Abstract: A transmittance-variable layer and a transmittance-variable device including the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a transmittance-variable device includes a polarization layer and a transmittance-variable layer disposed on the polarization layer, wherein the transmittance-variable layer includes a first base layer disposed on the polarization layer and a spacer fixed on a surface of the first base layer opposite to the polarization layer, and a second base layer facing the first base layer and spaced apart from the first base layer by the first spacer, wherein the first spacer maintains a gap between the first and second base layers, and a first light modulating material disposed in the gap.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a plurality of pixel units and each pixel unit includes a substrate, a first electrode, a second electrode, an image display part and a protective layer. The first electrode is formed on the substrate. The second electrode is formed over the first electrode while interposing a first insulating layer therebetween to define a TSC (tunnel-shaped cavity) extending in a first direction between the first and second electrodes. The image display part is provided in the TSC to display an image according to an electric field generated by the first and second electrodes. The protective layer covers the second electrode and seals the TSC. The display apparatus having the above structure is manufactured by forming the first electrode, a sacrificial layer and the second electrode and forming the image display part by removing the sacrificial layer.

Abstract: A method to manufacture a display device, includes: forming, on a substrate of the display device, a sacrificial layer including a material, the material including at least one of amorphous carbon, a metal, and an inorganic material; forming a layer covering the sacrificial layer; forming an injection hole exposing the sacrificial layer; removing, via the injection hole, the sacrificial layer to form a microcavity; and disposing liquid crystal in the microcavity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a display device and a method of manufacturing the display device. The display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a substrate. A pixel electrode is formed on the substrate. A roof layer is formed on the pixel electrode. A first micro-cavity and a second micro-cavity are disposed between the pixel electrode and the roof layer. A liquid crystal fills the first and second micro-cavities. The first and second micro-cavities are connected to each other by a path. The path penetrates the roof layer.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a liquid crystal display includes forming a sacrificial layer on a liquid crystal panel, forming an etch stop layer on the sacrificial layer, forming a photo resist pattern on the etch stop layer, completing the etch stop layer using the photo resist pattern as a mask, ashing the photo resist pattern and the sacrificial layer by using the completed etch stop layer as a mask, forming a microcavity by removing a portion of the sacrificial layer and forming a liquid crystal layer in the microcavity.

Abstract: A thin film transistor array panel, a display device including the thin film transistor array panel, and a method for manufacturing the display device. The thin film transistor array panel includes a substrate having first and second surfaces, a first thin film form formed on the first surface and including a first electrode, and a second thin film form formed on the second surface and including a second electrode, to thereby improve the viewing angle and contrast ratio of the display device.

Abstract: A projector includes: a lighting device that emits light of a plurality of different colors; a plurality of liquid crystal light valves that modulate the light of a plurality of colors; a color synthesizing optical system that synthesizes the color light modulated by the plurality of liquid crystal light valves; and a projection optical system that projects the light synthesized by the color synthesizing optical system to a projection target face. A cell thickness of one liquid crystal light valve modulating light of one color of the plurality of liquid crystal light valves is smaller than a cell thickness of the other liquid crystal light valves modulating the light of other colors, and an alignment state of liquid crystal at the time of applying the maximum gradation voltage is substantially the same in one liquid crystal light value and the other liquid crystal light valve.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device and a method for driving the same are provided. The liquid crystal display device includes a first liquid crystal layer selectively driven by a first electric field in a first direction; and a second liquid crystal layer selectively driven a second electric field in a second direction, the second direction being different from the first direction.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention, a liquid crystal apparatus includes first and second transmissive liquid crystal panels which are combined with each other. Each of the liquid crystal panels displays a video image in accordance with an identical video source. The first liquid crystal panel is driven by an interlace method in which a video image corresponding to one frame is displayed in two fields while the second liquid crystal panel is driven by a progressive method in which a video image corresponding to one frame is displayed in one field. Accordingly, the display apparatus has high display quality and no interference fringes. This attains a liquid crystal display apparatus with high display quality since the liquid crystal display apparatus has no interference fringes even if a plurality of transmissive liquid crystal display panels are combined with each other.

