Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus for photographing a section of an anterior part of an eye having slit light projection optical system for projecting a slit light onto an anterior part of an eye to be examined, and section photographing device for photographing a sectional image of the anterior part of the eye where is cut optically by the slit light, including section photographing optical system which is disposed based on the Scheimpflug's principle, the apparatus providing first target projection optical system for projecting a first alignment target onto a cornea of the examined eye, front photographing device for photographing a first alignment target image projected onto the cornea of the examined eye from the front side, first displaying device for displaying an image which is photographed by the front photographing device, second target projection optical system for projecting a second alignment target from a slanting direction corresponding to the examined eye, and second displaying device for displaying a se

Abstract: A method and system are provided for locating the center of the entrance pupil of an eye after the pupil thereof has been dilated. A first image of an eye is formed prior to pupil dilation. The center of the undilated pupil is referenced to a reference image of an anatomical landmark of the eye that appears in the first image. A second image of the eye is then formed when the pupil is dilated. When the reference image is positioned on an image of the anatomical landmark appearing in the second image, the center of the undilated pupil referenced to the reference image defines the center of the entrance pupil of the eye.

Abstract: This invention relates to certain improvements in the art of keratometry and, more particularly, to the use of television techniques to determine the shape of the corneal surface of an eye in essentially real-time. Paired television images of diffuse reflections from the cornea are produced by projecting an infra-red illuminated pattern onto the cornea. These diffuse reflections are compared by triangulation to define the corneal contour. The resultant data are processed by a conventional microcomputer to derive surface contour for display, the shape data so generated in a form for instant use. Compensation for image brightness at each location is provided by altering camera video amplifier gain on a pixel by pixel basis, thereby linearizing the response in photometric units. The linearization reduces the complexity of the digital signal processing required for producing a contour map of the cornea. The present invention specifically relates to devices that are used with surgical microscopes.

Abstract: An eye examination apparatus comprises an ultrasonic transmitter for transmitting ultrasonic wave radiation to an area around an eye to be examined, an ultrasonic receiver for receiving the reflected wave radiation of the ultrasonic wave radiation, and a judging device for judging whether the eye to be examined is the right eye or the left eye based on the result of the reception by the ultrasonic receiver.

Abstract: An ophthalmological instrument is provided in which optical members can be satisfactorily cleaned, the times for cleaning can be reduced and reliability of measuring accuracy can be improved. An alignment between a cornea (C) of an eye (E) to be tested and an instrument body is detected by projecting an alignment detecting light toward the cornea (C) through alignment detecting optical systems (30, 40) and receiving a luminous flux reflected on the cornea (C) through a light receiving sensor (45). A working distance between the cornea (C) and the instrument body is detected projecting a working distance detecting light toward the cornea (C) through working distance detecting optical systems (50, 60) and receiving a luminous flux reflected on the cornea (C) by a light receiving sensor (63). Part of optical paths of the alignment detecting optical systems (30, 40) and the working distance detecting optical systems (50, 60) are not used in common.

Abstract: An autorefractor utilizes two light emitters and corresponding optics to project images onto the fundus, with the focus of these images bracketing the gross sphere of an emmetrope. A single detector generates a signal corresponding to each emitter. In an alternate embodiment, a single emitter and two detectors having foci bracketing the gross sphere of an emmetrope generate a signal corresponding to each detector. The light reflected from the fundus is detected and the differential intensities of two signals are used to determine departure in refraction from 0 diopter sphere. Multi-segmented or CCD detectors may be used to measure cylinder/axis, determine length and direction of gaze (in combination with a Purkinje image sensor) and to generate and analyze retinal images.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus for measuring the shape of the cornea of the eye, capable of measuring the pupil in a natural state of vision is provided. An illuminating light source illuminates a cornea shape measuring pattern with red or infrared light to project an image of the cornea shape measuring pattern on the cornea of the eye, and a CCD camera picks up the image of the cornea shape measuring pattern formed on the cornea. A computer analyzes the image of the cornea shape measuring pattern to obtain data of the shape of the cornea and processes the data to calculate the regional curvatures of regions of the cornea. An intraocular illuminating light source illuminates the interior of the eye with red or infrared light, and the CCD camera picks up an image of a pupillary region illuminated by the light emitted by the intraocular illuminating light source and reflected by the interior of the eye.

