Abstract: A light guide having a light guide body plate having a plurality of elongated light channels extending substantially parallel to each other; the light guide having an out-coupling arrangement for coupling light propagating in the light channels out of the light guide body plate through the first and/or the second main surface. In a horizontal transverse direction, each light channel is confined between two confining stripes formed of a solid confining material having a second refractive index lower than the first refractive index, confining stripes between two adjacent light channels having a height less than the thickness of the light guide body plate.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a display device, including a display panel, having a display surface on which a peep-proof mechanism is arranged, wherein the peep-proof mechanism includes: a cavity body arranged on the display surface of the display panel, the cavity body having a first transparent surface away from a first side of the display panel; transparent particles, which are movable in the cavity body; and a control mechanism, for controlling the peep-proof mechanism to be in a first state in which the transparent particles are adsorbed on the first transparent surface, so as to from a lens-like structure capable of narrowing a display view angle of the display panel.

Abstract: A second substrate of an electro-optical device includes a first light-shielding layer formed around a display region, and a peripheral region of a first substrate is provided with a second light-shielding layer, a third light-shielding layer, and a translucent region overlapping neither the second light-shielding layer nor the third light-shielding layer. A maximum incident angle ? of light-source light being incident on an electro-optical layer from the second substrate, a maximum width W of the translucent region, and a thickness d between an end portion on an edge of the third light-shielding layer at a side opposite to the first light-shielding layer, and the first light-shielding layer satisfy the following relationship: W<2×d×tan ?.

Abstract: A display device with a wide viewing angle is provided. A display device with a high aperture ratio is provided. The display device includes a first display element, a second display element, and an insulating layer. The first display element includes a first pixel electrode configured to reflect visible light. The second display element is configured to emit visible light. The second display element includes a second pixel electrode and a common electrode. The first pixel electrode is positioned on an opposite side of the insulating layer from the second pixel electrode. The common electrode is positioned on an opposite side of the second pixel electrode from the insulating layer. A shortest distance X between a first plane and a second plane is longer than or equal to 500 nm and shorter than or equal to 200 ?m.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for displaying a 3-D representation of an object are described. Apparatuses can include a rotatable structure, motor, and multiple light field sub-displays disposed on the rotatable structure. The apparatuses can store a light field image to be displayed, the light field image providing multiple different views of the object at different viewing directions. A processor can drive the motor to rotate the rotatable structure and map the light field image to each of the light field sub-displays based in part on the rotation angle, and illuminate the light field sub-displays based in part on the mapped light field image. The apparatuses can include a display panel configured to be viewed from a fiducial viewing direction, where the display panel is curved out of a plane that is perpendicular to the fiducial viewing direction, and a plurality of light field sub-displays disposed on the display panel.

Abstract: An object is to provide an optical sheet that keeps efficiency of light utilization high or prevents something bad from occurring in a screen, while having a light blocking effect. Included are a substrate layer; and an optical function layer that is layered on the substrate layer, and has a plurality of light transmission parts which are arranged in a row so as to be light-transmissive, and light absorption parts that are arranged between adjacent ones of the light transmission parts so as to be light-absorptive. A cross-sectional area of each of the light transmission parts to a total cross-sectional area of one of the light transmission parts and one of the light absorption parts which are adjacent to each other is 78.2% to 88.5%, or optical diffuse reflectance of the optical sheet in a light output surface side is 1.9% to 3.5%.

Abstract: A projection device includes a first chip set and a second chip set. The first chip set includes multiple first micro mirror. Angles of the first micro mirror are adjusted in multiple first time intervals, so as to output a first image set according to a light source. The first image set includes multiple first images corresponding to the first time intervals. Angles of the second micro mirror are adjusted correspondingly in the first time intervals, so as to output a second image set according to the first image set. The second image set includes multiple second images corresponding to the first time intervals.

Abstract: A display panel according to an embodiment is provided and includes a top substrate having an outer surface; a display layer covered by the top substrate; a patterned light shielding layer disposed on the outer surface of the top substrate and located within the first region; and a patterned oxide layer disposed on the outer surface of the top substrate. The outer surface comprises a first region and a second region beside the first region. An edge of the patterned light shielding layer at least partially overlaps a boundary between the first region and the second region. The patterned oxide layer is located within one of the first region and the second region while exposes the other of the first region and the second region.

