Abstract: A diffractive optical element includes a substrate, a first resin layer formed on the substrate and having a diffraction grating shape including a plurality of wall surfaces and a plurality of slopes, a second resin layer formed in close contact with the first resin layer, a high refractive-index portion formed on the plurality of wall surfaces of the first resin layer and having a higher refractive index than the first and the second resin layers, and a close contact portion discontinuous with the high refractive-index portion, wherein the close contact portion is formed on the plurality of slopes of the first resin layer, and wherein a thickness of the close contact portion is smaller than a height of the plurality of wall surfaces.

Abstract: An optical device as described herein includes a host substrate fabricated from a dielectric material transparent in the Infrared range. Additionally, the optical device as discussed herein includes multiple elements disposed on the host substrate. The multiple elements are spaced apart from each other on the host substrate in accordance with a desired pattern. Each of the multiple elements disposed in the host substrate is fabricated from a second material having a refractive index of greater than 4.5. Such an optical device provides an improvement over conventional optical devices that operate in the Infrared range.

Abstract: A method of fabricating non-uniform gratings includes implanting different densities of ions into corresponding areas of a substrate, patterning, e.g., by lithography, a resist layer on the substrate, etching the substrate with the patterned resist layer, and then removing the resist layer from the substrate, leaving the substrate with at least one grating having non-uniform characteristics associated with the different densities of ions implanted in the areas. The method can further include using the substrate having the grating as a mold to fabricate a corresponding grating having corresponding non-uniform characteristics, e.g., by nanoimprint lithography.

Abstract: An addressable vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array may generate structured light in dot patterns. The VCSEL array includes a plurality of traces that control different groups of VCSELs, such that each group of VCSELs may be individually controlled. The VCSEL groups are arranged such that they emit a dot pattern, and by modulating which groups of VCSELs are active a density of the dot pattern may be adjusted. The VCSEL array may be part of a depth projector that projects the dot pattern into a local area. A projection assembly may replicate the dot pattern in multiple tiles.

Abstract: A luminaire including: at least one light source (2), and an optical system (10, 11, 12a, 12b) for directing and/or distributing the light (5) emitted by the source(s) (2) into a desired output light distribution pattern (7); wherein the optical system comprises one or more optical elements (10, 11, 12a, 12b), the or each said optical element (10, 11, 12a, 12b) comprising a thin foil or sheet substrate having at least one optically functional surface or surface layer thereon or on a portion thereof, and wherein: (i) at least a portion of the at least one optically functional surface or surface layer on the substrate of at least one of the one or more optical elements (10, 11, 12a, 12b) has an at least partially diffractive optical function, and/or (ii) at least a portion of the at least one of the one or more optical elements (10, 11, 12a, 12b) is shaped such that its substrate is configured so as to have a non-flat or non-planar shape in three dimensions.

Abstract: A manufacturing system performs a deposition of an etch-compatible film over a substrate. The etch-compatible film includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The manufacturing system performs a partial removal of the etch-compatible film to create a surface profile on the first surface with a plurality of depths relative to the substrate. The manufacturing system performs a deposition of a second material over the profile created in the etch-compatible film. The manufacturing system performs a planarization of the second material to obtain a plurality of etch heights of the second material in accordance with the plurality of depths in the profile created in the etch-compatible film. The manufacturing system performs a lithographic patterning of a photoresist deposited over the planarized second material to obtain the plurality of etch heights and one or more duty cycles in the second material.

Abstract: A patterned optical retarder including non-overlapping first (21) and second (27) regions with respective first and second major surfaces having different RMS surface roughnesses. For substantially normally incident light over a wavelength range from about 400 nm to about 1000 nm, the optical retarder has different retardances in the respective first and second regions.

Abstract: A system may render glyphs based on stored textures without loss of quality at subpixel scales. The system may determine a content of a pixel of a display corresponds to a glyph, determine a subpixel alignment offset of a specified screen coordinates for the glyph with respect to the pixels of the display, based on the subpixel alignment offset, select one or more versions of the glyph from a plurality of versions of the glyph, a first version of the glyph of the plurality of versions of the glyph having a corresponding first subpixel alignment offset and a second version of the glyph of the plurality of versions of the glyph having a corresponding second subpixel alignment offset, and generate a display version of the pixel based on the selected one or more versions of the glyph and the subpixel alignment offset of the specified screen coordinates.