Abstract: A position detecting apparatus for an ophthalmologic apparatus has an image pickup element, a light source, a first projection system for projecting a light beam from the light source onto the cornea of an eye to be examined, a second projection system for projecting one corneal reflection image of the light source onto a plurality of positions on the image pickup element, and a calculator for calculating the central positions of and the distance between the corneal reflection images projected onto the plurality of positions on the image pickup element. The positional deviation of the ophthalmologic apparatus relative to the eye to be examined from an aligned state is quantitatively detected by the calculation by the calculator.

Abstract: An arrangement for measuring intraocular distances between different optical boundary surfaces of the human eye by at least one interferometric measurement system is provided. The arrangement further comprises at least one diffractive optical element (DOE) for dividing the illumination beam path into partial beam paths for different boundary surfaces and/or for combination and mutual adaptation of the wavefronts of measurement light components proceeding from different boundary surfaces and/or for adaptation of the wavefronts of measurement light components proceeding from different boundary surfaces of the eye to the wavefront of the measurement light of at least one interferometric reference arm.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for vision testing wherein visual test patterns displayed on a computer display are adjusted according to predetermined criteria with the distance between the subject being tested and the test pattern being monitored by computer to achieve computer control and adjustment of test object size.

Abstract: A fundus camera which may maintain sufficient working distance to an eye to be examined, providing a first illumination optical system for illuminating an eye to be examined by using infrared light, a second illumination optical system for illuminating the eye to be examined by using visible light for photo-imaging with part of light path being shared with that of the first illumination optical system an alignment index projection optical system for projecting an alignment index for the adjustment of working distance onto an cornea of the eye to be examined, an observation optical system having photoelectric imaging elements for observing the images of the focusing of the alignment index image and the fundus of the eye to be examined, a first display device for displaying images formed by the photoelectric imaging elements of the observation optical system, a photographing optical system having photoelectric imaging elements for forming images of the fundus of the eye to be examined with part of light path be

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for examining objects having an illumination light source, the light of which can be focussed on the part of the object to be examined, a scanning device, which generates a scanning movement of the light beam from the illumination light source over the section to be examined and which is provided with beam-deflecting and beam-imaging optical elements, a sensor device, which receives the light reflected from said section to be examined, and an evaluation and synchronization unit, which produces an image of said section to be examined from the time-sequential output signal from said sensor device. The invented apparatus is distinguished by the fact that the optical axis of the examination and/or illumination beam can be shifted in a plane of said pupils in order to generate a stereoscopic image, and that the images produced with varying positions of the optical axes can be overlapped in order to produce a stereo image.

Abstract: In a pupil center detection method and a pupil ring portion detection method, which can obtain a pupil center and a pupil ring portion necessary for calculating a sight axis of an eyeball from specific points on the basis of a light beam reflected by the eyeball, when the position of the pupil center of the eyeball is detected by utilizing an image based on a light beam radiated from a projection device onto the eyeball and reflected by the eyeball, a large number of pupil ring portion positions are obtained, an average value and a standard deviation of the large number of pupil ring portion positions are obtained, and the pupil center is detected using values within a range defined by the average value and the standard deviation.

Abstract: In a pupil center detection method and a pupil ring portion detection method, which can obtain a pupil center and a pupil ring portion necessary for calculating a sight axis of an eyeball from specific points on the basis of a light beam reflected by the eyeball, when the position of the pupil center of the eyeball is detected by utilizing an image based on a light beam radiated from a projection device onto the eyeball and reflected by the eyeball, a large number of pupil ring portion positions are obtained, an average value and a standard deviation of the large number of pupil ring portion positions are obtained, and the pupil center is detected using values within a range defined by the average value and the standard deviation.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus comprising an examining system for examining an eye, wherein the examining system is operated after aligned at a predetermined position with respect to the eye to be examined, comprises the first system for moving the examining system in accordance with operation by an examiner with respect to the eye to be examined, a system for forming alignment indexes on the eye to be examined, a system for detecting the alignment indexes formed on the eye, a system for judging whether or not the alignment indexes detected by the index detecting system are within a predetermined area with respect to the examining system, the second system for further moving the examining system in addition to movement by the first moving system, and a system for controlling, when the judging system judges that the alignment indexes are within a predetermined area, the second moving system to perform alignment based on results from the index detecting system.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for determining the topography of a reflecting sure. A projection pattern is projected onto the surface and a thus formed mirror reflection pattern is detected and evaluated. In order to improve the correspondence of the structures of the reflection patterns with those of the projection patters, the projection pattern contains recognition marks which individualize the continuous black/white or light/dark areas. A color mark or hatching is particularly advantageous. In order to apply the projection pattern on the cornea of the eye (3), a projection body (17), for example a hollow cone, is used, with transparent rings (19) arranged in this side wall (18) and surrounded by a ring-shaped light source (20). A color video camera (26) is used as detector.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ophthalmometric apparatus and is intended to provide an ophthalmometric apparatus that generates image signals representing a section of a measuring portion of a measuring eye.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus for measuring and observing an eye of an examinee comprising an observing optical system through which an examiner observes the examinee's eye, and a displaying device for providing indication marks to the cornea of the eye, the indication marks showing necessary information for the operator, wherein images of the indication marks reflected by the cornea are observed as superimposed on the examinee's eye.

