Abstract: A scale includes: a substrate; scale gratings that are formed on a face of the substrate and has a plurality of gratings at a predetermined interval; and a protective layer that is made of fluoride and covers the scale gratings and an exposed portion of the face of the substrate.

Abstract: An apparatus for structuring a roller surface is proposed, wherein the apparatus has a laser source and an optical system, wherein the laser source is designed for generating laser pulses, wherein the optical system has at least one beam shaper, at least one beam splitter, and a focusing unit, wherein the combination of beam shaper and beam splitter is arranged between the laser source and the focusing unit.

Abstract: A transmission apparatus for laser radar, which includes: a light source including a light emitting array composed of M*N light emitting unit(s) configured for transmitting M*N beam(s) of light, where each row of the light emitting units of the light emitting array are arranged along a first direction, each column of the light emitting units of the light emitting array are arranged along a second direction; a collimating mirror configured for collimating the M*N beam(s) of light; a diffusion sheet including a first field of view in the first direction configured for converting the M*N beam(s) of light into M*N beam(s) of linear light with a first divergence angle in the first direction, and projecting the linear light to a target object to form N linear light spots parallel to the first direction, and the first field of view being equal to the first divergence angle.

Abstract: A light modulation element reproduces a light image in a specific color other than iridescence where white light is incident, without a layer that selectively transmits or reflects a specific wavelength band, and clearly reproduces a desired light image by reducing an influence of 0th-order diffracted light, and an information recording medium including the same. The light modulation element includes a factor element that reproduces a light image by modulating a phase of incident reproduction light, and has an uneven surface. A maximum diffraction efficiency Dmax in a wavelength band of between 380 nm and 780 nm in wavelength distribution of first-order diffracted light and of negative first-order diffracted light with respect to diffraction efficiency for the factor element has a local maximum value with a full width at half maximum FWHM of 200 nm or less in wavelength distribution with respect to diffraction efficiency having the maximum diffraction efficiency.

Abstract: Provided is a multi-viewpoint 3D display screen, comprising: a display panel, comprising a plurality of composite pixels, wherein each composite pixel of the plurality of composite pixels comprises a plurality of composite subpixels, and each composite subpixel of the plurality of composite subpixels comprises a plurality of subpixels corresponding to a plurality of viewpoints of the multi-viewpoint 3D display screen; and a grating, directly bonded to the display panel. In the multi-viewpoint 3D display screen, the grating without a pad layer can be realized, and meanwhile, a 3D viewing effect under a predetermined distance is ensured, and an overall thickness and weight are reduced, thereby being convenient for installation and transportation. A 3D display terminal is also provided.

Abstract: A display device includes an image display element, a collimator, a first light guide formed of a flat plate transparent to light, a second light guide formed of a plate member transparent to the light and having one surface that is a flat surface in contact with one of surfaces of the first light guide and the other surface that is a sawtooth surface, and a beam splitter formed on an interface between the first and second light guides to transmit a part of the light and reflect the remainder thereof. The sawtooth surface is configured by alternately combining a first surface non-parallel to a propagating direction of the light propagating through the second light guide after passing through the interface and configured to transmit the light and a second surface substantially parallel to the propagating direction.

Abstract: A display module includes a plurality of light-emitting elements and a sealing element sealing the plurality of light-emitting elements. The sealing element includes a base part including a transparent material and a cover layer. The cover layer is in contact with a surface of the base part and includes a plurality of first patterns, each of which is engraved in an intaglio manner to a first depth, and a plurality of second patterns, each of which is engraved in an intaglio manner to a second depth different from the first depth.

Abstract: A diffraction light guide plate capable of increasing the area of an output image without increasing the total size thereof and having an advantage that the pupil position of a user is not limited. The diffraction light guide plate comprises first and second diffraction optical elements, wherein the first diffraction optical element is an element capable of receiving light incident onto the first diffraction optical element and outputting the received light toward the second diffraction optical element, and the second diffraction optical element is an element capable of emitting light therefrom out of the incident light from the first diffraction optical element.