Abstract: A duplex wideband grating includes a first diffraction element and a second diffraction element. The first diffraction element and the second diffraction element may reside in a single volume or in two separate volumes. The first diffraction element may include a first set of Bragg planes, and the second diffraction element may include a second set of Bragg planes. The first diffraction element may be designed to have a peak diffraction efficiency at a first wavelength, and the second diffraction element may be designed to have a peak diffraction efficiency at a second wavelength different from the first wavelength. The first diffraction element and the second diffraction element may be designed to achieve a same angle of dispersion between wavelengths. The duplex wideband grating may have a broader bandwidth with higher average diffraction efficiency across the broader bandwidth than either the first diffraction element or the second diffraction element.

Abstract: A display device includes a diffractive optical element and a tunable light source operable in different states including a first state and a second state. The tunable light source provides first light having a first wavelength while the tunable light source is in the first state and second light having a second wavelength, distinct from the first wavelength, while the tunable light source is in the second state. The first wavelength and the second wavelength correspond to a first color band. The diffractive optical element is positioned to receive and redirect the first light and receive and redirect the second light. The diffractive optical element has a first focal length for the first light and a second focal length, distinct from the first focal length, for the second light.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method of manufacturing a modulated optically diffractive grating and a corresponding grating. The method comprises providing a substrate and manufacturing a plurality of temporary elements onto the substrate, the temporary elements being arranged in a periodic pattern comprising at least two periods having different element characteristics. Next, a first deposition layer is deposited so as to at least partially cover the temporary elements with the first deposition layer and the temporary elements are removed from the substrate in order to form onto the substrate a modulated diffractive grating of first grating elements made of the first deposition layer, the pattern comprising within each period a plurality of first grating elements and one more gaps between the first grating elements. The invention allows for producing high-quality gratings with locally varying diffraction efficiency.

Abstract: An optical body including: a first optical layer which has a surface having a convex profile in which a plurality of one-directionally extending elongated convex portions are one-dimensionally aligned in one direction; an inorganic layer disposed on the surface of the first optical layer on a side having the convex profile and a second optical layer disposed on a side of the inorganic layer so that the convex profile is embedded; wherein the convex profile meets at least one of the following (1) to (4): (1) a height varies in an extending direction in each of the elongated convex portions, (2) a ridge portion meanders in a direction perpendicular to both the extending direction and a height direction of the convex portion in each of the elongated convex portions, (3) heights of the elongated convex portions adjacent to each other are different from each other, and (4) a triangular prism-shaped convex portion and an elongated convex portion having a curved surface are adjacent to each other.

Abstract: An example optical assembly includes a display, a light source for illuminating the display, and a first diffraction type polarizing beam splitter (DT-PBS) configured to direct light from a first light director, wherein the first DT-PBS is polarization sensitive and configured to direct, based on polarization, a first portion of light towards the display.

Abstract: Methods for processing data from a metrology process and for obtaining calibration data are disclosed. In one arrangement, measurement data is obtained from a metrology process. The metrology process includes illuminating a target on a substrate with measurement radiation and detecting radiation redirected by the target. The measurement data includes at least a component of a detected pupil representation of an optical characteristic of the redirected radiation in a pupil plane. The method further includes analyzing the at least a component of the detected pupil representation to determine either or both of a position property and a focus property of a radiation spot of the measurement radiation relative to the target.

Abstract: A resonant waveguide grating includes a waveguiding layer and a plurality of subwavelength structures. The waveguiding layer, being in optical proximity to the plurality of subwavelength structures, is configured to guide at most ten wave-guided light modes. The plurality of subwavelength structures includes at least two adjacent grooves having a subwavelength distance between their groove centers being different than the subwavelength distance between the centers of two adjacent ridges. The plurality of subwavelength structures is configured to couple out of the waveguiding layer resonantly by diffraction, an outcoupled fraction of an incoupled portion of incident light. The outcoupled fraction is a diffracted part of an incident light beam. A diffractive optical combiner and a diffractive optical coupler, both include the resonant waveguide grating of the invention. A near-eye display apparatus includes at least the resonant waveguide grating of the invention.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, a cover is sealed over a metasurface on a substrate to create a sealed chamber. Liquid crystal, or another tunable refractive index dielectric material, is positioned within the sealed chamber around optical structures of the metasurface before or after the cover is sealed. For example, the liquid crystal may be injected through small vias or holes to fill a sealed chamber. In some embodiments, a glass cover is shaped or patterned with photoresist to protrude into the sealed chamber to reduce the thickness of the liquid crystal used to fill the sealed chamber. A driver to control the metasurface may be, for example, integrated within the substrate, be attached to exposed bond pads of the metasurface, and/or be embodied as a control layer connected to the metasurface through the substrate by through-substrate vias (TSVs).