Abstract: An optical element is arranged in such a manner that a screen thereof can be hardly observed from a predetermined direction, and a deterioration of an image quality caused by moire does not occur. The optical element is constituted by a first polarizing layer, a second polarizing layer, and a liquid crystal layer arranged between these two polarizing layers. In the optical element, absorption axes of the first polarizing layer and the second polarizing layer are located parallel to each other; the liquid crystal layer is made of hybrid-aligned discotic liquid crystal; and an alignment axis of the liquid crystal layer is located parallel to, or perpendicular to both absorption axes of the first polarizing layer and of the second polarizing layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device is provided which includes: a liquid crystal panel; an image information application unit disposed on a side opposite to a display side of the liquid crystal panel; an illumination unit for irradiating light to the image information application unit; a liquid crystal shutter device disposed between the image information application unit and the liquid crystal panel; a polymer dispersion type liquid crystal layer disposed in the liquid crystal shutter device and containing liquid crystal molecules and polymers, in which the polymers are aligned in a twisted manner at a twist angle larger than 0 degree and smaller than 180 degrees; and a polarization layer disposed between the liquid crystal panel and the liquid crystal shutter device so that in a rotation direction where the polymers are aligned in a twisted manner, an absorption axis thereof is set in a direction substantially perpendicular to a radial direction where the polymers are twisted by half the twist angle.

Abstract: A LCD unit (116) has a first and a second LCD panels (261, 262) which are stacked one on another. The first LCD panel (261) includes a color filter layer (251), and is configured as a color LCD panel for performing a color display. The second LCD panel (262) is configured as a monochrome LCD panel for performing a monochrome display based on an image source. The first LCD panel (261) displays an image, which is obtained by averaging the image data of the image source by using an arithmetic unit, which averages the image data pixels disposed within a range specific distance apart from a central pixel.

Abstract: A protective automatic darkening filter construction 10 includes two low twist liquid crystal cells 26, 30 interspersed between a series of offset polarizers 24, 28, 32. The resulting construction provides improved homogeneity in the dark state as viewed by the user over a large viewing angle. By reducing variations in shade, visibility through the filter may be improved.

Abstract: A LCD unit (116) has a first and a second LCD panels (261, 262) which are stacked one on another. The first LCD panel (261) includes a color filter layer (251), and is configured as a color LCD panel for performing a color display. The second LCD panel (262) is configured as a monochrome LCD panel for performing a monochrome display based on an image source. The first LCD panel (261) displays an image, which is obtained by averaging the image data of the image source by using an arithmetic unit, which averages the image data pixels disposed within a range specific distance apart from a central pixel.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention, a liquid crystal apparatus includes first and second transmissive liquid crystal panels which are combined with each other. Each of the liquid crystal panels displays a video image in accordance with an identical video source. The first liquid crystal panel is driven by an interlace method in which a video image corresponding to one frame is displayed in two fields while the second liquid crystal panel is driven by a progressive method in which a video image corresponding to one frame is displayed in one field. Accordingly, the display apparatus has high display quality and no interference fringes. This attains a liquid crystal display apparatus with high display quality since the liquid crystal display apparatus has no interference fringes even if a plurality of transmissive liquid crystal display panels are combined with each other.