Abstract: There is provided an a electrooptical device which includes a electrooptical layer and an element substrate, in which the counter substrate includes a lens layer disposed on the electrooptical layer side of the lens layer, the element substrate includes a lens layer disposed on a substrate, a TFT that is provided on the electrooptical layer side of the lens layer, a light shielding portion that includes an opening for each of the pixels and is provided on the electrooptical layer side so as to overlap with the TFT, the lens layer is provided so as to fill a recess formed in a first region of a surface of the substrate and a recess formed at the bottom of the recess, and a surface of the lens layer constitutes a plane continuous with a surface in a second region of the substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a lens. The lens includes at least two layers of glass wafers, each glass wafer is provided with a lens array including a plurality of lens units, glue is provided around a periphery of each of the lens unit, the lens units of two adjacent layers of glass wafers are correspondingly arranged one to one, and are adhered via the glue, the glass wafer is further provided with an air hole. In the lens provided by the present disclosure, through providing an air hole on the glass wafer of the lens, so that when two adjacent glass wafers are stacked via the glue, air in the sealed space can be exhausted through the air hole, and through filling glue in the air hole of the outermost layer of glass wafer, the sealing effect is achieved, which can avoid packaging defects, and improve product yield.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display assembly and an electronic device are provided. The liquid crystal display assembly includes: a touch screen, an upper substrate in parallel to the touch screen, a lower substrate in parallel to the upper substrate, a liquid crystal layer embedded between the upper and lower substrates, an upper polarizing plate and a lower polarizing plate attached to one side of the upper substrate and one side of the lower substrate which are opposite to the liquid crystal layer, respectively, and at least one fingerprint recognition sensor, at least one optical proximity sensor and a control chip. The at least one fingerprint recognition sensor and the at least one optical proximity sensor are respectively disposed between the upper polarizing plate and the lower polarizing plate, and the fingerprint recognition sensor is electrically connected to the control chip.

Abstract: Implementations of image sensors may include a first die including an image sensor array and a first plurality of interconnects where the image sensor array includes a plurality of photodiodes and a plurality of transfer gates. The image sensor array may also include a second die including a second plurality of interconnects and a plurality of capacitors, each capacitor selected from the group consisting of deep trench capacitors, metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors, polysilicon-insulator-polysilicon (PIP) capacitors, and 3D stacked capacitors. The first die may be coupled to the second die through the first plurality of interconnects and through the second plurality of interconnects. No more than eight photodiodes of the plurality of photodiodes of the first die may be electrically coupled with no more than four capacitors of the plurality of capacitors.

Abstract: A display apparatus and an electronic device are provided, which belong to the field of display technology. The display apparatus comprises a light-converging layer configured to refract the light in a first designated direction, wherein the first designated direction is a direction whose angle with a straight ahead direction of the display apparatus is less than a designated angle, and the straight ahead direction is a direction perpendicular to a plane where the light-converging layer is located; and a light-emitting layer positioned below the light-converging layer and configured to emit light.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens including a first substrate, a first electrode disposed on the first substrate, a second electrode disposed on the first substrate, a first conductive pattern disposed on the first substrate, a second conductive pattern disposed on the first substrate, a second substrate disposed opposite to the first substrate, a common electrode disposed on the second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer located between the first substrate and the second substrate is provided. The first conductive pattern and the second conductive pattern are electrically connected between the first electrode and the second electrode. A resistivity of the first conductive pattern and a resistivity of the second conductive pattern are greater than a resistivity of the first electrode and a resistivity of the second electrode. At least a portion of the at least one second conductive pattern is disposed into the at least one first conductive pattern.

Abstract: A solid-state imaging device includes: a first semiconductor substrate including a photoelectric conversion element; and a second semiconductor substrate including at least a part of a peripheral circuit arranged in a main face of the second semiconductor substrate, the peripheral circuit generating a signal based on the charge of the photoelectric conversion element, a main face of the first semiconductor substrate and the main face of the second semiconductor substrate being opposed to each other with sandwiching a wiring structure therebetween; a pad to be connected to an external terminal; and a protection circuit electrically connected to the pad and to the peripheral circuit, wherein the protection circuit is arranged in the main face of the second semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display with a high transmittance and a low power consumption rate, includes first and second transmittable substrates, a plurality of gate and data bus lines formed on the first substrate, a plurality of color filters formed on the second substrate, and a plurality of microlenses formed on the first or second substrate corresponding to the gate and data bus lines. The microlenses are formed at positions corresponding to the gate and data bus lines which block incident lights, so that most incident lights can be transmitted. Further, the transmittance can be greatly improved by forming the microlenses at the positions corresponding to storage capacitor lines as well as the gate and data bus lines.

