Abstract: An is an image processing apparatus including: an image memory section to store an image data obtained by reading an image of an original manuscript; an external light memory section to store a data of external light entering to a stage for the original manuscript and to form histograms of each color based on the data of external light; a judging section to calculate an external light level from a higher luminance by each color out of luminance values of a foot of a peak including a maximum frequency value measured on the histograms; and an area detecting section to determine a non-image area erase threshold based on the external light level, so as to detect an image area and to erase a non-image area.

Abstract: A method of operating on an image of a document includes, for an electronic file that includes a representation of the document, portioning the representation of the document into non-overlapping areas. Each area includes a matrix of pixels and each pixel has an initial grayscale value and a position in the matrix. The method also includes, for each area, determining a black point value and a white point value. The method further includes, for each pixel in each area, determining a revised pixel grayscale value for the pixel using the pixel's grayscale value, the pixel's position in the matrix, the black point value for the area comprising the pixel, the white point value for the area comprising the pixel, the black point value for at least one area adjacent to the area comprising the pixel, and/or the white point value for at least one area adjacent to the area comprising the pixel. The method also includes producing the image of the document using the revised grayscale values for each pixel.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for optimizing visual consistency for a dataset of images by using observed and formulated display attributes. The formulated display attributes are derived from an analysis of a first set of images from the image repository. The formulated display attributes from the first set are combined with observer's display attributes to determine scaling factors. The optimized display attributes are then derived from the calculated scaling factors for a second set of images. In another aspect, a system and method is described where a digital image is processed in order to enhance viewing of the image on a display device in accordance to the optimized attributes associated with the observer.

Abstract: The present invention generates a color template design. According to one aspect, a source image is selected. Colors of a selected template design are adjusted automatically based on placement of a cursor on a source image that is separate from the template design. The adjusted color on the template design may match the color of the source image. Alternatively, a color template design system may be configured to adjust the color to a contrast or any predetermined variation of the color of the source image. The system may display the selected template design after automatically adjusting colors and store the selected template design for use as a template. The template design may include a framing portion, a mat portion, a foreground portion, and a background portion and at least one of those portions may be adjusted based on the placement of the cursor on the source image.

Abstract: The generation of an N-dimension look-up table used (N?2) in conversion processing of input image data includes acquiring a value of the input image data for every channel corresponding to a respective dimension of the N-dimension look-up table by analyzing the input image data to be processed, determining an input value range of each dimension of the N-dimension look-up table based upon the acquired value, arranging a predetermined number of grid points in the determined input value range with regard to each dimension of the N-dimension look-up table, and setting an output value of each arranged grid point based upon desired image conversion processing.

Abstract: What is provided is a system and method for node set construction and look-up table generation to transform image data in the form of color values of an input color image in an input color space to an output color space of an image output system. In the present method, node locations are selected based upon an importance value generated by a significance function which describes a relative importance of a given color value in the input image or a region thereof. A distance weighting function is also provided which is applied to the significance function to balance the significance of a given node against a relative positioning of all other nodes in the multi-dimensional grid. Nodes can be added or deleted according to methods also described herein. Accordingly, a multi-dimensional look-up table is generated wherein node tiling is based upon a significance of color values of an input image.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for auto white balance in a portable terminal is provided. The method includes analyzing a captured image with histograms of red, green, and blue channels and a histogram of a gray channel; determining whether the histogram of the RGB channels and the histogram of the gray channel overlap over a predetermined percentage; measuring each color distribution average value of the RGB channels when the histogram of the RGB channels and the histogram of the gray channel overlap over a predetermined percentage; and performing color temperature correction using the color distribution average value measured in each of the RGB channels.

Abstract: The invention is a method and apparatus for improving image-processing applications. Embodiments of the invention provide methods for preserving computation results and offer intermediary computation steps to allow the processing of images at any location to take advantage of previously processed image areas. The preferred embodiment offers a method for building a median filter that significantly improves the processing speed over basic techniques. By building a histogram hierarchy, image data statistics are added and subtracted using a multiplicity of histograms from the histogram hierarchy, where each histogram describes an image area. Furthermore, a histogram hierarchy is built using multiple layers, each layer defining a level of statistical resolution.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for image-adaptive color reproduction is provided. The apparatus includes an information-extraction unit, an image-compression unit and an image-information-reproduction unit. The information-extraction unit inputs image information of a first color space model, converts the input image information into image information of a second color space model, and extracts pixel frequency information of pixels belonging to a plurality of color regions by using the image information of the second color space model. The image compression unit inputs the image information of the first color space model, converts the input image information into the image information of the second color space model, and calculates compressed image information by compression-mapping the image information of the second color space model. The image information reproduction unit outputs final image information by using the pixel frequency information and the compressed image information.