Abstract: A display is provided for switching between a narrow or private viewing mode and a wide or public viewing mode. The display comprises a display device which is controlled to provide display of a desired image or sequence of images. This is associated with a liquid crystal device having at least one liquid crystal layer whose molecules are switchable between a first state providing a first angular viewing range and a second state providing a second angular viewing range which is within and smaller than the first angular viewing range. With the molecules in the second state, the device at least partially blocks light propagating towards part of the first angular viewing range outside the second angular viewing range. The or each liquid crystal layer is in contact with at least one alignment surface, the or each of which comprises a uniform non-patterned alignment surface.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention, a liquid crystal display of the present invention contains an LCD (1) and an LCD (2). Adjacent pairs of polarizers form crossed Nicols. When the LCD (1) produces a display from a first display signal, the LCD (2) produces a display from a second display signal obtained from the first display signal. The gate driver for the LCD (1) and the gate driver for the LCD (2) producing a display from the second display signal are disposed symmetric. Accordingly, flickering is reduced which otherwise would be clearly visible when the two liquid crystal panels are stacked. A liquid crystal display with high display quality is thus realized.

Abstract: An electric field that is parallel with a TFT substrate is formed by a pair of electrodes formed on the TFT substrate. Liquid crystal molecules in a light modulating layer are caused to respond electro-optically to the electric field. The light modulating layer is constituted of a liquid crystal material, an optically active substance, and a dichroic dye. The spiral pitch p [?m] of the light modulating layer, the cell thickness d [?m], the twist angle n of liquid crystal molecules, and the interelectrode interval L [?m] are set in ranges of 1?p?15, 1?d?10, n?300°, and L<25.

Abstract: An array substrate includes storage lines, a first pixel portion, a second pixel portion, a third pixel portion and a fourth pixel portion. The storage lines divide a region into a first pixel area, a second pixel area, a third pixel area and a fourth pixel area. Two gate lines and two data lines define the region. The two gate lines are adjacent and substantially parallel to each other. The two data lines are adjacent and substantially parallel to each other. The first, second, third and fourth pixel portions are formed in the first, second, third and fourth pixel areas, respectively.

Abstract: A protective automatic darkening filter construction 10 includes two low twist liquid crystal cells 26, 30 interspersed between a series of offset polarizers 24, 28, 32. The resulting construction provides improved homogeneity in the dark state as viewed by the user over a large viewing angle. By reducing variations in shade, visibility through the filter may be improved.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a display panel and a viewing angle control panel. The viewing angle control panel includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates, and a pair of electrodes for applying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal layer is composed from hybrid-aligned liquid crystal molecules. The viewing angle of the display panel is controlled by changing an alignment state of the hybrid-aligned liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer by voltage applied by the electrodes.

Abstract: A device composed of: (a) a first liquid crystal composition including a first liquid crystal and a first liquid crystal domain stabilizing compound, wherein the first liquid crystal composition switches between a strongly scattering state of a first plurality of smaller liquid crystal domains that strongly scatters a predetermined light and a weakly scattering state of a second plurality of larger liquid crystal domains that weakly scatters the predetermined light; and (b) a second liquid crystal composition including a second liquid crystal and a second liquid crystal domain stabilizing compound, wherein the second liquid crystal composition switches between a strongly scattering state of a first plurality of smaller liquid crystal domains that strongly scatters the predetermined light and a weakly scattering state of a second plurality of larger liquid crystal domains that weakly scatters the predetermined light, wherein the second liquid crystal composition and the first liquid crystal composition are in

Abstract: An active matrix display device comprises an array of picture elements, e.g. liquid crystal picture elements, first and second sets of address conductors (16, 18) extending in row and column directions respectively and connected with the picture elements, and a set of connection conductor lines (30?) extending in the same direction as one set of address conductors (18), each of which is connected to a respective one of the other set of conductors (16), and via which address signals are supplied to that other set. To avoid unwanted display artefacts, each connection conductor line (30?) extends from one side of the array and terminates adjacent its connection point (32) to its associated address conductor (16) and a respective complementary conductor line (30?) is provided which extends from close to the connection point (32) to the opposite side of the array, the complementary conductor line being electrically separate from the connection line (30?) and coupled to reference signal supply (40).