Abstract: An OLED display includes a first substrate, a first electrode on the first substrate, a pixel defining layer having a first aperture exposing the first electrode, an organic light emitting layer on the first electrode, a second electrode on the organic light emitting layer, a second substrate disposed to face the first substrate, a black matrix disposed on the second substrate and having a second aperture, and a lens disposed to cover at least a part of the second aperture and protruding toward the first substrate.

Abstract: The disclosure is related to a display module comprising a display panel and a cover. The display panel includes a black baffle frame defining a display region on the display panel. The cover is disposed on the display panel, and a side portion of the cover is on the black baffle frame. The display module further includes a visible region extension member disposed between the side portion of the cover and the black baffle frame. The disclosure further discloses a display device having the display module. In the disclosure, a bright region is formed on the black baffle frame at the periphery of the display region, and the bright region and the display region connect with each other as a whole to form an integrated screen such that viewers visually feel that the border of the display device is narrowed and the visible region of the screen is extended.

Abstract: A sensor unit (100) provided with a substrate (101), a plurality of light-receiving units (102) that are provided on the substrate (101) and detect light, and a diffraction grating layer (103) that is provided on the substrate (101) and the light-receiving units (102) and has at least two diffraction means for diffracting light of corresponding wavelengths and condensing the light onto the light-receiving units, wherein at least two of the diffraction means are composed from holograms formed on a first diffraction grating layer and at least a portion of the plurality of holograms formed on the first diffraction grating layer overlap at least partially with another adjacent hologram.

Abstract: An optical coupling lens includes main section, beam splitting section, first lens, second lens and third lens. A first groove is formed in the main section. A second groove is formed in the first groove. The beam splitting section includes a first total reflecting surface and a second total reflecting surface. A dihedral-angle between the first total reflecting surface and the second total reflecting surface is predetermined. The first lens is defined in the first groove. The first lens includes a beam splitter. The beam splitter includes a first light emitting surface. The first light emitting surface is connected to the first total reflecting surface. The second lens is defined in the second groove. The second lens is corresponding to the first lens. The third lens defined in the second groove. The third lens is corresponding to the second total reflecting surface.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprising: a first lens array that is provided to be closer to a light incident side of the liquid crystal device than the light shielding portion, a second lens array that is provided between the first lens array and the light shielding portion. The second lens array includes a plurality of first lenses each of which has a surface convex toward the light shielding portion, and the second lens array includes a first slit which is provided between two first lenses adjacent to each other among the plurality of first lenses of the second lens array so as to extend toward the light shielding portion.

Abstract: A technology capable of simplifying a process and securing a misalignment margin when bonding two wafers to manufacture an image sensor using backside illumination photodiodes. When manufacturing an image sensor through a 3D CIS (CMOS image sensor) manufacturing process, two wafers, that is, a first wafer and a second wafer are electrically connected using the vias of one wafer and the bonding pads of the other wafer. Also, when manufacturing an image sensor through a 3D CIS manufacturing process, two wafers are electrically connected using the vias of both the two wafers.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes a first substrate that is arranged on a light input side; a second substrate that is arranged on a light output side; a liquid crystal layer that is arranged between the first and second substrates; a first microlens that is provided on the first substrate such that an optical axis is tilted to a normal line direction of the first substrate; and a second microlens that is provided on the second substrate such that an optical axis is tilted to a normal line direction of the second substrate, in which a focal point of the first microlens is located on a curved surface of the second microlens, or on the light output side rather than the curved surface.

Abstract: Optical films, and organic light-emitting display apparatuses employing the same, include a high refractive index pattern layer including a first surface and a second surface facing each other, wherein the first surface includes a pattern having a plurality of grooves. The plurality of grooves each have a curved surface and a depth greater than a width thereof. The high refractive index pattern layer is formed of a material having a refractive index greater than 1. The optical films, and the organic light-emitting display apparatuses, further include a low refractive index pattern layer formed of a material having a refractive index smaller than the refractive index of the material constituting the high refractive index pattern layer. The low refractive index pattern layer includes a filling material for filling the plurality of grooves.

