Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus for use by an examiner in examining an examinee's eye includes an optical system for examining the examinee's eye, an observing optical path for observing the examinee's eye directly in binocular vision, a beam splitter disposed in the observing optical path, and a mark forming device for forming an aiming mark at a position conjugate to a predetermined portion of the anterior part of the eye, the light of the aiming mark being reflected by the light splitting member into the eyes of the examiner, wherein the positional relationship along the observing optical path between the anterior part of the examinee's eye and the aiming mark is perceived through the examiner's eyes and the suitability of the working distance of the apparatus can be judged.

Abstract: An eye refraction measuring apparatus for ophtalmology can separate a projected light beam from a reflected light beam from an eye fundus without using a special optical member such as an apertured-mirror. As a result, the constitution of the apparatus can be simplified and miniturized, a the measurable and measurement precision can be the improved, distribution of refractivity of a pupil in radial directions can be measured, and a small pupil and a cloudy eye can be easily measured.

Abstract: An ophthalmic instrument, in the nature of a pachymeter or densitometer, and which is used for ascertaining the thickness and relative optical density of the cornea of the eye on a real time basis. The instrument comprises a television camera and a multiple Scheimpflug corrected slit projector and an associated processing and display system. A number of digitally encoded television images of the optical section of the cornea are subjected to digital analysis. A density map may be constructed from the data derived in the digital analysis and produced for display either by a printer or display member. The display may be a three-dimensional plot of the frontal surface shape, local thickness, posterior surface contour and optical density of the cornea. A method of using the ophthalmic instrument and of making ophthalmic determinations is also disclosed.

Abstract: An ophthalmic pachymeter which is highly effective in aiding in the determination of thickness and the optical density of the cornea of an eye on a real-time basis. The pachymeter therefore lends itself to effective employment in aiding in radial keratotomy and other surgical procedures with respect to the eye. The ophthalmic pachymeter of the invention has three major subsystems which include a television camera, a multiple slit projector and an associated processing and display system. In a broad form, the invention comprises illuminating a selected portion of the cornea, moving a slit across the cornea and generating Tyndall image ray paths for enabling analysis of the optical density of the cornea and the thickness of the cornea. This is accomplished through a series of digitally-encoded television images of the optical section of the cornea produced by a multiple slit projector and which images are then subjected to digital analysis.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing visual acuity, or clearness of vision, particularly when there is impaired refracting medium in an eye, includes a lamp (1) and a pin-hole diaphragm (4) arranged in a light-beam path downstream of the lamp with a single diffraction grating (6), being provided in the light-beam path downstream of the pin-hole diaphragm.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic apparatus for repeated optical or photometric examination of the fundus or another portion of a patient's eye has an illuminating unit with a light source for a microscope. The optical axis of the microscope can be repeatedly moved to one and the same position relative to a beam of radiation issuing from the center of curvature of the external surface of the cornea in a patient's eye with assistance from a positive field lens which is adjustable with the microscope and acts not unlike an ophthalmoscopic lens for indirect ophthalmoscopy. The lens projects for the microscope a real intermediate image of the selected portion of a patient's eye in an intermediate plane adjacent that focal point of the lens which is remote from the patient's eye. An illuminated or radiation emitting marker is provided at that side of the intermediate plane which faces away from the lens and close to the optical axis of the microscope.

Abstract: The invention is a system and method of measuring the shape of a surface. The corneal topographer specifically shown comprises a transparent rigid reference member having a reference surface of a predetermined shape, a conformable substance capable of assuming the conformation of surfaces being pressed against, a light source for irradiating the conformable substance pressed between the reference surface and the corneal surface, and a detection system for detecting light propagating from the reference member and carrying information about the thickness. Two specific designs are shown, both based on differential topography. The first design uses a fluorescent conformable substance which fills the space between the reference surface and the corneal surface. The local intensity of fluorescent radiation detected by the detection system is correlated to the local thickness of the fluorescent conformable substance.

Abstract: An apparatus for obtaining images of cornea endothelium including an illumination system for illuminating through a slit an eyeball surface of a subject eye, a magnification-imaging optical system for forming a magnified image of a subject part based on the slit illumination light, focusing-detection use receiving optics for receiving the cornea endothelium reflected light and cornea epithelium reflected light of the slit via at least an objective lens when a cornea endothelium image is formed on an imaging surface of the magnification-imaging optical system in a focused state and a mechanism for moving the apparatus body in a direction of the subject so that the apparatus body is brought to a cornea endothelium focused position.

