Abstract: The present application discloses a display panel, a method of photo alignment and a driving method of the display panel. A display area of the display panel is divided into at least a first area and a second area, light transmittance of the first area is different from that of the second area when driven by the identical voltage difference, and pre-tilt angles of liquid crystal molecules corresponding to the first area are different from those of liquid crystal molecules corresponding to the second area.

Abstract: A display device that can reduce power consumption is provided. The display device can include a substrate provided with a first subpixel and a second subpixel, a first electrode provided on the substrate, a first light emitting layer provided on the first electrode and emitting light of a first color, a second electrode provided on the first light emitting layer, a second light emitting layer provided on the second electrode and emitting light of a second color, and a third electrode provided on the second light emitting layer. The second electrode is disconnected between the first subpixel and the second subpixel, and the second electrode of the first subpixel is electrically connected with the third electrode.

Abstract: Provided are a display panel, a driving method thereof and a display device, for improving the quality of displayed images and reducing the power consumption. The display panel includes first and second pixel units of opposite polarities, and first and second data lines for transmitting signals of opposite polarities. The first and the second pixel units each includes at least two sub-pixels of different colors. The first data line is connected to the first pixel units in the (j?1)th and jth columns of sub-pixels. Sub-pixels in the first pixel unit in the (j?1)th column have different colors from those in the first pixel unit in the jth column. The second data line is connected to the second pixel units in the jth and (j+1)th columns. Sub-pixels in the second pixel unit in the jth column have different colors from those in the second pixel unit in the (j+1)th column.

Abstract: Provided are a polarizing plate and a display. The illustrative polarizing plate may exhibit desired characteristics in a wide range of wavelengths, and have excellent reflection and visibility at an inclined angle. For example, the polarizing plate may be used in a reflective or transflective liquid crystal display or an organic light emitting device.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal display device in which the contrast is improved. The liquid crystal display device includes a first polarizing film, a second polarizing film, a twisted alignment mode liquid crystal and a backlight unit with a light-collecting prism sheet which is disposed on the back side of the liquid crystal cell, the first retardation film and the second retardation film each satisfy Formulae (I) and (II): 1 nm?Re(550)?50 nm??(I) 120 nm?Rth(550)?220 nm??(II); the liquid crystal cell has a depolarizing index (DI value) of 0.000800 or less.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal alignment film and a reaction apparatus are provided, the method has steps of: disposing a liquid crystal cell onto a first reaction apparatus, and providing a temperature value, a voltage value, and an ultraviolet radiation, so that a liquid crystal alignment monomer in the liquid crystal cell generates a polymerization reaction; transferring the liquid crystal to a second reaction apparatus if the transferring time threshold value is reached; determining whether the liquid crystal cell is transferred to the second reaction apparatus or not; executing a warning if the liquid crystal cell is not transferred to the second reaction apparatus; and lifting the liquid crystal cell away from a platform of the first reaction apparatus through an ejector pin disposed in the platform thereof if the dangerous time threshold value is reached.

Abstract: A liquid crystal panel (10) includes a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix pattern having rows and columns. A plurality of Cs bus lines (43c) as storage capacitor lines are routed in the row direction of the liquid crystal panel (10). A plurality of branch lines (310) are routed in the column direction across a pixel region (10a). The branch lines (310) are connected to the Cs bus lines (43c) so that control signals are sent to storage capacitors from the branch lines (310) through the Cs bus lines (43c).

Abstract: In one aspect, a liquid crystal display device includes a display region formed of plural divided regions in a row direction. First and second driving circuits are arranged to face each other interposing the display region therebetween in the row direction. The first driving circuit is connected with odd scanning lines, and the second driving circuit is connected with the even scanning lines. A channel area of the TFT of the pixels connected to the odd scanning lines is the smallest in the divided region nearest to the first driving circuit and becomes larger gradually in the divided regions distant from the first driving circuit. A channel area of the TFT of the pixels connected to the even scanning lines is the smallest in the divided region nearest to the second driving circuit and becomes larger gradually in the divided regions with distant from the second driving circuit.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a display substrate, an opposite substrate, a liquid crystal layer, a main spacer, and a sub-spacer. The display substrate includes a plurality of pixel areas and a light blocking area, and at least one thin film transistor is disposed in the light blocking area. The opposite substrate is coupled to the display substrate. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the display substrate and the opposite substrate. The main spacer is disposed on the display substrate, includes a light blocking material, and makes contact with the opposite substrate to maintain a cell gap between the display substrate and the opposite substrate. The sub-spacer is disposed on the display substrate, includes the light blocking material, and is spaced apart from the opposite substrate. The sub-spacer has a size corresponding to the light blocking area, and the main spacer is protruded from the sub-spacer.