Abstract: The present invention provides a microlens array including multiple microlenses arranged axially parallel to one another, wherein entrance surfaces of the microlenses on which light is incident are made of resin, and exit surfaces of the microlenses from which light exits are made of glass.

Abstract: A wafer-scale apparatus and method is described for the automation of forming, aligning and attaching two-dimensional arrays of microoptic elements on semiconductor and other image display devices, backplanes, optoelectronic boards, and integrated optical systems. In an ordered fabrication sequence, a mold plate comprised of optically designed cavities is formed by reactive ion etching or alternative processes, optionally coated with a release material layer and filled with optically specified materials by an automated fluid-injection and defect-inspection subsystem. Optical alignment fiducials guide the disclosed transfer and attachment processes to achieve specified tolerances between the microoptic elements and corresponding optoelectronic devices and circuits.

Abstract: An optical product that includes a transparent lens sheet, which has a first side with a plurality of side-by-side sets of linearly arranged lenses. Each of the sets of lenses is at a slant angle in the range of 10 to 46 degrees from a vertical or a horizontal axis of the lens sheet. The product includes an image layer that includes pixels from a number of digital images. The pixels are arranged in a pattern of pixel locations providing non-orthogonal interlacing of the digital images relative to each of the sets of the linearly arranged lenses. The pattern of pixel locations aligns a number of the pixels from each of the digital images to be parallel to a line extending through a center of the linearly arranged lenses in each set. Each of the linearly arranged lenses may have a round base, a hexagonal base, or a square base.

Abstract: An embodiment of the disclosed technology provides a display device comprising an electrophoresis solution tank containing electrophoresis solution and at least a rolling ball used for display colors, the rolling ball being immerged into the electrophoresis solution; and a shelter layer disposed above and covering the electrophoresis solution tank, the shelter layer being made up of an opaque material. A light transmitting hole is formed in the shelter layer and above the core of the rolling ball, so that the light of the color to be currently displayed on the rolling ball passes through the light transmitting hole for display, while the light of the colors not intended to be displayed is blocked by the shelter layer.

Abstract: A device comprising a light source such as an LED or fluorescent lamp, having disposed near the light source a panel or lens effectuated with a diffusion pattern for modifying the light emitted from the light source. The diffusion pattern may include an optical gradient wherein light emitted from the light source is substantially blocked at one end of the gradient and substantially passed at the other end of the gradient. In some embodiments the panel or lens is transparent or clear. Other embodiments include a diffusion pattern having a dot matrix pattern or an array of substantially circular opaque areas, which may be disposed near and edge of the panel or lens.

Abstract: An image display device includes: a display panel having a plurality of pixels disposed in a matrix; and a liquid crystal lens disposed on the side of a display surface of the display panel, wherein the pixels of the display panel are divided into a plurality of pixel groups each including two or more pixels, the liquid crystal lens forms, by application of an electric field, a lens array having a plurality of lens portions each corresponding to each of the pixel groups, the lens portion is configured to have a first area having a constant refractive index and a second area having a distribution of refractive index, the second area is disposed at a side portion of the lens portion, and the first area is disposed closer to the center than the second area.

Abstract: An element substrate is provided with a substrate; a pixel electrode; a light shielding layer which is disposed between the substrate and the pixel electrode and has an opening in an area overlapping with the pixel electrode; a TFT that is disposed between the light shielding layer and the pixel electrode has a channel area which is disposed in an area overlapping with the light shielding layer; a light shielding layer that is disposed between the TFT and the pixel electrode and has an opening in an area overlapping with the pixel electrode; a micro lens that is disposed between the substrate and the light shielding layer and disposed in an area overlapping with the pixel electrode; and a micro lens that is disposed between the light shielding layer and the pixel electrode and disposed in an area overlapping with the pixel electrode.