Abstract: A color balance correction device includes a histogram generating unit that generates histograms of a gradation level of pixels for R, G, and B; a decreasing-tendency-area identifying unit that identifies a range that the frequency tends to decrease first from a highlight side of each of histograms generated by the histogram generating unit as the catch light area; and a correction-amount calculating unit that calculates a correction amount of the color balance using data of pixels except for those in the catch light area specified by the decreasing-tendency-area identifying unit.

Abstract: A method and system for optimal node placement of a color correction table first generate a high resolution color correction table. A low resolution color correction table is generated. Each node of the low resolution color correction table has a corresponding color correction value generated by interpolating the color correction values of the high resolution color correction table. A reconstructed color correction table is generated, and each of the nodes of the reconstructed color correction table has a corresponding color correction value generated by interpolating the color correction values of the low resolution color correction table using an interpolation method identical to an output device interpolation method. Differences between the color correction values of the reconstructed and the high resolution color correction table are quantified into a measure of error, and the node locations of the low resolution color correction table are adjusted, and the procedure is repeated.

Abstract: In a method of picture signal enhancement, a picture signal is subjected (3, 7) to a histogram-based picture signal modification based on a luminance level distribution over a whole picture or a first part of the picture, and the histogram-based picture signal modification is locally adjusted (5) in dependence on locally measured picture signal properties other than contrast and brightness, the locally measured picture signal relating to second parts of the picture that are each substantially smaller than the whole picture or the first part of the picture, the second parts being within the whole picture or the first part of the picture. Preferably, the second parts are individual pixels.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus for color image information inputs a combination of component values of reference colors that constitute a processing color, and converts the combination of component values into a lightness value, saturation value, and hue value. The first correction factor, the second correction factor, and the third correction factor each has a value of 1.0 for a lightness value, saturation value and hue value converted from a specified color respectively, and monotonically decreases toward 0.0. The modulation amount storage means stores a modulation amount of the lightness value, saturation value, and hue value respectively.

Abstract: An image analysis unit analyzes an image on which AE processing has been performed and obtains a coefficient for obtaining a gradient of a compression table for compressing a dynamic range of the image. A compression table creation unit creates a compression table. A correction amount calculation unit judges whether the gradient of the compression table is larger than a predetermined threshold value. If the judgment is YES, loss of fine texture in the image by dynamic range compression is significant. Therefore, the correction amount calculation unit calculates a correction amount by using an unsharp image of the image. If the judgment is NO, loss of fine texture in the image is insignificant, the correction amount calculation unit calculates the correction amount by using the image. A compression processing unit compresses the dynamic range of the image by the correction amount and obtains a processed image data set.

Abstract: A color conversion section in an image processing apparatus converts input colors at positions of interest in input color document data to a limited number of colors, on the basis of page layout information that is updated on a page-by-page basis and delivered from a page layout analysis section, a color-assignment table that is updated on a page-by-page basis and delivered from a color-assignment table generating section, and color category attribute information relating to the positions of interest in the input color document data, which is delivered from a color categorizing section.

Abstract: An image which has been color-converted in correspondence with the output characteristics of a printing press as a target for the purpose of proof may often be printed by a copying machine or printer. Prior to the proof, a generation history of a generated profile of an output device is preferably managed. The operator sets whether or not to save parameters (saving location and profile name) associated with saving of a file and colorimetric values, whether or not to save history management information, and the like.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus for correcting a hue and a saturation in an input video signal of a moving picture in real time is disclosed wherein the image processing apparatus includes an extracting unit for extracting the hue and the saturation from the input video signal, a determining unit for determining a correcting amount according to the hue and the saturation extracted in the extracting unit, and a correcting unit for correcting the hue and the saturation of the input video signal based on the determination result of the determining unit. Thereby, a desired signal portion of the input video signal is arbitrary corrected in response to the hue and saturation in real time.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention relate to a method of processing images capable of performing natural saturation enhancement having a balance between color components with a small amount of calculation is provided. The image processing device may be arranged in an image display device or may be a device for providing display image data to the external image display device to perform the saturation enhancement of the input image data. Specifically, saturation information can be extracted from the input image data to determine a saturation enhancement amount. In addition, a color component to which the saturation enhancement is performed can be extracted from the input image data. Further, based on the determined saturation enhancement amount, the saturation enhancement for each color component can be performed. Here, for the predetermined color component, the saturation is enhanced after the saturation enhancement amount is adjusted.

