Abstract: Alteration of a fixation or peripheral stimulus displayed on a computer-driven display allows a human subject to maintain extended visual fixation upon the resulting dynamic stimulus. The fixation is presented upon the display and the stimulus is altered to allow resensitization of the subject's retina, thereby allowing prolonged visual fixation upon the resulting dynamic target. A dynamic stimulus may utilize a frequency doubling illusion.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus capable of performing alignment of the apparatus with respect to an examinee's eye with ease regardless of characteristics of the eye or an environment of the apparatus includes a measurement unit performing examination/measurement of the eye, a projection optical system for projecting an alignment target onto an anterior segment of the eye, an image-pickup optical system for picking up an anterior-segment image with an image of the projected target by a two-dimensional image-pickup element, and a calculation and control unit detecting the target image, and based on the detection result, detecting an alignment condition of the measurement unit with the eye, wherein the calculation and control unit detects two-dimensional luminance distribution in an image obtained by the element, and based on the detection result, changes projection light intensity of light of the target and/or gain of the element so that the target image becomes detectable.

Abstract: A wavefront device (FIG. 1A) produces adjustable amplitudes in optical path differences and adjustable axis orientation angles, two substantially identical wave plates (225) have a wavefront profile of at least the third order Zernike polynomial function which are not circularly symmetric, as denoted by Z(i,j) where i>3 and jO. The wave plates are mounted in rotatable mounts (124) with their optical centers substantially aligned with each other.

Abstract: The invention provides methods for designing ophthalmic lenses, and lenses produced by this method, which lenses corrects both low order and high order wavefront aberrations of the lens wearer's eyes.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining whether cornea (vitro or in vivo) has been modified (surgically or otherwise). The method includes the steps of: passing a beam of collimated light through the cornea to produce a distorted wavefront; determining the characteristics of the distorted wavefront; and analyzing the distorted wavefront for characteristics that identify the presence of a modification. The analysis of the distorted wavefront can be for the presence of higher order aberrations, or Gausian characteristics which are indicative of modifications. The method includes the steps of providing an optical system that has a pupil plane and an image plane at a detector; positioning the cornea in the pupil plane; passing a collimated beam of light through the cornea to produce at least two images in the image plane; determining the characteristics of the distorted wavefront; and analyzing the distorted wavefront for characteristics that identify the presence of a modification.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an apparatus for optimizing vision correction procedures comprising: a narrow beam of light directed to a patient's retina; a dynamic defocus and compensation offsetting device configured to offset the defocus of a wavefront from an eye, a wavefront sensor configured to measure the local tilt of a number of subwavefronts sampled around an annular ring (the diameter of which can be dynamically changed) over the wavefront with the defocus offset; and a display device configured to display a two dimensional (2D) data points pattern in real time with each data point location representing a corresponding local tilt of the sampled subwavefronts. A proper defocus offset, not passive compensation, can reveal the predominant feature(s) of other wavefront aberration component(s), thus enabling a refractive surgeon to fine tune the vision correction procedure and minimize the remaining wavefront aberration(s) in real time.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a refractometer (01) for determining the refraction properties of an eye (02) of a patient with an optical projection device (03) that comprises at least one light source (08) that produces a light pattern, wherein the light pattern of the projection device (03) can be projected on the retina of the eye (02) and focused thereon, with an optical viewing device (04) that comprises at least one photoelectric sensor (12), wherein the light pattern reflected on the retina of the eye (02) can be viewed through the cornea and the lens of the eye with the viewing device (4) and projected on the photoelectric sensor (12) in the form of an image pattern, with an evaluation device for evaluating the image pattern recorded by the photoelectric sensor (12) and deriving the refraction properties of the eye, and with a distance measuring device for determining the distance between the refractometer (01) and the patient.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems for predicting an optical acuity measure of an optical system of an eye. An optical acuity measure can be predicted by determining a point spread function based on a wavefront measurement of an eye, convolving a resolution target with the point spread function to produce an image, and predicting the optical acuity measure of the optical system of the eye based on the image.