Abstract: A multifocal IOL including at least one diffractive surface including a plurality of discrete, adjacent, diffractive, concentric rings, having a radial phase profile cross-section with a near-symmetrical diffractive surface topography, and an odd number, greater than three, of diffractive orders and an asymmetrical distribution of energy flux over the diffractive orders.

Abstract: A method for preparing a metal-dielectric strip array based super-resolution lens includes: performing lithography on a first material layer on a first substrate to obtain a grating structure; alternately depositing second and third material layers until the grating structure is filled up, to obtain a first transition structure, one of the second and third material layers being of metal, and the other one being of dielectric; performing planarization on the first transition structure at least reach the top of the grating structure, to obtain a second transition structure; adhering an upper surface of the second transition structure to a second substrate; removing the first substrate, and performing overturning to make the second transition structure be on the second substrate to obtain a third transition structure; and performing planarization again to at least reach the top of finally deposited second or third material layer, to obtain the super-resolution lens.

Abstract: A diffractive optical element includes: a diffraction unit; and a lens unit disposed on a light incident side of the diffraction unit. The lens unit includes: a substrate; and a protrusion and recess portion disposed on a side opposite to a light incident side of the substrate. The protrusion and recess portion includes: a periodic structure of a relief-protrusion portion disposed in a central part, a periodic structure of a stepwise grating disposed in a central part simulating the relief-protrusion portion, or a combination thereof; and a grating disposed in a portion other than the central part. The number of steps of the stepwise grating disposed in the central part is larger than the number of steps of the grating disposed in the portion other than the central part.

Abstract: Techniques are described for enhanced eye tracking for display systems, such as augmented or virtual reality display systems. The display systems may include a light source configured to output light, a moveable diffractive grating configured to reflect light from the light source, the reflected light forming a scan pattern on the eye of the user, and light detectors to detect light reflected from the eye. The orientation of the diffractive grating can be moved such that the light reflected from the diffractive grating is scanned across the eye according to the scan pattern. Light intensity pattern(s) are obtained via the light detectors, with a light intensity pattern representing a light detector signal obtained by detecting light reflected by the eye as the light is scanned across the eye. One or more physiological characteristics of the eye are determined based on detected light intensity pattern(s).

Abstract: An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has: a body for carrying an article; at least one rotor; and a light source for generating a light beam to indicate the landing zone for the UAV. The UAV, in use, is flown to a desired location, that might be a site of an emergency with no defined landing zone. The UAV descends, and, while descending the light source is operated to illuminate and to define a landing zone. The UAV can be provided with lights and an audio source to warn and advise bystanders that the UAV is landing and to stand clear of the landing zone.

Abstract: Systems and methods described herein relate to the manufacture of optical elements and optical systems. An example system may include an optical component configured to direct light from a light source to illuminate a photoresist material at a desired angle and to expose at least a portion of an angled structure in the photoresist material, where the photoresist material overlays at least a portion of a top surface of a substrate. The optical component includes a container containing an light-coupling material that is selected based in part on the desired angle. The optical component also includes a mirror arranged to reflect at least a portion of the light to illuminate the photoresist material at the desired angle.

Abstract: An electronic device may include a display that generates light for an optical system that redirects the light towards an eye box. The optical system may include a waveguide, a non-diffractive input coupler, a cross coupler, and an output coupler. The cross coupler may expand the light in a first direction. The cross coupler may perform an even number of diffractions on the light and may couple the light back into the waveguide at an angle suitable for total internal reflection. The output coupler may expand the light in a second direction while coupling the light out of the waveguide. The cross coupler may include surface relief gratings or holographic gratings embedded within the waveguide or formed in a separate substrate. The optical system may direct the light towards the eye box without chromatic dispersion and while supporting an expanded field of view and optical bandwidth.