Abstract: The present invention generates a color template design. According to one aspect, a source image is selected. Colors of a selected template design are adjusted automatically using color data collected from the selected source image. A histogram may be generated for the selected source image. The histogram may be analyzed to automatically adjust the colors of the selected template design.

Abstract: A system and process for improving the appearance of improperly colored and/or improperly exposed images is presented. This involves the use of two novel techniques—namely an automatic color correction technique and an automatic exposure correction technique. The automatic color correction technique takes information from within an image to determine true color characteristics, and improves the color in improperly colored pixels. The automatic exposure correction technique measures the average intensity of all of the pixels and adjusts the entire image pixel by pixel to compensate for over or under exposure. These techniques are stand alone in that each can be applied to an image exclusive of the other, or they can both be applied in any order desired.

Abstract: The invention provides an image adjusting apparatus for receiving a set of input signals transmitted from a video interface, which is used for receiving a plurality of sets of input signals. The image adjusting apparatus is further used for automatically adjusting the set of input signals to generate a set of output signals. The image adjusting apparatus includes an operation module, a storage module, an offset module and a gain module. The operation module receives a test image to generate a plurality of adjusting signals. The storage module stores the adjusting signals. The offset module transforms, according to the adjusting signals, the set of input signals into a set of temporary signals. Moreover, the gain module transforms, according to the plurality of adjusting signals, the set of temporary signals into the set of output signals.

Abstract: A facial image photographed by a digital camera is downloaded to a PC. When a facial image correction program starts, a correction window and a correction item selection window open on a monitor. When a user opens the facial image in the correction window, a pixel extraction circuit extracts pixels representing a skin area, an eye area, a teeth area, and a hair area from the facial image. Correction items to be performed are determined in the correction item selection window. A cursor position detection circuit detects the position of a cursor in the correction window. When the cursor is in one of the areas, a facial image correction circuit judges whether the correction item corresponding to the area is selected. If the corresponding correction item is selected, the facial image correction circuit subjects a pixel pointed by the cursor to predetermined correction processing.

Abstract: A color sensor monitors the output of a color producing process and produces a signal representative of a color produced by the color producing process. The signal can be used as feedback signal to control the process. Occasionally, the color sensor signal includes a component representing a transient error. A system model of the color producing process is used to predict reasonable sensor signals. A comparison of the sensor signal with the predicted sensor signals is used to determine if the sensor signal is reasonable. If the sensor signal is unreasonable, a substitute signal is used as the feedback signal to the control process. The substitute signal can be a predicted sensor signal or a signal based on historical system performance data.

Abstract: A color imaging technique includes setting a target value in a device-independent first color space and mapping the target value to a substantially complete point set in a second color space. The point set may include a plurality of points, each of which define substantially the same calorimetric value via a unique combination of colorants. After mapping the target value to a substantially complete point set, a point may be chosen. Moreover, after choosing a point in the point set, device-dependent colorant values defined by the point may be determined. In this manner, the invention may provide control over the colorants that are used to image a particular color.

Abstract: A method is described to match an original binary image with the dynamic range of a desired target document. The original binary image is restored first to contone and a histogram of the contone image is processed to generate a Tone Reproduction Curve (TRC) for the contone image with improved dynamic range. The histogram processing includes determining a histogram of the contone image, and generating the TRC based on matching the determined histogram with a target histogram profile. This helps in matching outputs from legacy devices to a desired quality.

Abstract: Mapping an input color space into a colorimetric subspace can generate a target colorimetry space. Initial device color values can be used to generate an initial reference colorimetry space. A penalty error between the target colorimetry space and the reference colorimetry space can be minimized by generating a next reference colorimetry space based on subsequent device colors.