Abstract: An electrically drivable light modulator having liquid crystal layers, which are disposed one behind the other and are enclosed between transparent plates having a surface anisotropy that orients the molecules of the liquid crystals and having electrodes for generating an electric field in the liquid crystals, at least two layers of helical, smectic, ferroelectric liquid crystals are situated one behind the other in the path of rays of a light beam to be modulated. The directions of the fast and slow axes of the individual layers are rotated relatively to each other so that the polarization of the light beam is the same upstream and downstream from the modulator. An adaptive, optical device has a field of light modulators configured in a raster-type array, in which the modulators are situated in the path of rays of the device, each individual light modulator being able to be driven to compensate for unsharpness occurring on a point-by-point basis in an image to be processed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes at least two liquid crystal display units that are stacked up one another. Each liquid crystal display unit comprises, from top to bottom, a first polarizer, a first substrate, a first pile layer, a liquid crystal layer, a second pile layer, a second substrate, and a second polarizer. The liquid crystal layer has a twist angle of zero or greater than zero. All of the first polarizer, the first substrate, the first pile layer, the liquid crystal layer, the second pile layer, the second substrate, and the second polarizer in each said liquid crystal display unit are adhered to each other by means of whole-face bonding by transparent or non-transparent glue. Alternatively, all of the first polarizer, the first substrate, the first pile layer, the liquid crystal layer, the second pile layer, the second substrate, and the second polarizer in each said liquid crystal display unit are adhered to each other by means of peripheral-bonding by transparent or non-transparent glue.

Abstract: A twist-nematic liquid crystal display includes a first substrate and a second substrate disposed to oppose to the first substrate with distance d1 therebetween, either one of the first and second substrates being a transparent substrate; a plurality of pixel electrodes formed on either one of a surface of the first substrate and a surface of the second substrate, said surfaces opposing to each other; a common electrode formed on other one of the surfaces respectively of the first and second substrates, a voltage applying unit for applying a voltage between the pixel electrodes and the common electrode, twist-nematic liquid crystal sandwiched between the first and second substrates, molecules of the liquid crystal respectively having long axes continuously twisted between the first and second substrates. When the twist-nematic liquid crystal has a birefringence index (retardation) of &Dgr;n, &Dgr;n×d1>2 &mgr;m is satisfied, where d1 is expressed in micrometers.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device capable of displaying in multiple colors, and a method for driving the liquid crystal display device using a typical monochrome liquid crystal driving IC. A display portion of a birefringence color liquid crystal display device has a usual letter display portion (41) for displaying letters in a single color and a mark display portion (42) for displaying a variety of colors. A liquid crystal cell is driven by supplying scanning signals to scanning electrodes for the letter display portion (41) and data signals to scanning electrodes for the mark display portion (42).

Abstract: A reflection-type liquid crystal display device includes a first liquid crystal display layer having a first liquid crystal layer including a liquid crystal molecule, a p-type dichroic dye and a polymer; a reflecting polarizer disposed to transmit linearly polarized light having a polarization direction in a transmitted axis direction of the first liquid crystal display layer; and the second liquid crystal display layer including a polarizer disposed to transmit the linearly polarized light transmitted through the first liquid crystal display layer and reflecting polarizer, a second liquid crystal layer capable of bright/dark display depending on presence or absence of an applied voltage, and a reflector, wherein the first liquid crystal display layer, reflecting polarizer and second liquid crystal display layer are stacked in this order from the side light is incident from, thus providing a reflection-type liquid crystal display device with desirable display quality, capable of bright and high-contrast displ

Abstract: A display device (1) is provided with a means (15) for selectively transmitting and blocking light from specific areas of the image. The means for blocking comprises an LCD cells or a number of LCD cells, which cells comprises an oriented polymer network, an LC material with negative &Dgr;&egr; and a pleochroic dye.