Abstract: The subject matter of this specification can be implemented in, among other things, a system that includes a light source to produce a first beam and one or more first optical elements to impart an orbital angular momentum (OAM) to at least some of a plurality of output beams obtained from the first beam. The system further includes an output optical device to direct the output beams towards a target object and a plurality of photodetectors to generate signals representative of a difference between an input phase information, carried by one or more beams reflected from the target object, and an output phase information, carried by one of local copies of the output beams. The system further includes a processing device to determine, using the difference between the input phase information and the output phase information, one or more orthogonal components of a velocity of the target object.

Abstract: A double-sided aspheric diffractive multifocal lens and methods of manufacturing and design of such lenses in the field of ophthalmology. The lens can include an optic comprising an aspheric anterior surface and an aspheric posterior surface. On one of the two surfaces a plurality of concentric diffractive multifocal zones can be designed. The other surface can include a toric component. The double-sided aspheric surface design results in improvement of the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the lens-eye combination by aberration reduction and vision contrast enhancement as compared to one-sided aspheric lens. The surface having a plurality of concentric diffractive multifocal zones produces a near focus, an intermediate focus, and a distance focus.

Abstract: Methods and systems for imaging a target. In some examples, a system includes an optical modulator configured for applying, at each time of an exposure window, a respective optical modulation pattern to a received image of the target to output a modulated image. The system includes a camera configured for capturing a single image frame for the exposure window by receiving, at each of time, the modulated image of the target. The system includes a demodulator implemented on a computer system and configured for demodulating the single image frame based on the optical modulation patterns to recover a number of recovered image frames each depicting the target at a respective recovered time within the exposure window.

Abstract: A metalens configured to shape the focus light into a flexibly designed pattern. The present teachings demonstrate the engineering of metalens with artificial focus pattern by creating line and ring-shaped focus as ‘drawing tools’. These metalens are fabricated through a single layer of silicon-based material through CMOS compatible nano fabrication process. The mechanism to generate artificial focus pattern can be applied to a plethora of future on-chip optical devices with applications ranging from beam engineering to next generation nano lithography.

Abstract: A glass container including a body having a delamination factor less than or equal to 10 and at least one marking is described. The body has an inner surface, an outer surface, and a wall thickness extending between the outer surface and the inner surface. The marking is located within the wall thickness. In particular, the marking is a portion of the body having a refractive index that differs from a refractive index of an unmarked portion of the body. Methods of forming the marking within the body are also described.

Abstract: A dielectric grating apparatus comprises a substrate; a grating layer, disposed above the substrate; a first interference layer, disposed above the substrate; and a second interference layer, adjacent to the first interference layer, wherein a refractive index of a material of the second interference layer is greater than a refractive index of a material of the first interference layer.

Abstract: A projection exposure method for exposing a radiation-sensitive substrate with at least one image of a pattern of a mask is provided in which an illumination field of the mask is illuminated by illumination radiation with an operating wavelength ? that was provided by an illumination system.

Abstract: A backlight unit of the present disclosure includes: a backlight including a plurality of light-emitting devices that are allowed to emit light at mutually different timings and include a first light-emitting device and a second light-emitting device; and a controller that controls a light emission operation of the backlight to cause the first light-emitting device and the second light-emitting device to emit light with mutually different average light emission intensities in a first sub-frame period of a plurality of sub-frame periods provided corresponding to a frame period.

Abstract: There is provided an exit pupil expander (EPE) for use in a diffractive display, the EPE comprising a plurality of diffractive zones on a waveguide and a plurality of non-diffractive zones between at least some of the diffractive zones.

Abstract: An ophthalmic lens includes an optic comprising an anterior surface, a posterior surface, and an optical axis. At least one of the anterior surface and the posterior surface has a surface profile including a base curvature and a plurality of morphed sinusoidal phase shift structures. The base curvature may correspond to a base optical power of the ophthalmic lens, and the morphed sinusoidal phase shift structures may be configured to extend depth of focus of the ophthalmic lens at intermediate or near viewing distances.