Abstract: To provide a liquid crystal composition satisfying at least one of characteristics such as high maximum temperature of a nematic phase, low minimum temperature of the nematic phase, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large dielectric anisotropy, large specific resistance, high stability to ultraviolet light and heat, or to provide a liquid crystal composition having suitable balance regarding at least two of the characteristics; and to provide an AM device having short response time, large voltage holding ratio, large contrast ratio, long service life and so forth. The liquid crystal composition has a nematic phase and contains a specific compound having large dielectric anisotropy as a first component, may contain a specific compound having high maximum temperature or small viscosity as a second component and a specific compound having high maximum temperature or large dielectric anisotropy as a third component; and a liquid crystal display device including the liquid crystal composition.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device enabling three-dimensional display using a liquid crystal lens, both mechanical strength and a liquid crystal lens effect are satisfied. The liquid crystal lens is bonded onto an upper polarizing plate of a liquid crystal display panel with a bonding material. The liquid crystal lens includes an upper substrate, a lower substrate and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched therebetween. The upper substrate of liquid crystal lens has a thickness larger than a total of the thickness of the lower substrate of the liquid crystal lens and the thickness of the liquid crystal display panel. Thereby, it is possible to realize a liquid crystal display device satisfying both the mechanical strength and liquid crystal lens effect.

Abstract: A wire grid type polarization structure is disclosed. In one aspect, the polarization structure includes a retardation layer and a plurality of nanowires formed on the retardation layer. Each of the nanowires includes a wire core and a shell enclosing the wire core. The wire cores include metal nanoparticles embedded therein. The metal nanoparticles may absorb the visible lights effectively, so that the wire grid type polarization structure may have a desired polarization characteristic.

Abstract: A phase retarder comprises first and second ?-cells or other tunable birefringent devices arranged optically in series. The phase retardation value of the phase retarder is a difference between the phase retardation values of the first and second ?-cells. Driving circuitry drives the phase retarder to generate a target phase retardation value by: (1) prior to a relaxation period, biasing the ?-cells to produce the target phase retardation value; (2) during the relaxation period, biasing the first ?-cell at a constant bias value; and (3) during the relaxation period, lowering the bias value of the second ?-cell continuously or stepwise to maintain the target phase retardation value for the phase retarder throughout the relaxation period. In some embodiments the operation (2) comprises applying zero bias to the first ?-cell throughout the relaxation period. In some embodiments the operation (1) comprises applying a maximum operational bias to the second ?-cell.

Abstract: A novel document security and authentication system is based on a transparent element on which more than one image appears depending on the manner in which the element is viewed. The system is based on cells or sheets of liquid crystal doped with one or more dichroic dyes. The images obtained with the aid of a polarizer can be printed onto a very thin (?m or 10 tens of a ?m) sheet of polymer material; the images may also be in greyscale or in color. There is no need to apply electrical signals during the production or use thereof.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a sub-pixel display structure and a liquid crystal display panel using the same. The sub-pixel display structure includes two electrode portions. One of the electrode portions can perform charge-sharing via a charge-sharing switch. At least one of the two electrode portions is further connected to an extra electrode portion. When being used in a 3D liquid crystal display panel having a patterned phase retarder film, the sub-pixel display structure can satisfy the requirement of 3D view angle by making the extra electrode portion to be shielded by black matrix, and the two electrode portions still remain operatable so that a color washout phenomenon under a large viewing angle can be reduced even in a 3D liquid crystal display panel.

Abstract: The invention relates to liquid crystal display cells with fast response and continuous gray scale. The liquid crystal cell is based on a field-sequential color system (“FSC”) and comprises a chiral smectic liquid crystal whose helix pitch is less than thickness of liquid crystal layer placed between two polarizers, as well as a source of voltage applied to electrodes of the cell, wherein the amplitude of the applied voltage is less than the critical voltage amplitude of the helix unwinding. The liquid crystal has one steady state corresponding to twisted helix without applied voltage.

