Abstract: Disclosed herein are light diffuser devices comprising a sphere having at least two openings, a track, a light source, a cart, and one or more plates, and their methods of use. Also, disclosed here are light diffuser systems comprising a light diffuser device and a portable infrared gas analyzer.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods for detecting agrochemicals in environments associated with agricultural equipment are described. Certain agrochemicals that are formulated for being detected using the systems, devices, and methods disclosed herein are also described. The devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein are generally configured to use spectral characteristics to detect agrochemicals in an environment associated with agricultural equipment. The spectral characteristics can be analyzed in various ways to provide different types of information about the agrochemicals and/or the environment.

Abstract: A method for driving a projection system and a projection system including a phase modulator and at least one amplitude modulator. The phase modulator is configured to generate a highlight image incident on the amplitude modulator, the projector system further includes at least one image sensor configured to receive at least a portion of an illumination pattern substantially equivalent to the illumination pattern incident on the amplitude modulator, and the image sensor is being used to provide feedback to the controller of the projection system to improve the highlights projected by the projection system.

Abstract: Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) has enabled telecommunication service providers to fully exploit the transmission capacity of optical fibers. State of the art systems in long-haul networks now have aggregated capacities of terabits per second. Moreover, by providing multiple independent multi-gigabit channels, WDM technologies offer service providers with a straight forward way to build networks and expand networks to support multiple clients with different requirements. In order to reduce costs, enhance network flexibility, reduce spares, and provide re-configurability many service providers have migrated away from fixed wavelength transmitters, receivers, and transceivers, to wavelength tunable transmitters, receivers, and transceivers as well as wavelength dependent add-drop multiplexer, space switches etc.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining one or more properties of a sample are disclosed. The systems and methods disclosed can be capable of measuring along multiple locations and can reimage and resolve multiple optical paths within the sample. The system can be configured with one-layer or two-layers of optics suitable for a compact system. The optics can be simplified to reduce the number and complexity of the coated optical surfaces, etalon effects, manufacturing tolerance stack-up problems, and interference-based spectroscopic errors. The size, number, and placement of the optics can enable multiple simultaneous or non-simultanous measurements at various locations across and within the sample. Moreover, the systems can be configured with an optical spacer window located between the sample and the optics, and methods to account for changes in optical paths due to inclusion of the optical spacer window are disclosed.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for multi-spectral imaging of tissue to obtain information about the distribution of fluorophores and chromophores in the tissue. Using specific spectral bands for illumination and specific spectral bands for detection, the signal-to-noise ratio and information related to the distribution of specific fluorophores is enhanced as compared to UV photography, which uses a single RGB image. Furthermore, the chromophore distribution information derived from the multi-spectral absorption images can be used to correct the fluorescence measurements. The combined fluorescence, absorption, and broadband reflectance data can be analyzed for disease diagnosis and skin feature detection.

Abstract: The inspection apparatus includes: a stage that retains the inspection sample; a light irradiator that irradiates the inspection sample with light having a predetermined wavelength to cause the inspection sample to emit a terahertz wave; a detector that detects electric field intensity of the terahertz wave emitted from the inspection sample; and a comparator that compares the electric field intensity of the terahertz wave emitted from the inspection sample to an evaluation reference value. The evaluation reference value is a value (for example, 90% of a saturation value) smaller than an absolute value of the saturation value of the electric field intensity of the terahertz wave, the terahertz wave being generated by irradiating a reference sample, which is a reference of the inspection sample, with the light while different voltages are applied to the reference sample.

Abstract: An optical device with a light source and a detector is provided. A digital micromirror device positioned between the detector and the light source may deflect light beams projected from the light source. An aperture in front of the detector may block an incoming light beam from the detector when the incoming light beam is incident on the detector outside of a passable incident range and including an aperture opening configured to pass the incoming light beam to the detector when the incoming light beam is incident on the detector within a passable incident range. The digital micromirror device may rotate between a first position causing the light beam to pass through the aperture opening and a second position causing the light beam to be blocked by the aperture. The optical device may be configured to operate as a shutter, chopper, modulator and/or deflector.