Abstract: An image processing system and method are provided for judging whether a pixelised image or a part thereof is a monochrome or a color image. To increase the reliability of the judgement, instead of making the judgement on the level of an individual pixel, the judgement is made for substantially all the pixels of the image or image part at the same time by analyzing the cumulative histogram, wherein the distance of each pixel to the gray axis versus the logarithm of the cumulative pixel count is plotted. An advantage of the present system and the method of operating this system is their high sensitivity for detecting small color objects in monochrome images.

Abstract: According to the invention, a value of a high density color material as a decomposition target is decomposed into a combination of the high density color material value and a low density color material value by using a value obtained by color-measuring a patch in which the high density color material and the low density color material are combined, a color measurement value of a patch formed by using the value of the high density color material as a decomposition target is compared with a color measurement value of a patch formed by using the values of the high density color material and the low density color material formed by decomposing, and the values of the high density color material and the low density color material formed by decomposing are corrected on the basis of the comparison result. A color separation table in which a color drift of 5 or more colors corresponding to each color does not occur can be formed.

Abstract: A fast, low-memory-requiring, adaptive algorithm for determining and correcting for page background color generally involves quantizing the color component values of the pixels of the scanned page, dividing the scanned color space into a set of bins, and assigning each color in the scanned representation to a particular one of the bins to obtain a summary of the distribution of colors. Statistical information that is indicative color component characteristics of colors in a particular bin is collected for each bin. Using this information, each bin that constitutes a color peak is identified, and a region of influence for each color peak with respect to bins that are not color peaks is determined. The color peak corresponding to the background color of the document is then determined, according to predetermined rules that take into consideration the statistical information and region of influence determination. Three 1-D look-up tables are then constructed to adjust scanned colors.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for selectively increasing contrasts of bright and dark regions and automatically determining an appropriate degree of correction such that the image has a corrected luminance that is closer to an estimated optimal average luminance (EOAL) determined from a quantity of light at pickup. The apparatus for correcting the image comprises a real average luminance calculating means for calculating a Real Average Luminance (RAL) of an incoming image from a luminance histogram representing a luminance distribution of pixels of the incoming image, an optimal average luminance estimating means for obtaining a quantity of light using information with respect to a pickup condition of the incoming image and for estimating the EOAL from the quantity of light, and a luminance correcting means for correcting a luminance of pixels of the incoming image based on a luminance difference (?L) between the RAL and the EOAL.

Abstract: Given an image converted into a chromatic space (101), a method is used for identifying a color cast (i.e. a dominant color), through statistical analysis (105) of the distribution on an color plane of the chromatic space of the color histogram of a region of the image's near neutral objects, said region being defined in such a way as to include a significant percentage of the starting image.

Abstract: In tetrahedral interpolation suitable for data conversion implemented by digital computations, when the unit rectangular hexahedron is a regular hexahedron, no complicated multiplication is required, and the computation volume can be greatly reduced. However, when the unit rectangular hexahedron is not a regular hexahedron, since a complicated multiplication is required, the computation volume increases considerably. To avoid this, after the grid spacing is set (S1), X-u?, Y-v?, and Z-w? tables for obtaining the positions of an input value with respect to normalized grid points are prepared (S2-S4). Subsequently, image data is input (S5), and u?, v?, and w? corresponding to the input image data are obtained using the prepared tables (S6). The relationship among u?, v?, and w? is determined (S7), and data-converted image data is calculated using an equation corresponding to the determination result (S8).

Abstract: An input video signal is corrected based on a gradation correction curve. Generated first is histogram data which indicates distribution of each of a plurality of levels at which a luminance signal component of the input video signal is divided from the lowest to the highest luminance level per specific unit of image. Produced next is at least a first gain based on the distribution of the histogram data. At least the first gain and the histogram data are processed to produce a plural number of data for a gradation correction curve. The gradation correction curve is generated based on the plural number of data. The input video signal is then corrected based on the gradation correction curve.