Abstract: A single pixel monochromatic display and signal-receivable module, and a device containing the module; the module is mainly a combination of a set of lenses and a color mixing screen; light beams projected from color light sources are converged through a light convergent plate, and then refracted through the light refractive color convergent plate which has refraction curved surfaces to same locations on a color mixing screen on which a single color is formed and a single pixel is thereby constituted; even subject to enlargement, there are no more tri-colors in a single pixel but only one single color in a single pixel; the module can also be used to emit or receive invisible electromagnetic waves, or can receive electromagnetic wave signals of another wave length during display.

Abstract: A display apparatus is disclosed which comprises a plurality of layers arranged in a light emitting direction of a light source, wherein a diaphragm layer configured to enhance an emitting brightness of the display apparatus is arranged on one of the plurality of layers. With such diaphragm layer in the display apparatus, the brightness of the display apparatus can be enhanced by the Fresnel diffraction effects of the diaphragm layer. In the 2D display, for a same brightness, the power consumption in the display apparatus may be reduced. In the 3D display, the brightness of the display apparatus may be improved and the crosstalk may be reduced.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide an image source unit for improving use efficiency of the image light and also provide an image display unit comprising the image source unit. The image source unit 4 comprising: an image light source 5; and an optical sheet 10 laminated on the image light source, the optical sheet comprising: a base material layer 11; and an optical functional layer 12 formed on the image light source side surface of the base material layer, the optical functional layer comprising: light-transmissive portions 13 arranged parallel along the sheet face; and light-absorbing portion(s) 14 arranged between the light-transmissive portions, the image light source side face of the light-transmissive portion having protrusions 17 each having a curved or polygonal line so that the protrusions project towards the image light source side in cross section in the sheet-thickness direction.

Abstract: An optical system having an optical waveguide for outputting light, a receiver for receiving the light, and redirecting optics for outputting the light from the optical waveguide. The optical system can be used for light illumination. The optical system can further be used for diffusing light in illumination applications by replacing the receiver with a light source such that the light flows in the reverse of the concentration system.

Abstract: A light-emitting device having an organic EL element that has a light-emitting surface and emits light from the light-emitting surface, and a structure layer disposed directly or indirectly on the light-emitting surface. The structure layer has, on a surface thereof that is opposite to the organic electroluminescent element, a concavo-convex structure including a first streak array extending in a first direction that is parallel to the surface, a second streak array extending in a second direction that is parallel to the surface and intersects with the first direction, and a third streak array extending in a third direction that is parallel to the surface and intersects with the first direction and the second direction.

Abstract: A representative device includes: a display having a display side, the display being operative to display images at the display side; a light-distorting film having surface features positioned to redirect light; a first object, positioned between the display side and the light-distorting film; and a second object, positioned between the display side and the light-distorting film; a first plurality of the surface features of the light-distorting film being operative to redirect light, propagating along an first optical path; and a second plurality of the surface features of the light-distorting film being operative to redirect light, propagating along a second optical path.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes: a liquid crystal panel containing an effective pixel region that is configured to emit light corresponding to an image; and a frame member provided on a light emission side of the liquid crystal panel, and having an opening opposed to the effective pixel region of the liquid crystal panel. An edge portion of the opening of the frame member is formed of a low-reflection material having a reflectance of less than about 1.5% to green light.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to luminescent solar concentrators, processes for the production of the same and uses thereof. The luminescent solar concentrators comprise a composite substrate including two or more films containing luminescent compounds and wavelength-selective mirrors, which concentrators may be connected to photovoltaic cells.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid crystal display device which is capable of eliminating a non-display region at a peripheral edge of a display screen, and displaying an image on the entire surface thereof. A backlight unit (22) emits parallel rays. The liquid crystal panel (24) transmits the parallel ray as a unit parallel ray in pixel unit, thereby forming an original image. An image enlarging panel (26) is an optical element having a flat-plate shape. The image enlarging panel (26) causes the unit parallel ray of each pixel to obliquely travel by refraction to shift a position of the unit parallel ray in a flat-plate plane, to thereby forms a display image enlarged the original image. A viewing angle enlarging panel (28) expands an angular distribution of the entering unit parallel ray from the image enlarging panel (26), thereby enlarging a viewing angle of the display image.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an image sensor, wherein the method comprises steps as follows: Firstly, a transparent substrate is formed on a working substrate. Pluralities of micro lens are formed in the transparent substrate, wherein the lenses have a refraction ratio differing from that of the transparent substrate. Subsequently, a color filter is formed on the lenses. Afterward, the color filter is engaged with an image sensing device by flipping around the working substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal (LC) lens includes a first substrate, a second substrate, and a plurality of liquid crystal units disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. Each liquid crystal unit includes a first sub-unit having a first electrode and a second electrode disposed on the first substrate with a first interval therebetween and a third electrode and a fourth electrode disposed on the second substrate with a second interval therebetween. A first voltage difference is applied between the first electrode and the third electrode, and a second voltage difference is applied between the second electrode and the fourth electrode. The polarity of the first voltage difference is contrary to that of the second voltage difference, and the first interval is not equal to the second interval. A 3D display including the LC lens and a display panel is also provided.