Abstract: A miniature spectrometer and a miniature spectrometer module employing the same are disclosed. The disclosed miniature spectrometer includes: a band-pass filter which is configured to transmit input light in a surface plasmon mode and which has an array of waveguides which are configured to output a plurality of different transmission wavelength bands; an in-coupler configured to couple the transmitted input light to a first end of the array of waveguides; and an array of optical detectors configured to detect respective lights which are output from a second end of the array of waveguides.

Abstract: An optical device may include: an optical module disposed in a beam delivery path of a laser beam; a beam adjusting unit disposed in the beam delivery path for adjusting the beam delivery path of the laser beam; a measuring unit disposed in the beam delivery path for detecting the beam delivery path; and a control unit for controlling the beam adjusting unit based on a detection result of the beam delivery path of the laser beam detected by the measuring unit.

Abstract: A hyperspectral imaging system and a method are described herein for providing a hyperspectral image of an area of a remote object (e.g., scene of interest). In one aspect, the hyperspectral imaging system includes at least one optic, a rotatable disk (which has at least one spiral slit formed therein), a spectrometer, a two-dimensional image sensor, and a controller. In another aspect, the hyperspectral imaging system includes at least one optic, a rotatable disk (which has multiple straight slits formed therein), a spectrometer, a two-dimensional image sensor, and a controller. In yet another aspect, the hyperspectral imaging system includes at least one optic, a rotatable drum (which has a plurality of slits formed on the outer surface thereof and a fold mirror located therein), a spectrometer, a two-dimensional image sensor, and a controller.

Abstract: An analysis device for analyzing components contained in an object includes a light emitting unit that irradiates the object with light, a transmissive spectral filter, a light detector including a plurality of light receiving elements, an analysis unit. The spectral filter includes a substrate having light transmissivity and being disposed on a light path of the light after being reflected by the object or the light after passing through the object, a plurality of raised portions formed with a metal material on one surface of the substrate, and a metal oxide film including a metal oxide material having a higher refractive index than the metal material, so as to cover the plurality of raised portions and the one surface of the substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a laser radar device including a modulated light beam generator that emits light beams to a target, a photodetector that receives reflected light; a reflected light condenser that condenses the reflected light; a rotator that rotates around a rotation axis; and mirrors included in the rotator that scan the light beams, and guide the reflected light to the reflected light condenser, wherein an angular detection range in a vertical direction is divided into a plurality of layers, wherein mirror surfaces of the mirrors are tilted by corresponding tilt angles relative to the rotation axis, the tilt angles being different from each other, wherein the modulated light beam generator emits the light beams in the vertical direction, the light beams having different emission angles, and wherein a difference between the emission angles corresponds to the angular detection range of one layer in the vertical direction.

Abstract: A scatterometry tool including an illumination source for directing a light beam into a first optical beam shaping and positioning element at an illumination pupil plane of the tool where the light beam is modulated and directed to an objective lens system having a high numerical aperture. The objective receiving the modulated light beam and directing it onto a target to generate a scattering signal. The objective lens collects the scattering signal and directs it to a second optical beam shaping and positioning element at a collection pupil plane where the signal is modulated and then directed to detectors for receiving and processing the signal to determine surface characteristics of the target.

Abstract: A method for assessing an interaction of a sample with light beams having different wavelengths, the method comprising: generating a light beam having a wavelength and being intensity modulated according to a modulation function to create an intensity modulation in the light beam; irradiating the sample with the light beam; detecting a response light from the sample, the response light being released by the sample when the sample is irradiated with the light beam, the response light having intensity fluctuations caused by the intensity modulation; using the intensity fluctuations in the response light to identify the modulation function and associate the wavelength and the response light to each other; assessing the interaction of the sample with the light beam using the response light; stopping irradiating the sample with the light beam and performing the previous step with at least one other light beam having a different wavelength.