Abstract: An example head-mounted display device includes a plurality of optical elements in optical communication. The optical elements are configured to project an image in a field of view of a user wearing the head-mounted display device. A first optical element is configured to receive light from a second optical element. The first optical element defines a grating at along a periphery of the first optical element. The grating includes a plurality of protrusions extending from a base portion of the first optical element. The protrusions include a first material having a first optical dispersion profile for visible wavelengths of light. The grating also includes a second material disposed between at least some of the plurality of protrusions along the base portion of the first optical element. The second material has a second optical dispersion profile for visible wavelengths of light.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to an FTIR-based diffractive optical structure, and a waveguide device and an augmented reality display each including same. The augmented reality display may comprise: a projector configured to provide light related to an image; and a waveguide device for outputting at least a part of the light, wherein: the waveguide device comprises a waveguide and a diffractive optical structure disposed on one surface of the waveguide; and the diffractive optical structure comprises an expansion grating disposed at the one surface of the waveguide and an output grating disposed along the axis perpendicular to the one surface of the waveguide and overlapping at least a partial area of the expansion grating.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an optical component, which may be a metasurface grating, including (a) a substrate; and (b) an array of subwavelength-spaced phase-shifting elements, which are tessellated on the substrate to produce, when illuminated with a polarized incident light, a diffracted light beam with a distinct polarization state for each of a finite number of diffraction orders, wherein the finite number is 2 or more.

Abstract: A multifocal IOL including at least one diffractive surface including a plurality of discrete, adjacent, diffractive, concentric rings, having a radial phase profile cross-section with a near-symmetrical diffractive surface topography, and an odd number, greater than three, of diffractive orders and an asymmetrical distribution of energy flux over the diffractive orders.

Abstract: A part includes a surface that having a rich textured appearance formed by an anisotropic repeating pattern including first regions having a first microtexture, and second regions having a second microtexture different from the first microtexture. A metalized layer covers the regions and presents different finishes depending on the microtexture thereunder. In an example embodiment, the first microtexture is highly reflective and the second microtexture is rough to cause a non-specular reflection of incident light. The part may include three-dimensional structures arranged to correspond with the repeating pattern. The three-dimensional structures may be spaced-apart by a base plane that may be flat or which may include some texture or structure. The three-dimensional structures may each include one or more planar portions and/or one or more curved surfaces. Each face or surface of the three-dimensional structures and/or each region of the base plane may have one or more different microtextures.

Abstract: An example optical assembly includes a display, a light source for illuminating the display, and a diffraction type polarizing beam splitter (DT-PBS) configured to direct light from a light director, wherein the DT-PBS is polarization sensitive and configured to direct, based on polarization, a first portion of light towards the display.

Abstract: The security document, such as a passport, comprises a lightguide having an incoupler structure and in outcoupler structure. The outcoupler structure is sparse in the sense that any part of the protective area is close to a part of the outcoupler structure. However, to secure a large protective area with a limited amount of incoupled light, outcoupler structure covers no more than 20% of the protective area. This allows to protect a large area of the security document, such as a photograph or other personalized information, by means of the lightguide.

Abstract: A grating part includes a first transparent substrate having an optical grating on a first principal surface and a second transparent substrate having an optical grating on a first principal surface; a second principal surface of the first substrate on an opposite side from the first principal surface and a second principal surface of the second substrate on an opposite side from the first principal surface are bonded.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide an optical lens that includes wafer level diffractive microstructures. In one embodiment, the optical lens includes a substrate, a microstructure layer having a first refractive index, and a protective layer having a second refractive index that is different from the first refractive index. The microstructure layer is formed on the substrate and includes a plurality of diffractive microstructures. The protective layer is formed on the diffractive microstructures. The protective layer provides a cleanable surface and encapsulates the diffractive microstructures to prevent damage and contamination to the diffractive microstructures. In another embodiment, the optical lens includes a substrate and an anti-reflective layer. The anti-reflective layer is formed on the substrate and includes a plurality of diffractive microstructures.