Abstract: An eye-refractometer includes a refracting power measurement system for objectively measuring the refracting power of an eye to be examined, a fogging mechanism for relaxing the accommodation of the eye to be examined by moving a target observed by the eye to be examined, a measurement switch for instructing measurement to start, a fogging operation suspension switch for instructing an operation of the fogging mechanism to be suspended, and a control system. When the measurement is instructed to start by the measurement switch and when the fogging operation is not instructed to be suspended by the fogging operation suspension switch, the control system operates the fogging mechanism, and thereafter, obtains data from the refracting power measurement system.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus in which alignment light is projected on the objected eye, and cornea reflecting images of the alignment light are detected at a first and a second detecting optical systems disposed in different directions respectively and, based on the detected data at the first and the second detecting optical systems, a three-dimensional position of the measured portion is found out by a calculating device.

Abstract: An automated portable keratometer includes a hand held housing and is battery powered. A projection system projects collimated light sources at equal converging angles to an optical axis which extends outside the housing. A camera, including an imaging device, and telocentric objective lens are aligned along the optical axis in the housing. The projection system projects a known pattern of collimated light sources onto a patient's eye. The reflected images of these light sources is captured by the camera and imaging device. Derivation of the distances between certain reflected images can be converted by known algorithms into radii of curvature of the eye. Alignment leveling, and other features can be included with the keratometer. The device can also be used to measure other curved surfaces.

Abstract: Cataract and other diseases of the eye which degrade the clarity of the ocular media cause blurred vision and sensitivity to glare. Vision tests that require patients with unclear ocular media to read letter charts are not always reliable indicators of vision loss because these tests are sensitive to such subjective variables as patients' reading and language skills as well as neurological status. The invention provides a non-invasive means for the objective assessment of vision loss in patients with unclear ocular media thus overcoming the difficulties associated with subjective vision tests.

Abstract: An autorefractor utilizes two light emitters and corresponding optics to project images onto the fundus, with the focus of these images bracketing the gross sphere of an emmetrope. A single detector generates a signal corresponding to each emitter. In an alternate embodiment, a single emitter and two detectors having foci bracketing the gross sphere of an emmetrope generate a signal corresponding to each detector. The light reflected from the fundus is detected and the differential intensities of two signals are used to determine departure in refraction from 0 diopter sphere. Multi-segmented or CCD detectors may be used to measure cylinder/axis, determine length and direction of gaze (in combination with a Purkinje image sensor) and to generate and analyze retinal images.

Abstract: A system for monitoring eyes of an individual includes a human interface for obtaining images of the individual and for providing feedback to the individual and a processor for analyzing the images. The processor transforms an image sequence into a one dimensional signal by extracting relevant features from the images. Analysis of the signal generated then occurs to detect sleepiness. Transformation of the image sequence includes eye localization, eye tracking and eye motion signal generation. The system takes advantage of the relatively high horizontal-contrast density of the eye region to determine eye positions in a greyscale image of a human face.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus comprises a first ophthalmic device and a second ophthalmic device. The first ophthalmic device is provided with a first examining part for examining optical characteristics of examinee's eye, a first memory device for memorizing data detected by the first examining part, and device for transmitting by wireless the detected data of the first memory device to the second ophthalmic device. The second ophthalmic device is provided with a second examining part for examining optical characteristics of examinee's eye, device for receiving the detected data of the first ophthalmic device transmitted by the wireless transmitting device, a second memory device for memorizing data detected by the second examining part, and device for outputting the detected data of the first and the second examining parts respectively in a predetermined format.

Abstract: An optical apparatus having an improved function to adjust the diopter thereof. The optical apparatus includes an observation optical system and a control device for detecting information relating to an age of an eye and controlling the optical system based on the detection result.