Abstract: The invention relates to a spectrophotometer for the automated optical characterization of solar collector tubes and to a method for the operation thereof, that measures the coefficient of transmission of the glass tube and of reflection of the metal tube. The device includes all the necessary components for taking said measurement, such as the optical bench supporting the tube, the standard or framework, and the optical modules for the device, a main module that generates the light bundles, a measuring module that measures the coefficient of transmission of the outer glass tube and the coefficient of reflection of the inner metal tube, a mechanical system of tube rotation, an electronic system of data acquisition and processing, an external computer for controlling the device and processing the data measured, and a system of communication between the device and the computer.

Abstract: A spectral measurement device includes: an optical band-pass filter section that has first to n-th wavelengths (n is an integer of 2 or more) having a predetermined wavelength width as a spectral band thereof; a correction operation section that corrects a reception signal based on an output optical signal from the optical band-pass filter section; and a signal processing section that executes predetermined signal processing based on the reception signal corrected by the correction operation section that corrects the reception signal based on the change in the spectral distribution of the reception signal.

Abstract: A method for characterizing an electric signal (10), includes the propagation of a first light beam (18) through an electro-optical medium (17) in a first propagation direction, wherein at least one optical property of the medium changes when it is submitted to an electrical field, and the propagation of a second light beam (19) through the electro-optical medium in a second propagation direction different from the first direction. For each light beam, a measurement of a variation in an optical property of the light beam (18; 19) due to the propagation of the beam in the medium (17) is used for determining the propagation direction (20) of an electric signal (10) submitting the medium to an electrical field. A device for implementing the method, and an electro-optical probe implemented in the device are also disclosed. Applicability: electro-optical sampling of a component, characterization of electric pulses in guided structures.

Abstract: A method and systems for calibrating a document scanner are provided. The scanner calibration method includes providing a geometrically operative black absorption device having a structural geometry that is capable of receiving light and limiting propagation of the received light, where the black calibration target has a total light reflectance of less than one percent. The method further includes powering on a light source of a document scanner to provide light toward the black absorption device, where the light source generates a noise signal when providing the light. The method further includes detecting, by a sensor of the document scanner, light reflected from the black absorption device and generating calibration signals based on the reflected light and the noise signal.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an optical source providing an optical beam; a splitter configured to split the optical beam into a sample beam and a reference beam; a sample path containing a sample material to be analyzed, the sample beam being directed through the sample path so as to interact with the sample material; a reference path containing a reference material, the reference beam being directed through the reference path so as to interact with the reference material; a disperser configured to receive the sample beam after it exits the sample path and to receive the reference beam after it exits the reference path, the disperser outputting a dispersed sample beam and a dispersed reference beam; and a photodetector disposed to receive the dispersed sample beam and the dispersed reference beam and outputting electrical signals comprised of data indicative of a spectra of the sample beam after it exits the sample path and a spectra of the reference beam after it exits the reference path.

Abstract: An object is to enable a change in a frequency for which an electric signal based on an optical signal is measured by a spectrum analyzer. An optical measurement device includes a first photoconductive switch that receives predetermined pulse light from a first laser light source, and outputs terahertz light having the same repetition frequency as the repetition frequency of the predetermined pulse light. The optical measurement device also includes a second photoconductive switch that receives the terahertz light and a sampling light pulse, and outputs a signal corresponding to a power of the terahertz light at a time point when the sampling light pulse is received.

Abstract: A novel monolithic geared optical reflector apparatus which is configured from a gear blank machined to have an integral shaft and integral reflective surface with desired optical properties is introduced herein. Such a rotating mirror device is beneficially capable of being configured into any optical instrument, such as, but not limited to a spectrophotometer, wherein the reflector is adapted to accurately point to a plurality of locations within or out of the system via gear to gear rotation.

Abstract: A photosensor device with dark current cancellation is disclosed. The photosensor device comprises a first and second photosensors, a first and second current replication circuits and a digital signal generator. The first photosensor has a first dark current but does not receive any photo signal. The second photosensor has a second dark current and receives a photo signal to generate photocurrent according to the photo signal. The first current replication circuit generates a replicated current according to the first dark current and injects the replicated current into the second photosensor for cancelling the second dark current from the second photosensor. The second photosensor is coupled to the second current replication circuit which generates charge and discharge currents according to the photocurrent of the second photosensor.