Abstract: As an apparatus for manufacturing a micro lens array includes a first substrate having a plurality of cavities formed at locations corresponding to locations of the plurality of micro lenses, and a second substrate having a lower softening point than the first substrate and bonded on the first substrate to close the plurality of cavities, wherein a portion of the second substrate located on the cavities swells convexly by air trapped in the cavities expanding its volume in response to a temperature above the softening point of the second substrate being applied, to form domes corresponding to a shape of the micro lenses, and the micro lens array is cast using the second substrate having the formed domes as a mold.

Abstract: A microlens includes a lens center portion having a lens-curved surface and a lens circumference portion having a linear side surface. In the case where length of the side surface is taken as L1, length of an aperture is taken as Ax, an angle formed by a normal of the side surface and incident light on the microlens is taken as ?1, and an angle formed by the normal of the side surface and output light from the microlens is taken as ?2, a relational expression of Equation 1 is satisfied.

Abstract: A color filter substrate and its fabrication method as well as a LCD screen are disclosed. The color filter substrate includes a base substrate, a plurality of color filter elements, and a microlens structure. The plurality of color filter elements are disposed on the base substrate, and the microlens structure is disposed on the plurality of color filter elements.

Abstract: A solid-state image sensor which comprises a pixel group in which unit pixels each including a microlens and a plurality of photo-electric converters are arrayed two-dimensionally, wherein a shielding unit that shields part of all of a plurality of photo-electric converters corresponding to a single microlens is provided in a portion of the unit pixels.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electrophoretic display apparatus switchable between a black-white mode and a color mode. The electrophoretic display apparatus includes an electrophoretic display panel, a light guide, a light source, a light-splitting element and a lens element. The light guide is disposed in front of a display area of the electrophoretic display panel. The light source is operable to emit a light, which is directed to the display area by the light guide. The light-splitting element is disposed between the light guide and the electrophoretic display panel, and is operable to split the light into a first, a second and a third beam each having a principal wavelength different from the others. The lens element is disposed between the light-splitting element and the display area, and is operable to direct the first, second and third beams to corresponding sub-pixels.

Abstract: There is provided a method of manufacturing a microlens array substrate with improved manufacturing yield and high quality, the method including: forming a groove part along an outer edge of a first area on a surface of a substrate; forming a mask layer to cover a side of the surface, forming a plurality of openings in the first area, and forming openings along the outer edge of the first area; performing isotropic etching on the substrate through the mask layer, forming a plurality of recesses in the first area, and forming recesses across a boundary part between the first area and the groove part; removing the mask layer from the substrate; forming a light transmission material layer that has a refractive index, which is different from a refractive index of the substrate, to cover the side of the surface of the substrate and to bury the plurality of recesses; and planarizing an upper surface of the light transmission material layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal lenticular lens including a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, two first electrodes, two second electrodes, and a common electrode. The second substrate and the first substrate are disposed opposite to each other. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and the liquid crystal layer has an ordinary refractive index and an extraordinary refractive index. The first electrodes and the second electrodes are disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, and the second electrodes are disposed between the first electrodes. The common electrode is disposed between the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electro-optical switching elements and displays comprising them. In particular, it relates to electro-optical switching elements comprising at least a light reflecting layer, a light switching layer, and a light conversion layer, which comprises one or more light emitting substances, in particular, a light reflecting layer, which selectively reflects visible light, a light controlling element that controls the amount of transmitted and/or reflected light, and a light converting layer that shifts the wavelength of the transmitted light to longer values. The displays give bright images under either bright or dark conditions with small power consumption. They are particularly suitable for so called liquid crystal, electronic paper (e-paper) and MEMS switching applications.