Abstract: A display element (100) corresponds to a pixel of a display. The display element includes a top electrode (102) connected to a first addressable line of the display, and a bottom electrode (104) connected to a second addressable line of the display. The display element includes a display mechanism (106) situated between the top electrode and the bottom electrode and having a number of individually turned-on steps. Each individually turned-on step has a turn-on voltage threshold at which the step is turned on upon a voltage applied between the top and the bottom electrodes equal to or greater than the turn-on voltage threshold. Each individually turned-on step has a turn-off voltage threshold at which the step is turned off upon a voltage applied between the top and the bottom electrodes equal to or less than the turn-off voltage threshold.

Abstract: A high contrast high resolution display is produced using an image chain comprising a plurality of downstream high resolution modulators. The modulators may be illuminated by a locally dimmed backlight. Polarization control is maintained throughout the image chain via reference and analyzing polarizers combined with non-depolarizing layers. The modulators are grayscale and modulate at the sub-pixel level. A color panel may be maintained for embodiments that require color. Diffusion in the chain is matched to a resolution of the image content carried in the light such that the effects of local dimming and sub-pixel resolution are preserved. Brightness enhancement films may be utilized to enhance brightness and maintain polarization control.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a cell wall assembly for an electro-optic display device with greyscale capability comprises: forming on a substantially planar surface of a transfer carrier, at least one dielectric structure; forming on said at least one dielectric structure at least one electrode structure; wherein said dielectric structure extends in a direction perpendicular to said surface by a distance which varies substantially within the area of the or each electrode structure; adhering said at least one electrode structure to a major surface of a substrate of glass or a plastics material; and removing the transfer carrier. Other aspects of the invention include the cell wall assembly, a device with greyscale capability, a method of manufacturing the device, and the transfer carrier.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate facing the first substrate, and a liquid crystal layer. The first substrate includes a plurality of pixels, each having at least one gray scale expression unit to express at least two gray scales. The liquid crystal layer is interposed between the first and second substrates and subject to a phase transition depending on a voltage generated in relation to the gray scale expression unit. The gray scale expression unit includes a data line, a gate line crossing the data line and insulated from the data line, a switching device connected to the data line and the gate line, a first pixel electrode connected to the switching device, at least one coupling capacitor connected to the first pixel electrode in parallel, and at least one second pixel electrode connected to the first pixel electrode in parallel through the coupling capacitor.

Abstract: An embodiment of a liquid-crystal display is provided which includes: a first substrate having a first pixel electrode, a second pixel electrode, and a third pixel electrode; a second substrate having an opposite electrode, wherein the first pixel electrode, the second pixel electrode and the third pixel electrode, respectively, have a first overlapping area, a second overlapping area and a third overlapping area overlapped with the opposite electrode, and wherein the first overlapping area is smaller than the second overlapping area and the third overlapping area; and a liquid-crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. In addition, another embodiment of a liquid-crystal display is also provided, in which the first pixel electrode, the second pixel electrode and the third pixel electrode have different gaps with the opposite electrode, respectively.

Abstract: A reflection type liquid crystal display device comprises a glass substrate provided with a transparent electrode, and an Si driving circuit substrate provided with a light reflecting electrode, the glass substrate and the Si driving circuit substrate being disposed opposite to each other so that the transparent electrode and the light reflecting electrode are opposed to each other, with a liquid crystal layer composed of vertically aligned liquid crystals being interposed therebetween, wherein at least the condition of d·?n·|??|2?5 is satisfied, where d (?m) is the thickness of the liquid crystal layer, ?n is the refractive index anisotropy of the vertically aligned liquid crystals, and |??| is the magnitude of the dielectric constant anisotropy of the vertically aligned liquid crystals.

Abstract: A polarizing plate for a liquid crystal display is provided and includes a first protective film, a polarizer, a second protective film and a light diffusion layer in order. The light diffusion layer is a layer including a translucent resin and translucent particles having a refractive index different from a refractive index of the translucent resin. The internal haze of the light diffusion layer is 45% to 80%.