Abstract: An eye refractive power measuring apparatus is provided with a measuring device opposed to eyes to be examined for measuring the eye refractive power of the eyes to be examined, an eye-to-be-examined detecting device for detecting whether the eye to which the measuring device is opposed is one or the other of the eyes to be examined, a designating switch for designating the direction in which the measuring device is opposed to the eyes to be examined, and a judging whether the eye to be examined is device for judging a right eye or a left eye based on the result of the detection by the eye-to-be-examined detecting device and the direction designated by the designating switch.

Abstract: An apparatus for obtaining visual images of cornea cells, which allows magnified images of cornea cells to be easily obtained at required important sites of the cornea cells including a center site one by one by changing over the site, by leading the view axis of the subject and without requiring the decision of the operator in obtaining magnified images of cornea cells. Also, in order to allow a correct imaging site to be known, an imaging position mark is displayed at a correct position on the eyeball surface on the eye-front imaging screen of a TV camera. For illuminating through a slit an eyeball surface (2) and forming a magnified image of cornea cells of the subject part on an image-receiving surface (34) of a TV camera (35) via a magnification-imaging optical system based on the illumination light, a center view target and a plurality of view targets of required positions around the center view target are set by visible-light emitting diodes (27), (27.sub.

Abstract: An eye measuring apparatus includes a refracting power detector for measuring the refracting power of an eye to be examined, a fogging producer for moving the position of a target image in the direction of the optical axis of the eye to be examined, and a feedback controller for receiving an output from the refracting power detector, and moving the position of the target image in a direction, in which accommodation of the eye to be examined is relaxed, in accordance with refracting power information measured in a predetermined meridian direction of the eye to be examined and astigmatic information of the eye to be examined obtained from refracting power values measured in a plurality of meridian directions of the eye to be examined.

Abstract: The apparatus radiates light onto an eye to be examined and picks up an image of the eye, which is irradiated with light. And then the apparatus compares image information obtained from the image pickup with a threshold determined in advance for the image information so as to store the image information larger than the threshold. The apparatus calculates a measured value of the eye to be examined on the basis of the stored image information.

Abstract: A binocular scanning laser ophthalmoscope expands the range of clinical applications of the conventional scanning laser ophthalmoscope, being able of presenting the scanning laser raster with or without graphics to one eye or to both at the same time and simultaneously allowing the observation of either eye or both on the display monitor. The device, including a beamsplitter, mirrors, and optical filters, enables switching up to video between the different options without the need for moving the scanning laser ophthalmoscope from one eye to the other. Lenses can be inserted in the optical pathway for the correction of ametropia. A pupillary distance control for both eyes optimizes the Maxwellian view on both sides.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic apparatus is provided with an illuminating optical system for illuminating a fundus oculi of an inspected eye with an illuminating light, a photographing and observing optical system for photographing and observing the fundus oculi of the inspected eye illuminated with the illuminating light by the illuminating optical system, a reference mark projecting optical system for projecting a reference mark on the fundus oculi of the inspected eye, an in-focus detecting optical system for detecting an in-focus condition between the photographing and observing optical system and the fundus oculi of the inspected eye by receiving an image of the reference mark projected on the fundus oculi of the inspected eye by the reference mark projecting optical system, and positional adjustment detecting optical system for detecting a positional adjustment between the ophthalmologic apparatus and the inspected eye by receiving a beam of light which is radiated from the reference mark projecting optical system a

Abstract: Apparatus for illuminating the fundus of an eye with a scanned sample beam of radiation, the scanned sample beam emerging from a beam scanner which is exposed to a sample beam, which apparatus is for use in optical coherence tomography. An embodiment of the apparatus includes: (a) scanner lens and a beamsplitter for transferring radiation from the scanned sample beam, including chief rays of the sample beam which emerge from a point of final deflection of the beam scanner, and (b) a lens for focusing the transferred radiation so that the scanned sample beam is focused onto the fundus by the eye. In accordance with the invention the scanner lens is fixed with respect to the beam scanner so that the point of final deflection is located substantially in the back focal plane of the scanner lens and the scanner lens is movable.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus for use by an examiner in examining an examinee's eye includes an optical system for examining the examinee's eye, an observing optical path for observing the examinee's eye directly in binocular vision, a beam splitter disposed in the observing optical path, and a mark forming device for forming an aiming mark at a position conjugate to a predetermined portion of the anterior part of the eye, the light of the aiming mark being reflected by the light splitting member into the eyes of the examiner, wherein the positional relationship along the observing optical path between the anterior part of the examinee's eye and the aiming mark is perceived through the examiner's eyes and the suitability of the working distance of the apparatus can be judged.