Abstract: A fundus camera is provided with a focus aid mark projection system (5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13) that includes a focus aid mark focussing lens (10) and other optical components such that the focus aid mark focussing lens (10) is attached to the focussing lens (6) of the imaging system and moves with that lens, thereby maintaining the focal planes of the focus aid mark projection system and the imaging system co-planar. An associated alignment mark projection system (35, 34, 33, 32) includes optics that utilize part of the existing fundus camera illumination system (35) to project a plurality of alignment marks onto the iris of the subject eye.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems for predicting an optical acuity measure of an optical system of an eye. An optical acuity measure can be predicted by determining a point spread function based on a wavefront measurement of an eye, convolving a resolution target with the point spread function to produce an image, and predicting the optical acuity measure of the optical system of the eye based on the image.

Abstract: A visual training device 1 including: a screen arranged facing a subject H having visual impairment; a line of vision detection unit that detects a line of vision of the subject H and outputs line of vision signals indicating the line of vision; a visual field data storage unit that stores visual field data indicating the visible area AR2 and the area of visual impairment AR1 of the subject H; and a screen control unit 53 that, on the aforementioned screen, moves the visible area AR2 specified based on the aforementioned visual field data in correspondence to the movement of the line of vision of the subject H specified by the aforementioned line of vision signals. The display format of the visible area AR2 or a region including the vicinity thereof, is displayed different from the display format of the other region. By doing this, an attitudinal barrier of the person with visual impairment, the subject, can be removed, and the visual training device can allow easy training to be provided.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus capable of observing an examinee's eye even during switching of measurement modes comprises a first measurement unit, a second measurement unit, an up-and-down movement mechanism, a display device, mode switching means which generates a mode switching signal for switching between a first measurement mode and a second measurement mode, and a control unit which drives and controls the up-and-down movement mechanism to change a state in which a first center axis and the eye are placed at substantially a same height into a state in which a second center axis and the eye are placed at substantially a same height by moving a main body of the apparatus, and controls to display the image outputted from a first image-pickup element and the image outputted from a second image-pickup element simultaneously on the display device during a shift from the first measurement mode to the second measurement mode.

Abstract: An ophthalmic error measurement system includes a projecting optical system delivering light onto a retina of an eye, a pre-correction system which compensates a light beam to be injected into the eye for aberrations in the eye, the pre-correction system being positioned in between the projecting optical system and the eye, an imaging system which collects light scattered by the retina, and a detector receiving light returned by the retina from the imaging system. Use of the pre-correction system allows the end-to-end aberrations of the ocular system to be analyzed. The use of a pre-correction system also allows use of a minimized spot size on the retina, and all of its attendant advantages.

Abstract: A fundus oculi observation device 1 divides a low-coherence light L0 into a signal light LS and a reference light LR, superimposes the signal light LS propagated through a a fundus oculi Ef and the reference light LR propagated through a reference mirror 174 to generate and detect an interference light LC, and forms an OCT image of the fundus oculi Ef based on the result of the detection. The fundus oculi observation device 1 scans with the signal light LS while changing a scan interval when performing a series of scans with the signal light LS. Thus, it is possible to acquire a highly accurate image at small scan intervals from an attention site, and it is possible to reduce a scanning time by scanning at large intervals in other sites. Accordingly, it is possible to rapidly acquire a highly accurate image of an attention site.

Abstract: A sighting device for an examination by in vivo tomography of an eye of a subject including a viewer controlled by a control system for displaying at least one moving target where the at least one moving target has at least one of a programmable shape and a programmable trajectory, and is visible by the eye of the subject during the examination period to allow the subject to fixate and follow the target with their eye.