Abstract: A technique for reducing the kickback voltage error between two or more common voltage signal lines in a display device is provided. The kickback voltage error may be caused by driving a first and second common voltage at different levels. In one embodiment, a common voltage offset may be applied to the second common voltage such that the magnitude of the voltage kickback error is approximately equalized at the maximum and minimum pixel voltages for pixels coupled to the second common voltage. A data voltage offset, which may be determined based upon gray level data, may be applied to the data voltage supplied to the pixels coupled to the second common voltage. The foregoing technique may compensate for the kickback voltage error between the first and second common voltage lines, thereby reducing visual artifacts and improving color accuracy of the display.

Abstract: This document relates to a liquid crystal display capable of improving picture quality by compensating for difference in charge between liquid crystal cells. The liquid crystal display comprises a liquid crystal display panel; a gate driving circuit; a charge difference compensation circuit configured to generate, in a specific gray level range, analog positive gamma voltages having a first reference level and analog negative gamma voltages having a second reference level in synchronization with a first scan time at which a first gate line is driven, and generate the analog positive gamma voltages having a first compensation level that is lower than the first reference level and the analog negative gamma voltages having a second compensation level that is higher than the second reference level in synchronization with a second scan time at which a second gate line is driven; and a data driving circuit.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device (100) according to the present invention includes a color display pixel D including pixels PA through PD arrayed in a matrix. The pixels PA through PD respectively include sub pixels SA1 through SD1 and sub pixels SA2 through SD2. At least at an intermediate gray scale level, the luminance of the sub pixels SA2 through SD2 is higher than the luminance of the sub pixels SA1 through SD1. The plurality of sub pixels S included in the pixels PA through PD are arrayed in a matrix. The sub pixel SA2 is adjacent to the sub pixel SB2 in the row direction, is adjacent to the sub pixel SC2 in the column direction, and is adjacent to the sub pixel SD2 in an oblique direction.

Abstract: A semi-transmissive display apparatus includes: a reflective electrode provided for each pixel, wherein the semi-transmissive display apparatus performs reflective display operation by using the reflective electrodes and transmissive display operation by using spaces between the reflective electrodes of the pixels.

Abstract: A novel document security and authentication system is based on a transparent element on which more than one image appears depending on the manner in which the element is viewed. The system is based on cells or sheets of liquid crystal doped with one or more dichroic dyes. The images obtained with the aid of a polarizer can be printed onto a very thin (?m or 10 tens of a ?m) sheet of polymer material; the images may also be in greyscale or in color. There is no need to apply electrical signals during the production or use thereof.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) with a driver IC and an LCD panel having source and gate lines. A gate driver is disposed in the LCD panel for sequentially supplying scan signals to the gate lines of the panel. A source driver in the driver IC converts pixel data into an analog source signal and supplies the signal to the source lines. A lookup table is stored with a mapping of possible luminance values for pixels of the LCD panel onto at least one luminance control parameter. The source driver converts the pixel data so that a voltage of the analog source signal increases during a gate scan period depending on the luminance control parameter in such a way that at the end of the gate scan period a voltage at a corresponding pixel electrode is equal to an analog value corresponding to the pixel data.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device (100) according to the present invention includes: a plurality of pixel electrodes (124) arranged in a matrix array of a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns; a counter electrode (144); and a liquid crystal layer (160) interposed between the plurality of pixel electrodes (124) and the counter electrode (144). The counter electrode (144) includes a plurality of split counter electrodes (145), and each of the plurality of split counter electrodes (145) overlaps a portion of a pixel electrode (124) in each of two adjoining rows. Alternatively, each of the plurality of split counter electrodes (145) may overlap an entire pixel electrode (124) in each corresponding row.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device according to the present invention includes a plurality of pixels, each including first and second subpixels SP-A and SP-B. The reference alignment azimuths of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer of the first subpixel SP-A include only first and second reference alignment azimuths with no third or fourth one. The reference alignment azimuths of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer of the second subpixel SP-B include only the third and fourth reference alignment azimuths with no first or second one. In one vertical scanning period, the absolute value of an effective voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer of the first subpixel SP-A is greater than that of an effective voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer of the second subpixel SP-B.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device (100) according to the present invention includes a vertical alignment type liquid crystal layer (3); and a pair of optical alignment films (12, 22). Each of a plurality of picture elements includes four liquid crystal domains (D1 through D4) having different tilt directions of liquid crystal molecules (3a) in the presence of an applied voltage. The four liquid crystal domains (D1 through D4) are arranged in a matrix of 2 rows×2 columns. The plurality of picture elements are an even number of picture elements including at least four picture elements for displaying different colors from each other, and include a first picture element of which a side parallel to a first direction has a prescribed first length L1 and a second picture element of which a side parallel to the first direction has a second length L2, which is different from the first length L1.