Abstract: This invention provides a storage medium, method of writing images to a storage medium, method of forming a storage medium and a storage medium formed using the method of forming a storage medium. The storage medium provides a display which has memory capability without power, allows images to be updated quickly by external equipment, and is capable of a full-color display. The storage medium includes three display layers having cholesteric liquid crystals which selectively reflect blue, green, and red, respectively, and are different from each other in texture change threshold voltage. The display layers are stacked between substrates and a light absorption layer is provided. An image writing apparatus is formed separately from the storage medium and provides write electrodes sandwiching the storage medium.

Abstract: A color display includes a substrate defining first and second opposite support surfaces. The first conductor is disposed over the first surface and defining a first pattern. A second conductor is disposed over the second surface and defining a second pattern. A first light modulating layer is disposed over the first conductor including a liquid crystal material having a chiral dopant selected so that regions can be placed in a state where colored light is reflected in a first portion of the spectrum. A second light modulating layer is disposed over the second conductor including a liquid crystal material having a chiral dopant selected so that regions can be placed in a state where colored light is reflected in a second portion of the spectrum. A third conductor is disposed over the first light modulating layer and defining a third pattern.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of this invention includes a substrate having a pixel electrode on one major surface, a liquid crystal layer including first and second liquid crystal microcapsule layers sequentially stacked on the pixel electrode of the substrate, and a counter electrode formed on the liquid crystal layer. Each of the first and second liquid crystal microcapsule layers contains a plurality of aspherical liquid crystal microcapsules each formed by encapsulating a liquid crystal material containing a liquid crystal compound and a dichroic dye with a transparent film. The major axes of aspherical liquid crystal microcapsules contained in the first liquid crystal microcapsule layer are aligned in a first direction. The major axes of aspherical liquid crystal microcapsules contained in the second liquid crystal microcapsule layer are aligned in a second direction different from the first direction.

Abstract: A reflective display apparatus enhancing a contrast ratio does not use a quarter wavelength plate and adjusts a switching angle of each molecular axis of a compensator and a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) display device, to thereby enhance a contrast ratio. The reflective display apparatus is used for manufacturing an FLC projection TV using a polarizing beam splitter (PBS).

Abstract: A liquid crystal welding glass structure whose density increases when welding is commenced includes two liquid crystal cells which are mounted between polarization filters which have an extinguishing effect on one another. When mounting the filters, the filters are turned so that their respective angular dependencies on the optical density counteract one another. With the intention of improving this compensating effect, the brushing/rubbing of the mutually opposing limiting walls which determine the direction of the molecules is limited to at least one of the component cells whose relative angular displacement differs from 90.degree. and is smaller than or coincident with 85.degree.. The angle is preferably between 20.degree. and 85.degree..

Abstract: A phase spatial light modulator composed of a first liquid crystal cell and one or more additional liquid crystal cells. Each of the liquid crystal cells is positioned so that their extraordinary optical axis (N.sub.e) lies orthogonal to the next liquid crystal cell, and the group of cells is positioned along the optical axis of light emitted by an image source. The modulator, or scanner, thereby capable of steering substantially 100% of unpolarized light therethrough. The modulator intended for use within a display system additionally composed of an image source, driver/control circuitry and an optical magnification system. In operation, an external stimulus is applied, such as a voltage supplied by an external power source, thereby spatially changing the phase of light emitted therethrough. The scanning action enhances display resolution of the generated resultant image without an increase in the number of pixels of the image source.

Abstract: A display device comprising a substrate, a rectangular display section provided on the substrate and having four sides, a plurality of driving semiconductor elements formed on peripheral portions of the substrate in the vicinity of the display section, each of the driving semiconductor elements having two opposite long sides and two opposite short sides, one of the two long sides being opposed to one side of the display section, a plurality of output lines extending from the one long side of each of the driving semiconductor elements to the display section, to output signals from the driving semiconductor elements to the display section, a plurality of input lines extending from both the short sides of each of the driving semiconductor elements, to input signals to the driving semiconductor elements to drive them, a plurality of output terminals formed on each of the driving semiconductor elements along both the long sides thereof, and electrically connected to the output lines, the number of the output termi