Abstract: This invention relates to an eye fundus photographing apparatus for photographing the fundus of an eye to be examined. The eye fundus photographing apparatus has an optical system for illuminating the fundus of the eye to be examined and also causing the illuminated fundus of the eye to be examined to be photographed at different photographing magnifications. Also provided is an operating mechanism for changing the photographing magnification. The photographing magnification is changed by the operating mechanism being operated in a predetermined manner. In addition, an interlocking device is provided for varying a portion of the optical system without changing the photographing magnification, by the operation of the operating mechanism succeeding to the operation of the operating mechanism for changing the photographing magnification by the optical system.

Abstract: Techniques and retinoscopic apparatus for measuring or determining a patient's optical error are disclosed. The techniques include overrefraction and can be performed from a fixed position, avoiding the practitioner's need to move back and forth relative to the patient's eye. Equipment associated with the apparatus is adapted to record the location of the retinoscope slide (relative to its upper or lower position) during the examination to provide information concerning the optical error present in the patient's eye.

Abstract: A compact, low-cost apparatus for measuring the refractive index of an eye utilizes a chopper which forms and scans two orthogonal fringes. In a light-receiving unit, at least three light-receiving elements are arranged not to be aligned in a line. With these light-receiving elements, time differences when the fringes pass light-receiving elements in each of two pairs are measured. A control & arithmetic unit calculates the spherical power, the cylindrical power, and the cylindrical axis degree by performing predetermined calculations using the measurement data. The apparatus requires no image rotator, and hence, a compact, low-cost apparatus can be realized. Also, the measurement time can be shortened.

Abstract: A slit lamp microscope is of the type having an illumination optical system for illuminating the eye to be examined, an observation optical system for observing the illuminated eye to be examined and a photographing unit. The slit lamp microscope comprises exposure control unit for controlling exposure at the time of photographing, a photographing conditions designation arrangement for designating at the time of photographing at least the designation of a part to the eye to be photographed and conditions regarding system of photographing, and an optimal exposure calculation unit for calculating an optimal exposure in accordance with the designated photographing conditions. The exposure control apparatus controls the exposure in accordance with the value of exposure calculated by the optimal exposure calculation unit when the photographing conditions are designated by the photographing conditions designation means.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an eye examining apparatus used in ophthalmic clinics. In an eye refractometer provided with a light beam separating member for separating an eye fundus illuminating light beam and an imaging light beam through an objective lens in a position conjugate with the pupil of an eye to be examined, an eye refraction measuring light beam is projected to the fundus of the eye to be examined through an optical passage dividing member arranged between the aforesaid objective lens and the aforesaid light beam separating member in order to obtain the refractive value of the eye to be examined by receiving the aforesaid measuring light beam including at least three meridians using a photoelectric sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus for photographing an endothelium of a cornea comprising an apparatus optical system including an anterior portion observing optical system for observing the anterior portion of an eye to be tested, an illumination optical system for illuminating the cornea of the eye, and an observing or photographing optical system for observing or photographing the endothelium of the cornea by receiving the light reflected on the endothelium of the cornea which is illuminated by the illumination optical system, the apparatus optical system being provided with a fixation mark light projecting system capable of changing a position where a fixation mark is presented, in order to change a direction in which the eye is fixedly gazed.

Abstract: A magnifying binocular ophthalmoscope that employs a telecentric ocular lens in front of a viewing mirror assembly in order to provide parallel light rays from the lens to the viewing mirror assembly and from there to two direction changing mirrors that direct the light to the viewer's eyes. Also disclosed is the use of prisms between an objective lens and an ocular lens, the prisms redirecting the optical paths from the viewing mirror assembly and causing the optical path to cross its path within the prism so as to increase the length of the path and invert the image vertically and horizontally. Also disclosed is an assembly for illuminating and directing light that includes first and second stages that are movable along a viewing direction and carry respective first and second mirrors, the second stage being mounted for both movement with the first stage and movement relative to the first stage.

Abstract: Ophthalmic photographing apparatus for photographing an anterior part of examinee's eye provides an alignment optical system including a reflection image forming device for forming an image reflected on the cornea of the examinee's eye, an observation optical system for observing image of the anterior part of the examinee's eye, comprising an alignment reticle, and a photographing optical system for photographing the anterior part of the examinee's eye. The picture image data of the anterior part of the eye photographed with the photographing optical system is memorized by a picture image data memory, and an alignment deviation is detected by operating the memorized picture image signal to detect a designated part and by finding a dislocation distance of the designated part from a reference position, and an analyzing position of the image is corrected on the basis of the alignment deviation and the picture image of the anterior eye is analyzed.