Abstract: A device is described that comprises a layer of material (254) disposed between first and second cell walls (250,252) and is capable of adopting, and being electrically latched between, at least two stable configurations. The layer of material (254) comprises one or more separate electrically addressable regions (270, 272, 274, 276) and addressing means are provided to write to each of said electrically addressable regions using voltage pulses to selectively latch said layer of material as required. The addressing means is arranged to write to each of said one or more separate electrically addressable region using at least first and second latching scans.

Abstract: Each pixel region includes two subpixel regions, in which different voltages are applied to a liquid crystal layer with respect to a signal voltage supplied from a source bus line by way of TFTs. A first substrate includes a first electrode provided for the two subpixel regions. A second substrate includes a second electrode that faces the first electrode with a vertical alignment liquid crystal layer interposed. A liquid crystal capacitor is provided for each of these subpixel regions. Each subpixel region includes at least one liquid crystal domain that produces a dark area, which looks darker than a gray scale tone being presented for a viewer located in front of the device, inside of, and substantially parallel to, an edge portion of the first electrode. At least a part of the edge portion of the first electrode is arranged so as to overlap with a gate bus line and selectively shield at least a part of the dark area.

Abstract: A polarizing plate for a liquid crystal display is provided and includes a first protective film, a polarizer, a second protective film and a light diffusion layer in order. The light diffusion layer is a layer including a translucent resin and translucent particles having a refractive index different from a refractive index of the translucent resin. The internal haze of the light diffusion layer is 45% to 80%.

Abstract: A plurality of gate lines are formed on a substrate. After depositing a gate insulating layer, a semiconductor layer and a doped amorphous silicon layer are sequentially formed thereon. A lower insulating layer made of silicon nitride and an upper insulating layer made of a photosensitive organic material are deposited thereon after forming data lines and drain electrodes. The upper insulating layer is patterned to form an unevenness pattern on its surface and contact holes on the drain electrodes. The lower insulating layer is patterned together with the gate insulating layer using a photoresist pattern having apertures located in the contact holes to form other contact holes respectively exposing the drain electrodes, portions of the gate lines, and portions of the data lines.

Abstract: A polarizing plate for a liquid crystal display is provided and includes a first protective film, a polarizer, a second protective film and a light diffusion layer in order. The light diffusion layer is a layer including a translucent resin and translucent particles having a refractive index different from a refractive index of the translucent resin. The internal haze of the light diffusion layer is 45% to 80%.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) device and a manufacturing method thereof, capable of preventing vertical crosstalk caused by a deviation of a parasitic capacitance, includes a first pixel electrode formed in a first gray scale region of each subpixel region divided into first and second gray scale regions, and a second pixel electrode formed in the second gray scale region separated from the first pixel electrode and encompassed by the first pixel electrode.

Abstract: A transflective display includes pixels each including a first electrode, a second electrode, a liquid crystal layer associated with the first and second electrodes, and a conductive reflective layer between the liquid crystal layer and the second electrode to reflect ambient light. The conductive reflective layer is insulated from the second electrode and covers less than all of the second electrode to allow backlight to be transmitted through a portion of the pixel not covered by the conductive reflective layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display having one or more pixels, each of which includes a first sub-pixel operating at a first threshold voltage, and a second sub-pixel neighboring the first sub-pixel, and operating at a second threshold voltage. The first sub-pixel is divided into two separate portions by the second sub-pixel to form at least four domains of liquid crystal molecules illuminating at various gray levels for improving viewing angle characteristics of the liquid crystal display.

Abstract: A novel liquid crystal display including a liquid crystal cell including at least liquid crystal, and an optically anisotropic layer capable of optically compensating the liquid crystal cell is disclosed. It is in a first gray scale state where a subtraction of an Re(0) value of the optically anisotropic layer from an Re(0) value of the liquid crystal cell results in a positive value while being applied with a voltage falling within a first range, and in a second grayscale state where a subtraction of an Re(0) value of the optically anisotropic layer from an Re(0) value of the liquid crystal cell results in a negative value while being applied with a voltage falling within a second range.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal panel having an upper substrate and a lower substrate that face each other with a layer of liquid crystal molecules therebetween, and a liquid powder display panel at a lower surface of the liquid crystal panel for blocking light.