Abstract: An optical scanner (100) includes a rotating scanner disk (116) that integrates a multifocal Fresnel fixation lens (114), a Fresnel optical scanner (122, 124), and an angular position encoder (140) into a unitary, inherently aligned, compression-molded component. An individual being identified views through the multifocal Fresnel fixation lens an image of a pinhole (108) illuminated by a light source (104). The multifocal lens is centered on the disk and creates multiple in- and out-of-focus images (180, 182, 184, 186) of the pinhole image. The combined image appears to the individual as a set of circular images (190, 192, 194, 196), one of which is in focus. The images appear concentric when the individual is properly aligned with the disk and associated optics. The Fresnel optical scanner receives IR light from the light source and creates an IR scanning beam (126) when the disk is rotated.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus is provided with a measurement unit that includes a measurement device that projects measurement light onto an examinee's eye and detects the measurement light reflected by the examinee's eye, a grip that supports the measurement device, so that the examiner can hold the device in his hand, a wireless transmitting device that transmits data about the examinee's eye to a receiving device separate from the measurement unit, the data being obtained based on light detected by the measurement device, and a signal generating device that generates a start signal to make the transmitting device start to transmit; the receiving device receives the transmitted data about the examinee's eye and has a holding device that detachably holds the measurement unit for transmission of measurement data.

Abstract: Subject matter of this invention is an apparatus to enable the tridimensional shape of a partially reflecting anatomical surface of a human body, specifically the cornea, to be spatially located. The apparatus, which is based upon a computer and a TV camera, comprises a body (11) made of a transparent material (PERSPEX.RTM.) wherein a conical hole has been drilled. Circular, frusto-conical, alternatively transparent and opaque, retro-illuminated, reference lines are provided in the conical surface of the hole. Furthermore, the apparatus comprises a photoelectrical couple (17, 18) (an emitter: IRED or LED; and a sensor: photodiode or phototransistor) arranged at diametrically opposed points of the external base of the cone, such that when the cone is moved close to the eye to be analyzed, the apex of the eye intercepts the sight line between the emitter and the sensor at a pre-established distance from the cone.

Abstract: An eye refraction measuring apparatus for ophtalmology can separate a projected light beam from a reflected light beam from an eye fundus without using a special optical member such as an apertured-mirror. As a result, the constitution of the apparatus can be simplified and miniturized, a the measurable and measurement precision can be the improved, distribution of refractivity of a pupil in radial directions can be measured, and a small pupil and a cloudy eye can be easily measured.

Abstract: An ophthalmic instrument, in the nature of a pachymeter or densitometer, and which is used for ascertaining the thickness and relative optical density of the cornea of the eye on a real time basis. The instrument comprises a television camera and a multiple Scheimpflug corrected slit projector and an associated processing and display system. A number of digitally encoded television images of the optical section of the cornea are subjected to digital analysis. A density map may be constructed from the data derived in the digital analysis and produced for display either by a printer or display member. The display may be a three-dimensional plot of the frontal surface shape, local thickness, posterior surface contour and optical density of the cornea. A method of using the ophthalmic instrument and of making ophthalmic determinations is also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting the visual axis of an observer in accordance with light reflected by a photo-sensor by illuminating an eye of the observer includes a controller means for controlling the accumulation time of the photo-sensor or a quantity of light emitted by a light projector so that the reflected light is sufficient to permit the detection of the visual axis.

Abstract: The invention features a three path Maxwellian view optical system by which a stimulus test pattern may be ophthalmoscopically placed on small portions of the central 70.degree. of the retina of an eye. In alternative embodiments, different test patterns may be used to obtain data relating to flash ERG, pattern ERG (PERG), or flicker photometry. The location of the stimulus test target on the retina may be tracked and recorded by a spectral perimetry system. The invention further provides a spectral sensitivity measurement system in which electroretinogram (ERG) data is collected, transmitted, processed, and displayed or stored.