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods to perform alignment in a projector are described. Laser light emitted is directed to at least one lens, which directs the laser light to a diffractive optical element (DOE), which produces a diffracted light. A sensor measures a property of the diffracted light, and a position of at least one lens adjusted to improve a quality of the diffracted light. The lens is fixed in position to the improvement in the quality of diffracted light achieving a defined threshold. The characteristic may include brightness.

Abstract: An example optical assembly includes a display, a light source for illuminating the display, and a first diffraction type polarizing beam splitter (DT-PBS) configured to direct light from a first light director, wherein the first DT-PBS is polarization sensitive and configured to direct, based on polarization, a first portion of light towards the display.

Abstract: An apparatus with a grating structure and a method for forming the same are disclosed. The grating structure includes forming a recess in a grating layer. A plurality of channels is formed in the grating layer to define slanted grating structures therein. The recess and the slanted grating structures are formed using a selective etch process.

Abstract: Provided are a grating device, a screen including the grating device, a method of manufacturing the screen, and a display apparatus including the screen. The grating device includes a transparent substrate and a diffraction grating arranged on the transparent substrate, the diffraction grating includes a plurality of meta-diffraction patterns, and each meta-diffraction pattern has a curved shape with a center of curvature provided in a direction parallel to the substrate. The screen includes a first polarizer, a second polarizer arranged next to the first polarizer, and a diffraction grating that is transparent to polarized light that has passed through the second polarizer and reflects polarized light having a polarization direction perpendicular to the polarized light, wherein the diffraction grating includes a plurality of meta-diffraction patterns, each meta-diffraction pattern having a curved shape with a center of curvature positioned in a travelling direction of incident light.

Abstract: A torque measurement system includes a first rotatable carrier structure mechanically coupled to a rotational shaft; a second rotatable carrier structure mechanically coupled to the rotational shaft; a first mutually coupled structure including a first track mechanically coupled to the first rotatable carrier structure and a second track mechanically coupled to the second rotatable carrier structure, where the first track and the second track are coupled together by a first torque dependent coupling; a second mutually coupled structure including a third track mechanically coupled to the first rotatable carrier structure and a fourth track mechanically coupled to the second rotatable carrier structure, where the third track and the fourth track are coupled together by a second torque dependent coupling. In response to a rotation of the rotational shaft, the first torque dependent coupling is configured to increase and the second torque dependent coupling is configured to decrease.

Abstract: An optical element includes first and second transmission gratings positioned in mutual proximity and in a mutually-parallel orientation and having respective first and second phase modulation profiles with a common period and different, respective first and second numbers of modulation peaks and troughs in each period.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of fabricating a master plate for producing diffractive structures and a master plate obtainable therewith. The method comprises providing a substrate having a periodic surface profile, filling the surface profile uniformly at least partly with filling material, and partially removing the filling material in order to produce a master plate having a periodic height-modulated surface profile formed by said substrate and said filling material. The invention allows for producing master plates capable of further producing gratings with variable diffraction efficiency.

Abstract: The invention concerns a multi-pupil lightguide element, a diffractive personal display, multi-pupil projector, a method for displaying an image and a use. The element comprises lightguide means, diffractive in-coupling means for coupling an image directed to the in-coupling means into the lightguide means, and diffractive out-coupling means for coupling said image out of the lightguide means. According to the invention, the diffractive in-coupling means comprise at least two in-coupling gratings laterally displaced from each other on said lightguide means for receiving segments of said image, and the diffractive out-coupling means is optically associated with said at least two in-coupling gratings for reproducing said image from said image segments. The invention allows for expanding the field-of-view of near-to-eye displays, for example.