Abstract: Ophthalmic photographing an image of an eye to be examined comprises: frame memory for memorizing the image data of the photographed eye, light detecting device for detecting an amount of the light emitted from a light source for photographing, correcting device for correcting a density of the image data memorized in the frame memory by comparing the amount of the light detected by the light detecting device with predetermined amount of reference light. Therefore the ophthalmic photographing apparatus can display the image having a constant density, even though the amount of the light emitted from the light source for photographing changes.

Abstract: In a slit lamp microscope, changeover can be selectively made between conventional slit lamp microscopy and confocal perforated disk microscopy. In slit lamp operation, the microscope is constructed as a stereo microscope. The Nipkow perforated disk required for the confocal perforated disk microscopy is arranged in an indirect beam path. Alternatively, the Nipkow disk can be arranged on a pivotable support element and can be pivoted into the beam path in the vicinity of an intermediate image plane. For confocal perforated disk microscopy, an additional illumination device is provided that is reflected into the beam path between the Nipkow disk and the oculars. The insertion of the Nipkow disk or the switching of the beam paths takes place such that the focal plane of the objective is constant. A changeover is made from conventional slit lamp microscopy to confocal perforated disk microscopy without refocusing. A direct comparison of the images observed with the two procedures is therefore possible.

Abstract: An optical ophthalmic treatment apparatus comprises: a slit illuminating light beam projecting optical system having a reflecting member for reflecting a narrow illuminating light beam toward a patient's eye to illuminate the patient's eye; a stereomicroscopic observation optical system for observing the patient's eye; a first therapeutic light beam projecting optical system for introducing a first therapeutic light beam through a position on the side of an operator with respect to the reflecting member into the stereomicroscopic observation optical system; a light path deflecting optical element capable of being inserted in and retracted from a plane including the light paths of the stereomicroscopic observation optical system, of transmitting at least part of the narrow illuminating light beam and of reflecting a second therapeutic light beam; and a second therapeutic light beam projecting optical system for projecting the second therapeutic light beam which is reflected toward the patient's eye by the ligh

Abstract: A stereoscopic retinal camera capable of photographing the stereoscopic picture of the fundus by dividing a light beam reflected by the fundus into two light beams and transmitting the two light beam respectively along the light paths of separate image forming optical systems, the stereoscopic retinal camera comprising photographing diaphragms having two apertures for dividing the light beam reflected by the fundus, disposed in a conjugate relation with respect to the pupil of the examinee's eye through an objective lens so that a photographing image of the fundus of the eye may appear stereoscopic properly based on a stereobase determined on the pupil, the respective apertures of photographing diaphragms having a longer vertical length than a width.

Abstract: An opthalmic microscope is provided having a variable shutter illumination system which decreases the amount of light from the light source passing through the shutter to the field of view. When a patient's eye is positioned within the field of view, the variable shutter acts to decrease the exposure time the illumination beam contacts a patient's retina. In a first embodiment, the variable shutter includes a rotating disk having at least one controllable operative where such disk is placed between the illumination source and the field of view of the microscope. In another embodiment, the variable shutter is provided by an electronically controlled liquid crystal shutter which is operable between a fully open position allowing substantially all of the light beam to pass therethrough to a fully closed position totally blocking the transmission of light through the shutter.

Abstract: An ophthalmic measuring apparatus for easily determining whether an ametropia of an eye to be tested is caused by an abnormality in the length of the ocular axis or an abnormality in the lens or the cornea of the eye, includes a first light source, a first detector, and an ocular refractivity measuring unit for optically measuring the ocular refractivity of the eye. The apparatus further includes a second light source different from the first light source, the second detector different from the first detector, an ocular-axis-length measuring unit for optically measuring the length of the ocular axis of the eye, and a determination unit for determining the characteristics of the ametropia of the eye from the result of the measurement by the ocular refractivity measuring unit and the result of the measurement by the ocular-axis-length measuring unit.