Abstract: A fundus camera having a function of measuring a retinal function, capable of picking up (obtaining) a sharp color image of a fundus suitable for a fundus examination and measuring a retinal function with high accuracy comprises an illumination optical system comprising a visible light source, an image-pickup optical system comprising an image-pickup element, a mode selection switch for performing switching between a fundus photographing mode and a retinal function measurement mode based on variance of an intrinsic signal of a retina made by retinal stimulation, and a control unit which controls the optical systems, wherein the unit lowers, when the retinal function measurement mode is selected, illumination intensity of the illumination optical system per unit time in illuminating the fundus than that in picking up the color fundus image, and controls the element to pick up first and second visible fundus images at different points in time.

Abstract: A fundus camera capable of preferably photographing the periphery of a fundus irrespective of the state of an eye includes a photographing optical system having a photographing optical axis for photographing the fundus, a fundus observation optical system for picking up a fundus observation image, an alignment target projection optical system for projecting an alignment target onto an anterior segment of the eye, an alignment target image detection optical system, a photographing unit housing the systems, a moving mechanism moving the unit for alignment of the axis, a fixation target presenting system for guiding a visual line direction, a target presenting position being selectable or changeable, a display unit, and a controller controlling the display unit to display the observation and target images, wherein the controller includes a program for forming and displaying a reticle mark in displaying the observation image varying the shape of the mark with the presenting position.

Abstract: A retinal scanning display device is disclosed which is configured to include: a light source emitting a light beam; a scanner scanning onto a viewer's retina the light beam emitted from the light source; a light exit at which the light beam scanned by the scanner exits the retinal scanning display device; and a pupil expanding element operable to expand an exit pupil of the retinal scanning display device. The pupil expanding element may be disposed at a position which is offset from an intermediate image plane occurring between the light source and the light exit, along and within an optical path defined between the light source and the light exit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an adaptive optics sensor intended for simultaneous detection of several wavefronts on a common camera target. The sensor is intended for use in connection with multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO), where several wavefront measurements are needed at the same time. The sensor includes a spatial filter taking out signals resulting from parasitic reflections of the reference sources and from unwanted parts of the object.

Abstract: An eye examination system is presented that obtains several parameters of the eye. A system according to some embodiments of the present invention include a keratometry system, a low coherence reflectometry system, and a low coherence interferometry system co-coupled to the eye. In some embodiments, the low coherence interferometry system can provide interferometric tomography data. A processor can be coupled to receive data from the keratometry system, the low coherence reflectometry system, and the low coherence interferometry system and calculate at least one parameter of the eye from that data.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus has an optical system for presenting a target to an examinee's eye through a lens, an optical system placed in an optical path of the target presenting optical system, for correcting a refractive error of the eye seeing the target, a switching unit arranged to switch an aperture size of a diaphragm, which is placed in a position substantially conjugate with a pupil with respect to the lens, between a first size corresponding to a pupil size of the eye in photopic vision and a second size larger than the pupil size in scotopic vision, an inputting unit arranged to generate a signal for switching the aperture size between the first and second sizes, and a control unit arranged to control driving of the switching unit based on the signal from the inputting unit to switch the aperture size between the first and second sizes.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a fixation mark which is to be displayed to the patient in order to prevent unwanted eye movements during the treatment of an eye without taxing the patient's ability to concentrate. In the method according to the invention, the fixation mark which is to be displayed and on which the patient must orient the eye to be treated by foveal focusing is projected in the field of vision of the eye to be treated. To prevent unwanted eye movements, the fixation mark is moved in the field of vision of the patient. The movement is carried out in such a way that the patient can easily follow the fixation mark. The proposed technical solution relates to a fixation object which can be used in ophthalmologic examination devices as well as in ophthalmologic treatment devices. Since the patient is occupied in following the fixation object with his/her eyes, the risk of glancing away is substantially reduced.