Abstract: A combined profile is created through a first step of deriving a coordinate component of a black on a color space for CMYK dot % for a printer associated with a predetermined representative coordinate in the color space for CMYK dot % for printing, on the representative coordinate, based on a printing profile and a printer profile; a second step of deriving a coordinate component of the black on the color space for CMYK dot % for a printer associated with coordinates other than the representative coordinate, based on the coordinate component of the black associated with the representative coordinate; and a step of deriving coordinate components of cyan, magenta and yellow on the color space for CMYK dot % for a printer, on the coordinates corresponding to the coordinate components derived in the first and second steps, based on the derived coordinate components of the black, the first and second color conversion definitions.

Abstract: Systems and methods of processing scanned pages are described. In one aspect, the invention features a method of processing a sequence of scanned pages of a document in accordance with which, page number indicators are extracted from scanned pages of the document. A histogram of extracted page number indicators is computed. Scanned page sequence information is determined based at least in part on the computed histogram. A computer program and a system for implementing the scanned page processing method also are described.

Abstract: An image correction method of this invention includes a step of identifying a first pixel that satisfies one of predetermined conditions as to a pixel level, which are set for each color component, among pixels included in a specific image; a step of identifying a second pixel that satisfies the plural aforementioned predetermined conditions as to the pixel level, which are set for each color component, among pixels included in the specific image; a step of calculating an evaluation value relating to a duplication degree of the first pixel and the second pixel; and a correction step of correcting the specific image based on the evaluation value. As a result, it becomes possible to avoid a wrong correction for an object having the chromatic color, and an appropriate image correction is carried out.

Abstract: A method of processing data from a digital image to optimize the tonescale to a printer being used without operator intervention adjusts the gain and offset of the input image data to occupy the full range of the printer, adjusts the shadow and highlight regions of the input image data to move that data distribution to that expected of the printer and then uses a gamma correction stage to move the mean level of the image data toward that expected for the printer.

Abstract: A color conversion table is generated by estimating a device color corresponding to the color of a grid point forming the color conversion table from a calorimetric value obtained by calorimetrically measuring a color of a gamut reproduced by an output device. In addition to the color of the grid point forming the color conversion table, a device color corresponding to a color other than that of the grid point is estimated. The generated color conversion table is corrected using the estimated device color corresponding to the color of the grid point and the estimated device color corresponding to the color other than that of the grid point.

Abstract: An image quality enhancement circuit and a method using inter-frame correlativity includes a first transfer function generator calculating histogram data corresponding to a gray level distribution with respect to an inputted luminance signal by frame unit to generate a first transfer function by using the histogram data, an inter-frame correlativity calculator calculating inter-frame correlation coefficients from the histogram data for at least one previous frame and a current frame to output inter-frame correlation information corresponding to the correlation coefficients, a transfer function adjustor selectively outputting the first transfer function based on the inter-frame correlation information outputted from the inter-frame correlativity calculator, and a mapper correcting and outputting the inputted luminance signal based on the transfer function outputted from the transfer function adjustor.

Abstract: The present invention generates a color template design. According to one aspect, a source image is selected. A histogram is generated for the selected source image. Colors are suggested automatically for the generated histogram. At least one of the suggested colors is selected by the user to serve as the color for a selected template design.

Abstract: A system and method for automatically adjusting color parameters during a film-to-digital transfer. An operator uses standard telecine equipment to preview scenes in order to determine a natural clustering of fields or scenes. Each cluster is processed separately. All the fields in a cluster are treated as one unit in the sense that color adjustments for the cluster are based on the cluster color histogram, which is computed by aggregating the colors from all pixels in the cluster. Constraints are specified for the cluster. Variables of a constraint may be automatically specified or determined by an operator based on observing sample frames from the cluster. In addition, the operator can nullify a constraint if desired. Within each cluster, the system adjusts red, green and blue intensities of the digitizing device, gains for each of these color channels, and other parameters. The system first determines which settings respect the constraints and then optimizes the solution.

Abstract: A system and method for adjusting the color of a scanned image includes obtaining image data for the scanned image, generating an output image from the scanned image, and obtaining image data for the output image. The differences between the image data of the scanned image and the image data of the output image are determined, coefficients are generated from the determined differences. The image data of the scanned image is then adjusted based on the generated coefficients.