Abstract: A stereomicroscope has an objective lens facing an eye, and the first and the second observing optical systems for three-dimensionally observing the eye through the objective lens. The stereomicroscope also has the first and the second illuminating systems for illuminating the eye around the optical axes of the first and second observing optical systems.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus has a diopter adjustment which adjusts the diopter of a target presented to an eye under test based on measurement of the refractive index of a lens put on the eye under test so that the diopter of the target matches the diopter of the eye under test.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an ophthalmoscope and especially a confocal raster ophthalmoscope wherein the scanning unit can be imaged on the pupil of the eye with different imaging scales. The switchover between the imaging scales is realized by a displacement of a spherical concave mirror of the ophthalmoscope. The astigmatism of the concave mirror is changed because of the changed imaging scale and is compensated in that the displacement of the concave mirror has a displacement component perpendicular to the main axis of this mirror.

Abstract: In an ophthalmologic apparatus comprises an illumination optical system for directing illumination light onto a prescribed point of an eye under examination, and an observation optical system for observing an image of the prescribed point of the eye under examination formed through an object lens. The object lens is movably supported along its optical axis between a first position at which the image point falls at its object point and a second position at which the prescribed point of the eye under examination falls at its image point. As a result, there is a change in the conjugate relationship so that a sharply focused image can be observed when the object lens is at either position thereby making it possible to observe sharply focused images of different magnifications simply by moving the object lens.

Abstract: A stereo eye fundus camera has an illuminating optical system for illuminating the fundus of an eye to be tested through an objective lens, and a taking optical system for taking the eye fundus through the objective lens. The feature of the stereo eye fundus camera is that it has a mark projecting optical system for projecting at least three marks on the eye fundus such that the three marks are not on the same straight line.

Abstract: This application discloses a laser apparatus including a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope for irradiating a treatment laser beam on an eye to be treated comprising, an optical fiber for guiding the treatment laser beam to the binocular indirect ophthalmoscope, an optical element, which reflects the treatment laser beam while penetrates a pair of observation beams of the binocular indirect ophthalmoscope is provided in the object side of an ophthalmoscope lens, an optical system which directs the treatment laser beam to said optical element so that the axis of the treatment laser beam coincides with the substantial center of said pair of observation beam axes, whereby the power of the treatment laser beam becomes stable owing to above constitution.

Abstract: An eyeball microscope used for observing or photographing epitherial and endothelial cells and likes of a cornea, which is provided with an illuminating optical system for projecting an illuminating light beam onto an object, an observing optical system for observing or photographing an imaging light beam from the object and parallel slits moving across the optical paths of both optical systems, and arranged to scan the object with optical images of certain slits and, at the same time, to lead the imaging beam from the object through the same number of separate slits into the observing optical system, thereby shutting off all unwanted reflecting beams other than the imaging beam.

Abstract: An ocular refractivity measuring apparatus includes a light receiving optical system, an illuminating optical system, an imaging device and a calculator. The light receiving optical system includes a light dividing member and an obturating plate. The obturating plate has a linear edge so as to obturate part of an opening of the light receiving optical system. The light dividing member is closer to a fundus of an eye to be measured in an optical path than the obturating plate. The illuminating optical system has a light source for projecting light in a direction perpendicular to the linear edge of the obturating plate, to the light dividing member so as to illuminate the fundus of the eye via the light dividing member.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic apparatus equipped with a projection optical system for projecting a laser beam spot image onto a prescribed point of an eye under examination has a zoom lens provided in the projection optical system for enabling the diameter of the projected spot image to be varied and some of the lenses of the zoom lens are made movable for enabling projection of a blurred spot image.

Abstract: An illuminating optical device includes a light source including two light emitting points which are symmetric with respect to an optical axis of the illuminating optical device, a first concave reflection mirror plane arranged behind the light source and symmetrically to the optical axis in order to form an image of the light source at a predetermined position of an illuminated area, and a second concave reflection mirror plane arranged more closely to the illuminated area than the first concave reflection plane and symmetrically to the optical axis in order to direct the light beam to the light emitting points of the light source.

Abstract: A binocular stereoscopic viewing device for examining an eye having a light source and a first light guide for directing light from the light source to the eye to be illuminated. A second light guide redirects light representing the stereoscopic image of the eye. A support mechanism supports both the first light guide and second light guide and is operable for moving in directions towards and away from the eye. A tilting mechanism repositions the first light guide relative to the second light guide for varying the angle at which light from the light source is directed by the first light guide toward the eye to be illuminated.