Abstract: A visual axis and alignment measurement system and method of using same are disclosed. In particular, a visual axis measurement system of the present disclosure includes a visual axis measurement device and a near point target. The visual axis measurement device includes a pair of opaque lenses, each having a slit therein, that are adjustably coupled via a coupling mechanism. The visual axis measurement device also includes a linear measurement device. Via self-adjustment, the patient may align the respective slits for his/her dominant and non-dominant eyes along his/her visual axes until the near point target is in focus. After which, the distance between the centers of the slits is measured in order to determine accurately the placement of bifocal lens segments within eyeglass lenses. In doing so, it is ensured that the prescription for, for example, progressive bifocal corrective lenses, which have narrow viewing areas, is correct.

Abstract: A system for tracking eye movement is disclosed. A first light source, emitting light including a first wavelength, is adapted to illuminate corneal tissue of an eye. The first wavelength is selected such that it is strongly absorbed by corneal tissue. A position sensitive detector is adapted to detect a reflection of light at the first wavelength off the corneal tissue. Signal may be generated in response to the detected reflection which are representative of the position of the reflection, and therefore the position of the corneal tissue, with respect to the position sensitive detector.

Abstract: The impairment determination system automatically determines impairment of a subject based on pupil movement, as well as pupil responses to illumination and target tracking for either eye or both eyes simultaneously. The impairment determination system automatically processes a series of digital image frames, taken during the execution of a predetermined test protocol, to determine pupil location, size, and responsiveness to changes in illumination, which data are used by the impairment determination system to determine impairment of the subject. The present impairment determination system uses a method for quickly and accurately localizing the subject's pupils, as well as their boundaries, area, and center coordinates, which data is used as part of the impairment determination process.

Abstract: An instrument for measuring a refractive power includes a target, a target projecting unit, a measurement light projecting unit, a light receiving unit, a unit for performing a normal refractive power measurement, a judgment unit, and a unit for performing a high-speed refractive power measurement. The unit for performing a normal refractive power measurement measures a normal refractive power of an examined eye based on received light data. The judgment unit judges reliability of the received light data or the refractive power measurement. The unit for performing a high-speed refractive power measurement measures a refractive power of the examined eye faster than the unit for performing a normal refractive power measurement in response to a judgment result of the judgment unit.

Abstract: An eye examination device has a fundus observation system and an optical stimulation system. The optical stimulation system has an optical targeting subsystem and an optical stimulation subsystem, wherein the optical stimulation system is structured to be used to provide light stimulation to a portion of a fundus of an eye targeted by the optical targeting subsystem in conjunction with observations made with the fundus observation system.

Abstract: The present invention provides an optical system that can reduce the occurrence of aberration, and a scanning retinal display that uses such an optical system. A first diffraction section and the second diffraction section are attached to a light guiding section in a state separated from each other. The first diffraction section diffracts light flux that is incident on it, to be incident on the light guiding section. The light guiding section guides light flux that has been diffracted by the first diffraction section to the second diffraction section using reflection inside the light guiding section. The second diffraction section re-diffracts light flux that has been guided by the light guiding section and output externally of the light guiding section. The first diffraction section, the light guiding section, and the second diffraction section are substantially symmetrical, either side of a virtual plane between the first diffraction section and the second diffraction section.

Abstract: A refraction measuring instrument for measuring the refraction of an eye to be examined while the subject is viewing an external object in a more natural posture. A measuring light beam from a light source 21 is reflected from a mirror 25, shaped into a beam with a ring cross section, directed to a free curved surface prism 31 along an optical axis O2, reflected from a surface 31b and a beam splitting surface 31a, guided to an eye E along an optical axis O1 together with the visible light from outside the instrument, and form a ring pattern on the fundus F. The measurement beam reflected from the fundus F is received by a CCD 23 through the free curved surface prism 31 and a prism 22, and a ring pattern is imaged. A calculation control device 4 analyzes the imaged ring pattern and calculates the sphericity, the degree of astigmatism, and the astigmatic axis angle. For measurement, the subject A wears the refraction measuring instrument 1 on the head H through a wearing section 1a.

