a first substrate having a first panel area and a second panel area, a second substrate disposed above the first panel area, a third substrate disposed above the second panel area, a first liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a second liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the third substrate, a first active device array disposed on the first substrate to drive the first liquid crystal layer, a second active device array disposed on the third substrate to drive the second liquid crystal layer, an integrated circuit (IC), and a conductive element is provided. The IC is disposed on the third substrate. The conductive element is disposed between the first substrate and the third substrate to electrically connect the IC to the first active device array.