Abstract: Fine electrode patterns pattern-formed in the shape of fine teeth of a comb bilaterally symmetrical with respect to band-shaped portions are formed at even intervals in a pixel electrode, and band-shaped dielectric layers are pattern-formed at even intervals to cover the fine electrode patterns in a display pixel. By the existence of the dielectric layer and the fine electrode patterns complementing this, a portion formed with this layer and the fine electrode patterns is a high threshold voltage region, and relatively, a low threshold voltage region where the dielectric layer does not exist is formed. By the aforementioned construction, it becomes possible to improve a delay in response speed at low gray levels and increase the speed of halftone response, whereby a very reliable image display having moving image performance almost equal to that of a CRT is realized.

Abstract: A gamma-voltage generation circuit is arranged to output groups of gamma voltages. The circuit has a resister string and several switches. The resistor string has several resistors connected in series and is grouped into several segments, wherein each of the segments provides one of the gamma voltages. The switches respectively couple to several nodes between the resistors in one of the segments. Wherein the switches are closed when one of the groups of the gamma voltages are output and the switches are opened when another one of the groups of the gamma voltages are output.

Abstract: A repeated pattern layer having areas for imparting different electro-optic characteristics to a light modulating device is disclosed. The repeated pattern is arranged so that any pixel area formed in the assembled device (above a certain minimum size) will contain an area of each electo-optic characteristic in the right proportions. The pattern is arranged as a two dimensional grid of areas of different characteristic with at least one area of each characteristic provided in each row and column of the grid. The patterned layer may usefully be an alignment layer for a liquid crystal device, especially a bistable device, and the different areas may be arranged to give grey scale in the device.

Abstract: Provided are an aberration-compensating liquid crystal device, a method of manufacturing the same, an optical pickup including the liquid crystal device, and an optical recording and/or reproducing apparatus employing the optical pickup. The method of manufacturing an aberration-compensating liquid crystal device comprises: positioning a gray scale mask having an absorption rate distribution corresponding to that of aberrations to be corrected on a liquid crystal cell containing a mixture of liquid crystals and monomers injected between a pair of transparent substrates; and irradiating the liquid crystal cell on which the gray scale mask has been positioned with UV light so that the monomers undergo photopolymerization into polymer and phase separation into a polymer-existing region and a liquid crystal-existing region, thereby forming a liquid crystal layer having a phase difference distribution corresponding to that of aberrations to be corrected.

Abstract: A display includes pixel circuits each having a liquid crystal layer, a storage capacitor to store an electric charge corresponding to a data voltage, and a controller to enable different percentages of the data voltage to be applied to the liquid crystal layer depending on an operation state of the display.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a small-sized active matrix type liquid crystal display device that may achieve large-sized display, high precision, high resolution and multi-gray scales. According to the present invention, gray scale display is performed by combining time ratio gray scale and voltage gray scale in a liquid crystal display device which performs display in OCB mode. In doing so, one frame is divided into subframes corresponding to the number of bit for the time ratio gray scale. Initialize voltage is applied onto the liquid crystal upon display of a subframe.

Abstract: Switching uniformity of an optical modulation device for controlling the propagation of electromagnetic radiation is improved by use of an electrode comprising an electrically resistive layer that is transparent to the radiation. The resistive layer is preferably an innerlayer of a wide-bandgap oxide sandwiched between layers of indium tin oxide or another transparent conductor, and may be of uniform thickness, or may be graded so as to provide further improvement in the switching uniformity. The electrode may be used with electrochromic and reversible electrochemical mirror (REM) smart window devices, as well as display devices based on various technologies.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device having a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer filled between the pair of substrates and a plurality of pixel electrodes and common electrodes formed on one of the pair of substrates for supplying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal display device is configured so that a response time between a lowest brightness level and a highest brightness level is less than 16.7 ms, and the liquid crystal layer contains a range of 40% or more weight percentage to 100% or less weight percentage of a constituent component with a dielectric anisotropy of ???1.