Abstract: A head mounted display system can include a camera, at least one waveguide, at least one coupling optical element that is configured such that light is coupled into said waveguide and guided therein, and at least one out-coupling element. The at least one out-coupling element can be configured to couple light that is guided within said waveguide out of said waveguide and direct said light to said camera. The at least one coupling element may comprise a diffractive optical element having optical power.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses related to fiducial designs for fiducial markers on glass substrates, or other transparent or translucent substrates, are disclosed. Example fiducial designs can facilitate visual recognition by enhancing edge detection in visual perception. In example fiducial designs, optical features on glass substrates can re-direct light so as to present a bright image region. Such optical features can include surface relief patterns formed in a coating on the surface of glass substrates. An exemplary method for manufacturing the fiducial markers can involve transfers of a fiducial design across a master mold or plate, a submaster mold or plate, and a target glass substrate. A fiducial marker can facilitate the use of the substrate in a variety of applications, including machine vision systems that facilitate automated performance of manufacturing processes on input working material.

Abstract: A solid-state gas spectrometer for detection of molecules of target gases. An emitter generates light having wavelengths both within and outside of one or more absorption bands of a target molecule. The light provided by the emitter passes through an airway adapter. A reflective beam splitter splits the light transmitted through the airway adapter, into two convergent beams each focused on a light detector. One of the light detectors, which is covered by a filter that rejects light having wavelengths within one or more absorption bands of the target molecule, serves as the sensing detector. The other light detector, which may or may not be covered by a filter, serves as the reference detector. The concentration of a target gas molecule in the gas sample is estimated based on a differential signal that is generated using the signals received from the reference and sensing detectors.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate to methods and apparatus for forming gratings having a plurality of fins with different slant angles on a substrate and forming fins with different slant angles on successive substrates using angled etch systems and/or an optical device. The methods include positioning portions of substrates retained on a platen in a path of an ion beam. The substrates have a grating material disposed thereon. The ion beam is configured to contact the grating material at an ion beam angle ? relative to a surface normal of the substrates and form gratings in the grating material.

Abstract: A method for forming a device structure is disclosed. The method of forming a device structure includes forming a variable-depth structure in a device material layer using a laser ablation. A plurality of device structures is formed in the variable-depth structure to define slanted device structures therein. The variable-depth structure and the slanted device structures are formed using an etch process.

Abstract: A diffractive optical element includes a substrate, a first resin layer formed on the substrate and having a diffraction grating shape including a plurality of wall surfaces and a plurality of slopes, a second resin layer formed in close contact with the first resin layer, a high refractive-index portion formed on the plurality of wall surfaces of the first resin layer and having a higher refractive index than the first and the second resin layers, and a close contact portion discontinuous with the high refractive-index portion, wherein the close contact portion is formed on the plurality of slopes of the first resin layer, and wherein a thickness of the close contact portion is smaller than a height of the plurality of wall surfaces.

Abstract: An optical device as described herein includes a host substrate fabricated from a dielectric material transparent in the Infrared range. Additionally, the optical device as discussed herein includes multiple elements disposed on the host substrate. The multiple elements are spaced apart from each other on the host substrate in accordance with a desired pattern. Each of the multiple elements disposed in the host substrate is fabricated from a second material having a refractive index of greater than 4.5. Such an optical device provides an improvement over conventional optical devices that operate in the Infrared range.

Abstract: An addressable vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array may generate structured light in dot patterns. The VCSEL array includes a plurality of traces that control different groups of VCSELs, such that each group of VCSELs may be individually controlled. The VCSEL groups are arranged such that they emit a dot pattern, and by modulating which groups of VCSELs are active a density of the dot pattern may be adjusted. The VCSEL array may be part of a depth projector that projects the dot pattern into a local area. A projection assembly may replicate the dot pattern in multiple tiles.

Abstract: A method of fabricating non-uniform gratings includes implanting different densities of ions into corresponding areas of a substrate, patterning, e.g., by lithography, a resist layer on the substrate, etching the substrate with the patterned resist layer, and then removing the resist layer from the substrate, leaving the substrate with at least one grating having non-uniform characteristics associated with the different densities of ions implanted in the areas. The method can further include using the substrate having the grating as a mold to fabricate a corresponding grating having corresponding non-uniform characteristics, e.g., by nanoimprint lithography.