Abstract: The present invention has been accomplished to provide an atomic absorption spectrophotometer capable of obtaining measurement data always in the state where the lowest detection limit performance is optimized, without depending on the frequency of the power supply. In a control program which runs on the microcomputer chip 42 mounted on the atomic absorption spectrophotometer 110, a plurality of lighting periods of the light sources 11 and 12 and extraction periods of the sampling data are memorized, whose lowest detection limit performance are optimized for the frequencies (50 Hz and 60 Hz) of the AC power source for driving the AC motor 22.

Abstract: Novel methods and laser spectroscopic systems for accurately measuring the concentration of compounds are disclosed herein. The disclosed methods utilize a modulation cancellation technique resulting in a significantly increase in the sensitivity and accuracy of laser spectroscopic measurements. In general, the methods and systems utilize modulation phase-shifting and amplitude attenuation to cancel the signals detected from at least two modulated light beams. Thus, any signal detected will be directly proportional to the concentration measurement.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for coherent multi-dimensional optical spectroscopy employs a beam splitter for splitting a base light pulse into at least first to fourth light pulses, three of which are suitable for interaction with a sample, lens system focuses the first to fourth light pulses at a sample site, and an optical delay varies the arrival times of the first to fourth light pulses at the sample. A detector detects an interference signal. The beam splitter is a non-diffractive optical element. The light pulses, at least along part of their light paths, are guided pairwisely such that changes in the optical path length due to vibration of the beam splitter or due to the delay element are identical for each pair of pulses, where the pulse pairs compensate for any change in the interference signal due to a change of the arrival times of the pair of pulses.

Abstract: A method for reducing fringe interference of light created in a passive cavity defined by partially reflecting optical surfaces in a laser spectroscopy system, wherein the optical path length of the cavity is varied with a triangular back-and-forth movement (x). In accordance with the invention, the spectroscopic measurement is performed in successive measurement cycles with a time interval between each two successive measurement cycles, the triangular movement is performed such that the turning points of the triangular movement (x) are positioned in successive ones of the time intervals, and after each or at each n-th measurement cycle, the time position of the turning points is moved relative to the measurement cycle.

Abstract: A fluorescence microscope 11 includes an objective lens 101, a dichroic mirror 102, a half mirror 105, a mirror 106, a laser light source 111, an ND filter 112, a beam expander 113, a mirror 114, a spatial light modulator 115, a lens 131, a band pass filter 132, a spatial light modulator 133, and a detector, etc. The spatial light modulator 115 can vary its spatial light modulation, and can set the number, positions, and shapes of regions to be irradiated with excitation light in the determined specimen 1 by irradiating the determined specimen 1 with spatially modulated excitation light via the subsequent optical system.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for downhole formation testing using a spectrometer includes a carrier conveyable into a well borehole that traverses a subterranean formation of interest, a plurality of semiconductor light sources disposed on the carrier, a fluid sample cell that receives light emitted from the plurality of semiconductor light sources, and at least one photodetector that detects light emitted from the plurality of semiconductor light sources and after the light interacts with a fluid in the fluid sample cell.

Abstract: A spectrum sensing method includes (a) receiving an incident radiation simultaneously through a filter array composed of multiple bandpass filters, (b) digitizing spectral responses of the filter array, and (c) generating an estimate of spectral profile of the incident radiation based on digitized spectral responses of the filter array.

Abstract: Novel methods and laser spectroscopic systems for accurately measuring the concentration of compounds are disclosed herein. The disclosed methods utilize a modulation cancellation technique resulting in a significantly increase in the sensitivity and accuracy of laser spectroscopic measurements. In general, the methods and systems utilize modulation phase-shifting and amplitude attenuation to cancel the signals detected from at least two modulated light beams. Thus, any signal detected will be directly proportional to the concentration measurement.