Abstract: An optical scanning element performs scanning with light by bringing a mirror portion into a swinging state by generating resonance oscillations of the mirror portion due to torsional oscillations. The optical scanning element has a first resonance frequency and a second resonance frequency which generate longitudinal oscillations and lateral oscillations on a lower region side and a high region side of a resonance frequency of the torsional oscillations respectively. Outputting of a drive signal is started by setting a frequency of a drive signal which is used for oscillating the optical scanning element to a specific frequency which falls between the first resonance frequency and the second resonance frequency and is higher than the resonance frequency of the torsional oscillations and, thereafter, the frequency of the outputted drive signal is shifted to the resonance frequency of the torsional oscillations after outputting of the drive signal is started.

Abstract: An ophthalmic measurement apparatus capable of outputting correction data (objective values) for a patient's eye as approximate as possible to subjective values includes an optical system for projecting a measurement target onto a fundus and detecting an image of the target reflected therefrom using a photoelectric element so as to obtain measurement data on eye refractive power distribution or wavefront aberration, an optical system for photographing an anterior-segment including a pupil using an image-pickup element, a device which detects a size of a pupil area by image processing, and a device which obtains a spherical power, an astigmatic power, and an astigmatic axial angle based on the data within a given area smaller than the pupil area when the detected size is larger than a reference size, and obtains the three values based on the data within the pupil area when the detected size is smaller than the reference size.

Abstract: A non-contact tonometer changes a reference signal used for determining reliability of a signal indicating deformation of a cornea based on the reflectance of the cornea of an eye to be examined. Thus, the non-contact tonometer can perform stable measurement irrespective of the reflectance of the cornea of the eye to be examined.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for testing the visual response of a patient is disclosed. The apparatus comprises image generation means (16), image presentation means (12), and detection means (13,14). The image generation means (16) and image presentation means (12) are arranged, in use, to generate and present an image before an eye of the patient at variable predetermined intensity levels. The detection means (13,14) is arranged under the control of a controller (11) to detect a stimulus response to the presented image occurring in the brain of the patient and to display an image of the response of the patient's eye on a monitor (15).

Abstract: Multi-functional optometric-ophthalmic system for testing, diagnosing, or treating, vision or eyes of a subject, and methodologies thereof. Includes: a head mountable unit, including a head mounting assembly, and at least one near eye module assembly (NEMa), mounted upon the head mounting assembly, for generating optical processes or effects which act or take place upon, and are affected by, at least one eye of the subject, and for receiving results of the optical processes or effects from the at least one eye, as part of the testing, diagnosing, or treating of the vision or eyes of the subject; and a central controlling and processing unit. Near eye module assembly includes: a micro-display (?display), a first lens assembly (L1a), and a refraction correction assembly (RCa). Generally applicable for performing a wide variety of different optometric and ophthalmic tests, diagnoses, and treatments, of a subject's vision or eyes.

Abstract: A system for imaging a sample is provided that includes an optical coherence tomography (OCT) portion having an associated OCT path. A second imaging portion is provided having an associated second image path, different from the OCT path. A fixation target having an associated fixation path, different from the second image path and the OCT path is also provided. The OCT path, the second image path and the fixation path are confocal at a common image plane. Related handheld systems are also provided.

Abstract: An ophthalmological measurement apparatus (1) is proposed which comprises a first measurement system and a second measurement system. The first measurement system comprises a first light projection system for projection of a first light beam (2) through a cross-sectional part (4) of an eye (3). In addition, the first measurement system comprises image detection means, arranged in the Scheimpflug configuration with respect to the first light beam (2), for detection and storage of a cross-sectional image (30A) of at least one subregion of the cross-sectional part (4) which is illuminated by the first light projection system, from a first position outside the first light beam (2). The second measurement system comprises a second light projection system for projection of a second light beam onto the eye (3), and comprises a wavefront detector (19) for determination and storage of a wavefront profile of the second light beam reflected by the eye (3).