Abstract: An optical device comprising a lens and an adjustable lens holder which is adapted to be positioned on an existing slit lamp biomicroscope such that the lens may be selectively positioned in the path of the illuminating light beam from the slit lamp light source. In one embodiment of the invention, the adjustable holder is designed to be rotatably positioned in association with the slit lamp light illumination apparatus and in relation to the projecting or objective lens of the slit lamp illumination system. The lens holder is designed to pass a narrowed zone on support structures associated with the light illumination apparatus and to frictionally engage a portion of the support structure while allowing rotation of the lens into and out of the path of the illuminating light beam.

Abstract: The ocular refracting power measuring system according to the present invention comprises a projector system having a measuring light source emitting light beam rotatable around optical axis and for projecting an image of light source of the measuring light source on retina of an eye to be tested, a light receiving system having a light blocking member for blocking a part of light beam reflected from retina of the eye to be tested by a circular edge and for conducting the light beam reflected from retina of the eye to be tested onto a photodetector placed at a position approximately conjugate with a pupil of the eye to be tested through said light blocking member, and a controller for calculating ocular refracting power based on the distribution of light amount on a meridian line on said photodetector corresponding to arbitrary position of the measuring light source and for calculating the astigmatic condition based on the ocular refracting power on a plurality of meridian lines.

Abstract: An ophthalmic measurement apparatus projects a laser beam into an eye and performs measurements using the light scattered by floating cells in the eye. The aperture area of the mask that defines the field of measurement view is adjusted to correspond to measurement conditions in the eye. A system processor determines the number of floating cells based on signals from a photosensor disposed behind the mask aperture and corrects the cell count according to a predetermined formula. The aperture area of the mask is changed depending on the counted number of floating cells in such a manner that the size of the mask aperture is decreased when there are many cells in the eye and increased when there are few cells in the eye.

Abstract: A pupil function analyzer has three major subsystem; an electro-optical system, an electronic interface system and a computer/software system. The electro-optical system can, in turn, be described in terms of three subsystems; one that delivers controlled lights to the patient's eyes, another that forms images of the two pupils on a video camera, and a third that moves the optics to maintain alignment with the patient's eyes. The electronic interface system converts signals from the video camera into digital signals to be read by the computer and also responds to the computer to move motors for the maintenance of optical alignment and also operates the light stimuli. The computer/software saves and analyzes the signals sent by the electronic interface, controls the alignment motors, and provides an operator interface, so that the operator can select tests and examine the results.

Abstract: A split lamp apparatus includes a peripheral lighting arrangement (3) which can rotate about a vertical axis (5, 6) independently of other parts (1, 2) of the apparatus. In this way, the spot of light from the auxiliary lighting is always located in the focal plane of the slit lamp device (2) and of a stereomicroscope (1). The peripheral lighting arrangement can also be replaced by a laser light source.

Abstract: Oblique illumination system is provided for use with an ophthalmic microscope having a direct illumination system. The apparatus includes a first light deflector for deflecting light in the direct illumination axis transversely along a transverse axis. A first support movably connects the first light deflector to enable it to be shifted into and out of the direct illumination axis; a second light deflector redirects the light in the transverse axis along an oblique axis which intersects the microscope axis at the focal plane. The first light deflector can be alternatively shifted to vary the microscope between the direct and indirect illumination modes to minimize the duration of the exposure of the eye macula to the illumination system during a surgical procedure. A method for converting a conventional direct illumination operating microscope for use as an indirect illumination microscope is also provided.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic apparatus can measure the eye axis length of an eye to be examined and other information of the eye to be examined (for example, the cornea refractive power). In the case of the measurement of the eye axis length, when moving a detecting terminal itself by driving means, the driving means is controlled so as to slow down the speed of movement of the detecting terminal when the detecting terminal comes near the cornea of the eye to be examined.

Abstract: An ophthalmic measuring apparatus in which a laser beam is projected at a selected spot in the eye and light scattered therefrom is received and processed for ophthalmic measurement. The light scattered from the selected spot in the eye is received by a photoelectric converter comprised of a plurality of avalanche photodiodes or by a photomultiplier via a liquid crystal video module comprised of a plurality of liquid crystal elements. Signals from the avalanche photodiodes or liquid crystal elements disposed at surrounding portions are subtracted from signals from those at the central portion to remove a noise component based on the light scattered from the portions surrounding the selected spot in the eye.

Abstract: An ophthalmic measurement apparatus in which the interior of a patient's eye is irradiated with a laser beam and the light scattered from the eye is detected and processed to determine the protein concentration in the eye. The apparatus employs a single-objective binocular observation section and a total-reflection mirror which allow these measurements to be carried out without decreasing the amount of light impinging on the photodetector used to detect the scattered light or the amount of light used by an observation section, and the apparatus can also be used as a slit-lamp microscope.