Abstract: A measuring device has a sensor for registering at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of at least one ingredient, at least one property, and both, of a material being investigated by the sensor, the sensor including at least one illumination source which directs at least one light beam toward the material to be investigated, at least one reference object for calibrating the measuring device, and an illumination source configured so that a portion of a light beam from the illumination source is redirected toward the reference object.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical sensing device including a source unit providing a beam of light with continuously modulated phase retardation between p- and s-polarization components of the light by employing a LCM; a reference unit receiving a first part of the light to provide a reference signal; a SPR sensing unit receiving a second part of the light to induce a phase retardation change between the p- and s-polarization components due to SPR associated with a sample; a probe unit receiving the light after SPR to provide a probe signal; and a detection unit connected to the reference unit and the probe unit to detect characteristics of the sample by comparing the reference signal with the probe signal. By using active phase modulation technologies and differential phase measurement, it is possible to fulfill chemical and biological detection.

Abstract: A high-resolution high-speed terahertz spectrometry for measuring a terahertz frequency spectrum at high speed with a laser mode-locking frequency which is the theoretical limitation frequency resolution of the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The mode-locking frequencies of two femtosecond laser light sources are controlled so that they are stabilized at high degree and the difference between the mode-locking frequencies is constant. The output of the laser light sources are used as a pumping light for generating terahertz pulses and a probe pulse light for terahertz detection. Since the time delay timings of the terahertz pulses and the probe pulse light the pulse periods of which are slightly different from each other shift from each other and the difference increases. Therefore, the temporally expanded terahertz pulses are measured by high-speed sampling without using any mechanical stage for time delay scanning.

Abstract: A scanning optical microscope including: a light source; a lens for altering the cross-sectional shape aspect ratio of a beam of light emitted from the light source; at least one lens for converging beams of light of different cross-sectional shape aspect ratio to create a linear light; a first light modulation member able to impart shade to the converged linear light; a lens that can form the light to which the shade has been imparted as a parallel light; a scanning member that can alter the angle of illumination; a lens for focusing the light to which the shade has been imparted; an objective lens for projecting the light to which the shading has been imparted to a sample body; and a lens for imaging the reflected light from the sample body or the light generated by the sample body on to a sensor.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for analyzing radiation using analyzers and encoders employing the spatial modulation of radiation dispersed by wavelength or imaged along a line.

Abstract: A light processor (such as a spectrometer) providing wavelength equalization for a sample pathway and a reference pathway by actuation of a light amplitude modulator. A chemometric processor including a light amplitude modulator capable of performing chemical analysis by applying weights to wavelengths of light, thereby reducing the need for electronic post processing.

Abstract: A digital signal gating method and apparatus of a preprocessor in a detection system wherein the detection system includes a central processing unit, a main memory and a receiver, whereby the apparatus and method bifurcate received digital signals, delays them along a first path while subjecting the digital signals along a second path to detection, delay, and thresholding and thereby generates a gating signal from the second path so that digital signals of the first path, including pre-threshold amplitudes, may be recorded.

Abstract: A disc serving as a spatial radiation modulator has dispersed radiation filters thereon. Each filter has a transmittance or reflectance modulation function of the form sin2(m?+p?/4), where m is a positive integer and p has one of the four values 0, 1, 2, 3. A radiation beam including selected wavelength components is diffracted into an elongated image dispersed according to wavelength. Different wavelength components are focused onto different filters on the modulator and are encoded by correspond filters. Since the modulation functions of the filters are orthogonal to one another, it is possible to extract the amplitude of each wavelength component after it has been encoded or modulated by corresponding filter from the total detected signal during one measurement.

Abstract: Miniaturized spectrometer in the form of a probe for determining ingredients of a gaseous or liquid fluid with a light source and a spectrometer, at least one measurement beam, and at least one reference beam. Light from the light source is optionally fanned out and focused, by at least one optical lens, in an essentially parallel beam. At least one measurement beam is passed through a light transparent window from the probe into the fluid being investigated and through an additional light transparent window back in to the probe, and at least one reference beam is guided in the probe interior. A collecting optics device, comprising at least one lens, diverts the beams to the impingement point of the light guide or the inlet of the spectrometer, and a beam selector in the area of the collecting optics device passes through one of the partial beams and interrupts all the others.