Abstract: The invention administers an objective clinical test to an eye that measures the visual sensitivity of the superior retina and the inferior retina, by alternately presenting a stimulus pair comprising a shaped superior light stimulus and a shaped inferior light stimulus that are horizontal mirror images of one another and have shapes encompassing visual field defects. The shaped superior and inferior light stimuli stimulate pupillary responses whose amplitudes are measured. A cycle-averaged pupillary response balance and a luminance ratio are computed for each presentation of a stimulus pair. A stimulus pair response curve is computed by fitting cycle-averaged pupillary response balances to a sigmoid function of the luminance ratios. A balanced luminance ratio at which the cycle-averaged pupillary response balance is equal to about zero is computed from the sigmoid function. The balanced luminance ratio is indicative of the presence and location of retinal nerve damage.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus for precisely positioning an optical instrument, such as a wavefront aberrometer, in three dimensions with respect to a patient's eye. The ophthalmic apparatus may include an optical instrument directed in a first direction toward a target area to receive light therefrom and a camera directed in a second direction toward the target area to receive light therefrom, the first and second directions being non-parallel. The camera may include imaging optics to form an optical image on a photodetector array using light reflected from the target area. The ophthalmic apparatus may also include a processor configured to correlate a position of the optical image on the photodetector array with the distance between the optical instrument and the target area.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an optoelectronic unit for directing the eye gaze of the patient during examination or documentation of the fundus of the eye. The solution according to the invention for internal eye gaze guidance in fundus cameras provides a spatial light modulator for generating the fixation mark comprising imaging optics by which the displayed fixation mark is imaged on the eye fundus by a semitransparent mirror arranged in an observation beam path and via a swivel mirror arranged in a documentation beam path. The spatial light modulator is connected by a control unit to an actuating element for positioning the fixation mark. The device, which is preferably provided for fundus cameras, can facilitate the diagnosis of diseases of the eye fundus in that the documented recordings can be exactly reproduced and therefore exactly compared. In particular, the tracking and presentation of the course of diseases can be improved in this way.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods measure, diagnose, and/or treat one or both eyes of a patient. Adaptive optics systems (such as those having a deformable mirror) may be configured to an aspherical or multi-spherical presbyopia-mitigating prescriptive shape to allow objective and/or subjective measurements of a candidate prescription. A plurality of viewing distances allow subjective and/or objective evaluations of performance using a light spot or a test viewing image. Measurements of aberrations at selected viewing conditions (including distances and/or brightness) with correlating pupil sizes may also be provided. Wavefront measurement systems and methods may help position and isolate the eye from ambient light.

Abstract: A system for diagnostically evaluating the health of tissue within the fundus of an eye includes a fs laser source, an adaptive optical assembly, an imaging unit, and a computer. The adaptive optical assembly focuses a laser beam to a focal point in the fundus of the eye, and scans the fundus tissue according to a predetermined scanning pattern. Illumination of anisotropic tissue within the fundus, such as the photoreceptors and the Henle-fiber layer, induces a Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) response. Red photons, with a wavelength (?) of about 880 nm, are converted to blue photons, with a wavelength of ?/2, through the process of photon conversion. An imaging unit senses the blue photon return light, and uses the return light to generate an image of the fundus. The computer processes the image, and compares it to a template of healthy tissue to evaluate the health of the imaged tissue.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the retinal auto-fluorescence of a subject retina includes an excitation light source for providing an excitation light at a wavelength of at least 450 nm and an image capture device for recording an ocular auto-fluorescence signal generated in response to the excitation light. The image capture device includes a filter for reducing background non-signal wavelengths from the ocular auto-fluorescence signal and an image intensifier for increasing the ocular auto-fluorescence signal strength. The method and apparatus may further include a processor that analyzes the ocular auto-fluorescence signal to determine a contrast change or pattern to thereby detect retinal disease or damage. The processor may compare the images with control images, past images of the same eye or other diagnostic modalities such as fundus photography, angiography, or visual field testing to detect the retinal disease or damage.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus capable of easily checking opacity of a crystalline lens, and more appropriately evaluating a measurement result on eye refractive power distribution or wavefront aberration, which includes a measurement optical system for projecting measurement light onto a fundus of an examinee's eye and photo-receiving the measurement light reflected from the fundus so as to measure eye refractive power distribution or wavefront aberration, an illumination for an anterior segment, a first image-pickup optical system for picking up an image of the anterior segment, a projection optical system for projecting photographing light onto the fundus, a second image-pickup optical system for photo-receiving the photographing light so as to pick up a diaphanoscopic image, a monitor, a calculation part for obtaining a mapping image based on a result of the measurement, and a control part for displaying the mapping image and the diaphanoscopic image on one screen of the monitor.