Abstract: A luminaire including: at least one light source (2), and an optical system (10, 11, 12a, 12b) for directing and/or distributing the light (5) emitted by the source(s) (2) into a desired output light distribution pattern (7); wherein the optical system comprises one or more optical elements (10, 11, 12a, 12b), the or each said optical element (10, 11, 12a, 12b) comprising a thin foil or sheet substrate having at least one optically functional surface or surface layer thereon or on a portion thereof, and wherein: (i) at least a portion of the at least one optically functional surface or surface layer on the substrate of at least one of the one or more optical elements (10, 11, 12a, 12b) has an at least partially diffractive optical function, and/or (ii) at least a portion of the at least one of the one or more optical elements (10, 11, 12a, 12b) is shaped such that its substrate is configured so as to have a non-flat or non-planar shape in three dimensions.

Abstract: A manufacturing system performs a deposition of an etch-compatible film over a substrate. The etch-compatible film includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The manufacturing system performs a partial removal of the etch-compatible film to create a surface profile on the first surface with a plurality of depths relative to the substrate. The manufacturing system performs a deposition of a second material over the profile created in the etch-compatible film. The manufacturing system performs a planarization of the second material to obtain a plurality of etch heights of the second material in accordance with the plurality of depths in the profile created in the etch-compatible film. The manufacturing system performs a lithographic patterning of a photoresist deposited over the planarized second material to obtain the plurality of etch heights and one or more duty cycles in the second material.

Abstract: A patterned optical retarder including non-overlapping first (21) and second (27) regions with respective first and second major surfaces having different RMS surface roughnesses. For substantially normally incident light over a wavelength range from about 400 nm to about 1000 nm, the optical retarder has different retardances in the respective first and second regions.

Abstract: A system may render glyphs based on stored textures without loss of quality at subpixel scales. The system may determine a content of a pixel of a display corresponds to a glyph, determine a subpixel alignment offset of a specified screen coordinates for the glyph with respect to the pixels of the display, based on the subpixel alignment offset, select one or more versions of the glyph from a plurality of versions of the glyph, a first version of the glyph of the plurality of versions of the glyph having a corresponding first subpixel alignment offset and a second version of the glyph of the plurality of versions of the glyph having a corresponding second subpixel alignment offset, and generate a display version of the pixel based on the selected one or more versions of the glyph and the subpixel alignment offset of the specified screen coordinates.

Abstract: A duplex wideband grating includes a first diffraction element and a second diffraction element. The first diffraction element and the second diffraction element may reside in a single volume or in two separate volumes. The first diffraction element may include a first set of Bragg planes, and the second diffraction element may include a second set of Bragg planes. The first diffraction element may be designed to have a peak diffraction efficiency at a first wavelength, and the second diffraction element may be designed to have a peak diffraction efficiency at a second wavelength different from the first wavelength. The first diffraction element and the second diffraction element may be designed to achieve a same angle of dispersion between wavelengths. The duplex wideband grating may have a broader bandwidth with higher average diffraction efficiency across the broader bandwidth than either the first diffraction element or the second diffraction element.

Abstract: A display device includes a diffractive optical element and a tunable light source operable in different states including a first state and a second state. The tunable light source provides first light having a first wavelength while the tunable light source is in the first state and second light having a second wavelength, distinct from the first wavelength, while the tunable light source is in the second state. The first wavelength and the second wavelength correspond to a first color band. The diffractive optical element is positioned to receive and redirect the first light and receive and redirect the second light. The diffractive optical element has a first focal length for the first light and a second focal length, distinct from the first focal length, for the second light.

Abstract: An example optical assembly includes a display, a light source for illuminating the display, and a first diffraction type polarizing beam splitter (DT-PBS) configured to direct light from a first light director, wherein the first DT-PBS is polarization sensitive and configured to direct, based on polarization, a first portion of light towards the display.