Abstract: A picture image processing apparatus is provided with a hue calculating portion for calculating a hue pixel by pixel based on RGB data, a first sampling portion for sampling pixels having a hue corresponding to a skin color from the RGB data, a first characteristic quantity calculating portion for calculating a first characteristic quantity representing a characteristic of the RGB data of the pixels, a second sampling portion for sampling the pixels located in a central part of an image area, a second characteristic quantity calculating portion for calculating a second characteristic quantity representing the RGB data of the pixels sampled by the second sampling portion, a correction amount calculating portion for calculating a density correction amount using the first and second characteristic quantities, and a density correcting portion for correcting the density of the RGB data. The density of a main subject in the image can be properly corrected.

Abstract: A system and methods for displaying data distribution information for time-series data is described. The methods include computing a condensed quantile function that may be used to generate approximate histograms for the time-series data, while decreasing the data storage requirements for generating a series of histograms for time-series data. The methods further include displaying the data distribution information using stack-bar histograms, many of which may be shown in a single display to permit a user to discern trends in the data distribution information. Methods for merging condensed quantile function tables are also described.

Abstract: A method is disclosed of automatically forwarding hard copy image products to a designated recipient, comprising the steps of: analyzing a digital image and developing a unique ID with respect to the image based on the analysis; storing the unique ID and associated order informations with respect to the image in a storage database, the order informations including additional information and a designated recipient for receiving a hard copy image product made using the digital image; printing the digital image on to a medium using a first printer so as to obtain the hard copy image product; scanning the hard copy image product subsequently by a scanning device and analyzing the digital image so as to obtain the unique ID and accessing the database for obtaining the order informations using the unique ID.

Abstract: A color imaging technique includes setting a target value in a device-independent first color space and mapping the target value to a substantially complete point set in a second color space. The point set may include a plurality of points, each of which define substantially the same colorimetric value via a unique combination of colorants. After mapping the target value to a substantially complete point set, a point may be chosen. Moreover, after choosing a point in the point set, device-dependent colorant values defined by the point may be determined. In this manner, the invention may provide control over the colorants that are used to image a particular color.

Abstract: A process for color graphics image processing, related to detection and segmentation of sweeps, is provided. An input graphics image is transformed into a three-dimensional histogram in an appropriate color space 104 (e.g., CIELUV). Two-dimensional histograms are estimated from the three-dimensional histogram 106. The two-dimensional histograms are processed to detect and segment sweeps 108. Sweep segment information from the processing of the two-dimensional histograms is combined 110. The combined sweep segment information is used to process the input graphics image to identify and segment sweeps 112. Post-processing may be optionally and selectively used to reject false alarms (i.e., areas falsely identified as sweeps) 114.

Abstract: A histogram of density difference between each pixel and an adjacent pixel is prepared from the image data obtained by pre-scanning an original. Then an approximation function for the density difference histogram is generated, and the kind of the original is discriminated as text/photograph/other based on the coefficient of the approximation function. According to the kind of the original, a density conversion table matching each kind is prepared, and is used for density correction of the image obtained by main scanning. For a text original, the density conversion table is prepared from the distribution of data close to the light and dark ends of the density histogram. For a photograph original, the density conversion table is prepared from the coefficient of the approximation function for the cumulative histogram of the density histogram.

Abstract: In the present invention, image data from an image input device, including differences of tone levels of picture elements constituting these image data from surrounding picture elements, are figured out and the distribution of these differences of tone levels is prepared. Then, integrated processing, based on this distribution, makes it possible to determine whether each picture element is an edge picture element, a moiré picture element or an intermediate picture element. According to the determination, a sharpening filter is applied if the picture elements are edge picture elements, a smoothing filter is applied if they are moiré picture elements, or the tones of the original image are held if they are intermediate picture elements. This way of image data retouching makes it possible to carry out the whole execution from determination to retouching in a serial process.

Abstract: A scanner with an automatic density adjustment function executes image processing in which prescanning is performed and the background level is made white before the next scan starts. However, if an automatic density adjustment is applied when the same document is read as a color image and as a monochrome image, it is necessary to perform prescanning before the color image is read and prescanning before the monochrome image is read. Reading the image therefore takes time. Accordingly, if an automatic density adjustment based upon prescanning has been designated, prescanning is carried out and then a histogram is obtained for each of the components R, G and B and the background levels are calculated for color scanning and monochrome scanning. A table in a scanner image processor is set in accordance with a background peak value PeakBW for monochrome scanning.