Abstract: An ophthalmometric apparatus comprising an eyeball observing device for observing the front part of the eyeball and a measuring unit moving device for moving a measuring unit relative to the eyeball, characterized by: a first optical index forming system that projects a light beam along the optical axis of the eyeball observing device to form a first alignment index in the eyeball; a first optical index detecting system that detects the position of the first alignment index on the basis of the light that travels along the optical axis of the eyeball observing device; a second optical index forming system that projects a light beam on the eyeball along an optical axis inclined at an angle to the optical axis of the eyeball observing device to form a second alignment index in the eyeball; a second optical index detecting system that detects the position of the second alignment index and has an optical axis in a substantially mirror image relation with the optical axis of the second optical index forming system

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus measures characteristics of an eye using a projection mechanism that projects a target onto a fundus of the eye in a plurality of meridional directions in a cornea of the eye so as to substantially cover all over the cornea. A detection mechanism detects a position of the target image projected onto the fundus. A processor calculates refractive power values in the meridional directions based on the positions detected by the detection mechanism. The results are graphically displayed to permit an operator to quickly understand and interpret the results at a glance.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing visual acuity, or clearness of vision, particularly when there is impaired refracting medium in an eye, includes a lamp (1) and a pin-hole diaphragm (4) arranged in a light-beam path downstream of the lamp with a single diffraction grating (6), being provided in the light-beam path downstream of the pin-hole diaphragm.

Abstract: An apparatus for obtaining images of cornea endothelium including an illumination system for illuminating through a slit an eyeball surface of a subject eye, a magnification-imaging optical system for forming a magnified image of a subject part based on the slit illumination light, focusing-detection use receiving optics for receiving the cornea endothelium reflected light and cornea epithelium reflected light of the slit via at least an objective lens when a cornea endothelium image is formed on an imaging surface of the magnification-imaging optical system in a focused state and a mechanism for moving the apparatus body in a direction of the subject so that the apparatus body is brought to a cornea endothelium focused position.

Abstract: In a pupil center detection method and a pupil ring portion detection method, which can obtain a pupil center and a pupil ring portion necessary for calculating a sight axis of an eyeball from specific points on the basis of a light beam reflected by the eyeball, when the position of the pupil center of the eyeball is detected by utilizing an image based on a light beam radiated from a projection device onto the eyeball and reflected by the eyeball, a large number of pupil ring portion positions are obtained, an average value and a standard deviation of the large number of pupil ring portion positions are obtained, and the pupil center is detected using values within a range defined by the average value and the standard deviation.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a cornea shape is capable of arbitrarily changing the diameter of ring illumination projected onto the cornea. The apparatus includes a light source for supplying a beam of light, a scanner system for scanning the beam of light from the light source and forming a light spot describing a circular locus on the surface of the cornea, and a device for observing therethrough the shape of the cornea on the basis of the locus described by the beam of light reflected by the cornea. The scanner system includes a reflecting mirror having a zonal reflecting surface disposed around the cornea, and a light deflector for directing the beam of light from the light source to the zonal reflecting surface.

Abstract: A noncontact type tonometer is provided which is capable of easily detecting whether optical members of the tonometer are stained with dirt or not, and easily finding which one of the optical members is stained. In the noncontact type tonometer, alignment light emitted by an alignment light source is guided to a subject's eye through an alignment light projecting optical system. Part of the alignment light reflected by the eye does not pass through a discharging nozzle and is received by a first light receiving sensor of a first alignment detecting optical system. On the other hand, the other part of the alignment light reflected by the eye passes through the discharging nozzle and is received by a second light receiving sensor of a second alignment detecting optical system. Stains on the optical members are found by a measuring device by which a quantity level of reflected alignment light received by each of the first and second sensors is detected and compared with each other.

Abstract: An examination apparatus for examining an object having a spheroidal reflecting surface provides a first index projecting optical system for projecting a first measuring index onto the object to be examined at a designated angle, a second index projecting optical system for projecting a second measuring index having a different optical distance from the first index onto the object at the designated angle, so that each reflected images of the first and second measuring index have a designated image height relationship therebetween when the object is placed at a designated working distance, and respective image height of reflected images of the first and second measuring index are detected by a detecting optical system with a photoelectric conversion apparatus, whereby whether the working distance between the object and the apparatus is right or not is judged by processing a signal detected by the photoelectric conversion apparatus.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic apparatus has an illuminating system for illuminating the fundus of an eye to be examined with infrared light from substantially the front of the eye to be examined through a pupil area, the illuminating system having a light source, and an image pickup camera for receiving infrared reflected light from the fundus of the eye to be examined illuminated by the illuminating system on an image pickup surface conjugate with the front eye part of the eye to be examined. The turbid state of the light transmitting body portion of the eye to be examined can be ascertained by the image output from the image pickup camera.