Abstract: A slit illuminating apparatus in which slit illuminating light beams can be simply applied to an eye to be examined from different directions of application at a time or with lapse of time.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ophthalmological measurement apparatus in which a laser beam is directed into an eye under examination and a measurement value is output on the basis of the state of scattering of the laser beam within the eye. An alignment index projector is provided for forming an alignment index for use in judging alignment between the apparatus and the eye under examination, whose relative position is controlled to cause light scattering points produced at the eye by the laser beam and the light of the alignment index image to assume predetermined positions within the field of an observation. The apparatus can be used for measuring protein concentration in the anterior chamber of the eye or as a split lamp microscope and enables easy alignment between itself and the eye being examined.

Abstract: A device for directing a laser beam in the path of a beam from a slit lamp of a slit lamp apparatus to an eye to be treated or examined. The device includes a slit lamp apparatus having an optical axis along which light of the slit lamp is guided, an optical system for directing a laser beam from a side opposite to the slit lamp apparatus along the optical axis of the slit lamp apparatus, and a deflector for deflecting the laser beam and the light from the slit lamp apparatus by an angle of about 90 degrees so that the laser beam and the light of the slit lamp apparatus are coaxially directed to the eye to be treated or examined.

Abstract: A coupling mirror (13) for coupling in a laser beam (14) is located in the optical axis of a slit illumination (4,7). A pair of prisms (11) is provided between this coupling mirror 913) and the tube objective (9) of the illumination tube (1), this pair of prisms spliting the light beam of the slit illumination up into two partial beams (12) situated at the side of the coupling mirror (13). As well the slit illumination as the laser beam are focused in a place (16) in the eye by a front objective (15). This design allows the use of a conventional illumination tube which may be rotated together with the slit diaphragm (7) in order to change the direction of the slit image in the eye. For all angular positions of the slit diaphragm a good brightness of the slit illumination is hereby achieved.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting ophthalmic diseases such as an inflammation in a patient's eye which includes means for focusing a laser beam at a selected spot in the eye. The light scattered from the eye is photoelectrically detected and converted into an electrical signal which is subsequently used to determine the protein concentration essential to ophthalmic disease detection in the patient's eye. The laser beam is deflected vertically and horizontally. The electrical signal derived from the vertical scanning is compared with the other electrical signals from the horizontally shifted scanning of the laser beam to remove noises from the electrical signal.

Abstract: An instrument for imaging the vitreous of an eye wherein first and second windows in the iris plane accommodate a slit illumination or observation beam, and the two beams are synchronously scanned. Both beams pass through a common objective optical system, including an aspheric ophthalmic lens, and the observation beam is descanned by a mirror and spatially filtered by an observation slit conjugate to the slit which forms the illumination beam. Lateral position or width adjustment of a slit varies the axial extent or position of the focal region, to produce an image free of retinal reflection. Slit width may be increased to simulataneously image with good resolution and contrast all planes within a broad range of depths. In one binocular embodiment, the observation and illumination paths are alternately interchanged to produce a pair of stereo images formed along identical, but reversed, optical paths with a single set of optics.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting ophthalmic diseases such as an inflammation in a patient's eye which includes means for focusing a linearly polarized laser beam at a selected spot in the eye. The light scattered from the eye is photoelectrically detected and converted into an electrical signal which is subsequently used to determine the protein concentration essential to ophthalmic disease detection in the patient's eye. The laser beam of linear polarization projected on the spot to be measured only contains substantially the same linear polarization component as that contained in the light scattered from the patient's eye. In the apparatus, light adjusting and/or regulating means are provided to adjust the quantity of light impinging on a detector or the intensity of the laser beam produced from the laser source.

Abstract: An apparatus for examining for the presence of absence of opthalmic diseases in a patient's eye comprises a laser beam projector for projecting a laser beam at a selected spot in the patient's eye, an optical element disposed to receive light scattered by protein in the patient's eye, and a photoelectrical converter for photoelectrically converting the scattered light into an electrical signal. The laser beam projector and the optical element are arranged so that their optical axes cross substantially at right angles with each other. The optical element divides the scattered light into two parts, one part being directed to the photoelectrical converter and the other part being directed to observation equipment to enable an observer to view the selected spot in the patient's eye.