Abstract: The biometric system disclosed herein comprises device for providing a pattern; the device having a source of light and a source for providing a pattern. The source of light is operative to illuminate an object with light. An imaging device is disposed at a different location from the source of light to capture an image from the object. The system further comprises a pattern comparison device; the pattern comparison device being operative to compare details of the pattern disposed upon the object and details of a reference pattern; the pattern comparison device rejecting the object if the pattern disposed upon the object does not match the reference pattern.

Abstract: The present solution is directed to the orientation of an eye for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, wherein the line of sight need not coincide with the optical axis of the examination apparatus or treatment apparatus. The invention includes a fixating light source for generating a positionable fixating mark, a device for coupling this fixating mark into a beam path of an ophthalmological apparatus whose imaging optics project the fixating mark on the eye to be examined and/or treated, and a control unit by which the image of the fixating mark can be displayed at different distances and angular positions with respect to the optical axis of the ophthalmological apparatus so that the eye to be examined and/or treated is oriented to this fixating mark by foveal focusing and occupies a defined position with respect to the optical axis of the ophthalmological apparatus.

Abstract: A device that projects light rays and beams onto the eye in a predetermined pattern or arrangement of patterns, wherein the light rays or beams scatter in the eye tissues and which images of scatter are captured by video scanning cameras. The images are transferred into digital information for processing, storage, display or retrieval by a processing device which also determines the location, and position of the scattered light in space and prepares a mathematical representation of the light representing the shape, thickness, and relationship of the tissues of the eye.

Abstract: An apparatus for viewing includes a screen. The apparatus includes means for detecting a fixation point of a viewer's eyes on an image on the screen. The apparatus includes means for displaying a foveal inset image on the image on the screen about the fixation point so a viewer's fovea sees the foveal image while the rest of the eye sees the image. A method for viewing. The method includes the steps of detecting a fixation point of a viewer's eyes on an image on a screen. There is the step of displaying a foveal inset image on the image on the screen about the fixation point so the viewers fovea sees the foveal image while the rest of the eye sees the image.

Abstract: Methods and systems for modifying or enhancing vision are described. In exemplary embodiments, neural or neuromuscular activity is analyzed to determine a focus or other quality of a visual input, and the focus or quality information used as a basis for controlling an adjustable lens system or optical system.

Abstract: A device and method for measuring and correcting eye aberrations integrate wavefront sensing, wavefront aberration correction and optometric testing into one another and configure the optical paths of wavefront sensing and optometric testing as aplanatic structures, such that under optometric testing conditions both wavefront sensing and aberration correction can be performed simultaneously, and final optometric testing is conducted on wavefront aberration-corrected optometric parameters to verify if the wavefront aberration-corrected optometric parameters fall within normal visual range, thus ensuring the accuracy and high repetition of the measured optometric parameters.

Abstract: A sighting device for an examination by in vivo tomography of an eye of a subject including a viewer controlled by a control system for displaying at least one moving target where the at least one moving target has at least one of a programmable shape and a programmable trajectory, and is visible by the eye of the subject during the examination period to allow the subject to fixate and follow the target with their eye.