Abstract: A disc serving as a spatial radiation modulator has dispersed radiation filters thereon. Each filter has a transmittance or reflectance modulation function of the form sin2(m?+p?/4), where m is a positive integer and p has one of the four values 0, 1, 2, 3. A radiation beam including selected wavelength components is diffracted into an elongated image dispersed according to wavelength. Different wavelength components are focused onto different filters on the modulator and are encoded by corresponding filters. Since the modulation functions of the filters are orthogonal to one another, it is possible to extract the amplitude of each wavelength component after it has been encoded or modulated by corresponding filter from the total detected signal during one measurement.

Abstract: An illumination subsystem for use in optical analysis which provides spatially and angularly homogenized radiation to the sample being analyzed. The system eliminates the illumination system as an interferent in the overall optical analysis. Thus, modest translations or rotations of the illumination source or changing the illumination source does not require recalibration of the instrument or prior modeling of illumination variability due to such changes. Illumination stability is achieved by incorporating a light pipe which both angularly and spatially homogenizes the light. Further, a series of filters and/or lenses are incorporated to provide bandpass filtering which eliminates unwanted wavelengths or bands of wavelengths from contacting the tissue and allows for a higher signal-to-noise ratio when the sample is tissue, while preventing thermal damage.

Abstract: Disclosed are spectrophotometer systems and methodology for obtaining data of improved precision therefrom, including replacement of data determined to be suspect based on comparison of multiple baselines.

Abstract: To provide a modified-color generation and display method using computer graphic, including measuring the spectral reflectance of an original color by using a spectrophotometer, obtaining the modified spectral reflectance of a modified color by changing the measured spectral reflectance, and displaying the computer graphic of the modified color on a monitor.

Abstract: A disc serving as a spatial radiation modulator has dispersed radiation filters thereon. Each filter has a transmittance or reflectance modulation function of the form sin2(m&thgr;+p&pgr;/4), where m is a positive integer and p has one of the four values 0, 1, 2, 3. A radiation beam including selected wavelength components is diffracted into an elongated image dispersed according to wavelength. Different wavelength components are focused onto different filters on the modulator and are encoded by correspond filters. Since the modulation functions of the filters are orthogonal to one another, it is possible to extract the amplitude of each wavelength component after it has been encoded or modulated by corresponding filter from the total detected signal during one measurement.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for measuring a photosynthetic parameter. The methods of the invention include the steps of: (a) illuminating a plant leaf until steady-state photosynthesis is achieved; (b) subjecting the illuminated plant leaf to a period of darkness; (c) using a kinetic spectrophotometer or kinetic spectrophotometer/fluorimeter to collect spectral data from the plant leaf treated in accordance with steps (a) and (b); and (d) determining a photosynthetic parameter from the spectral data. In another aspect, the invention provides methods for determining the physiological state of a plant.

Abstract: The spectrometer comprises, in combination: a slit (1) for the entry of a light beam; a collimator; a dispersion system (9); focusing means and a detector (13). The collimator comprises at least a first concave spherical mirror (3) and at least a first Schmidt plate (5) in an off-axis arrangement.

Abstract: Systems and methods for analyzing a sample are disclosed. The system may include a light source operable to transmit light onto the sample, a detector operable to detect intensity of the light emitted from the sample, and a power modulator. The power modulator modulates the light source power such that light is emitted from the light source in more than one mode to reduce changes in the emitted light due to temperature changes in the light source.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for measuring light transmitted from a sample. The apparatus may include a stage, a light source, and a detector. The stage may be configured to hold a microplate having a plurality of sample wells. The apparatus may be configured to take frequency-domain time-resolved measurements of one or more of luminescence lifetimes and reorientational correlation times of a luminescent analyte in the sample.

Abstract: A method, apparatus for executing the method, and computer program products for use in such an apparatus. The method includes scanning an interrogating light across multiple sites on an array package including an addressable array of multiple features of different moieties, which scanned sites include multiple array features. Signals from respective scanned sites emitted in response to the interrogating light are detected. The interrogating light power is altered for a first site on the array package during the array scan, based on location of the first site or on a determination that the emitted signal from the first site will be outside a predetermined value absent the altering (which allows for protecting a detector against expected overly bright sites), or is altered during the array scan based on the detected interrogating light power (which allows for compensating for light source drift during an array scan).