Abstract: A diffractive optical element, in which a diffraction grating having a large pitch and a multitude of diffraction gratings can be arranged, includes a plurality of cells arranged side by side, wherein, for each cell, the pitch at which projections are lined up and/or the orientation of an in-plane rotation direction are/is different, and, within a single cell, the projections' pitch and the in-plane rotation direction orientation are the same, the diffractive optical element shaping light by this configuration which is an assembly of these cells. The plurality of cells include: a plurality of basic cells having the same outer shape; and a composite cell having a different outer shape from the basic cells, formed such that the length thereof in a specific direction is longer than the length of the basic cell, the composite cell having a diffraction grating including at least a single pitch's worth of the projection(s).

Abstract: A scale includes: a substrate that is made of low expansion glass of which a thermal expansion coefficient is 1×10?7/K or less; and scale gratings having a plurality of gratings that are arranged on a first face of the substrate at a predetermined interval and are made of a transparent inorganic material of which a thermal expansion coefficient is more than 1×10?7/K.

Abstract: A method of determining a torque applied to a rotatable shaft is provided. The method includes transmitting a first electro-magnetic transmit signal towards a first mutually coupled structure mechanically coupled to the rotatable shaft, converting, by the first mutually coupled multitrack structure, the first electro-magnetic transmit signal into a first electro-magnetic receive signal; receiving the first electro-magnetic receive signal; evaluating the received first electro-magnetic receive signal; and determining the torque applied to the rotatable shaft based on the evaluated first electro-magnetic receive signal.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a dispersion apparatus. The dispersion apparatus may include an optical substrate; a grating layer on a first side of the optical substrate; and a light outlet layer on a second side of the optical substrate, the second side opposite the first side of the optical substrate. The grating layer is configured to perform dispersion of incident light into first-order diffracted beams having target wavelengths and transmit the first-order diffracted beams into the optical substrate, and wherein a diffraction angle of each of the first-order diffracted beams having the target wavelengths is smaller than a total reflection angle between the optical substrate and air. The light outlet layer is configured to extract the first-order diffracted beams having the target wavelengths in the optical substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to semiconductor devices for use in optoelectronic/photonic applications and integrated circuit (IC) chips. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to semiconductor devices having a reflector and a photonic component and a method of forming the same. The present disclosure provides a semiconductor device having a substrate, a photonic component arranged above the substrate, a bottom reflector arranged above the substrate and positioned below the photonic component, in which the bottom reflector has a plurality of grating structures configured to reflect electromagnetic waves towards the photonic component, and a top reflector arranged above the photonic component, in which the top reflector has a plurality of grating structures configured to reflect electromagnetic waves towards the photonic component.

Abstract: An optical diffraction component is configured to suppress at least one target wavelength by destructive interference. The optical diffraction component includes at least three diffraction structure levels that are assignable to at least two diffraction structure groups. A first of the diffraction structure groups is configured to suppress a first target wavelength ?1. A second of the diffraction structure groups is configured to suppress a second target wavelength ?2, where (?1??2)2/(?1+?2)2<20%. A topography of the diffraction structure levels can be described as a superimposition of two binary diffraction structure groups. Boundary regions between adjacent surface sections of each of the binary diffraction structure groups have a linear course and are superimposed on one another at most along sections of the linear course.

Abstract: An embodiment of an optical structure includes a core having first and second ends and a first side with a first grating profile having a first phase shift distributed between the first and second ends, and a cladding disposed around the core. Such an optical structure can be used in an electro-optic modulator (EOM), and can render the EOM smaller in size than currently available EOMs.

Abstract: An imaging waveguide for a visual display includes a substrate for guiding image light therein by total internal reflection (TIR). An input grating is supported by the substrate for coupling the image light into the imaging waveguide. An output grating is supported by the substrate and spaced apart from the input grating for coupling the image light guided in the substrate out of the imaging waveguide for observation by a user. A gap filling overcoat is formed on and within the output grating, but not on or within the input grating. The material is characterized by a refractive index between 1.40 and 1.80 at 500 nm, absorption between 0% and 1% in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and % haze between 0% and 0.2% in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses related to fiducial designs for fiducial markers on glass substrates, or other transparent or translucent substrates, are disclosed. Example fiducial designs can facilitate visual recognition by enhancing edge detection in visual perception. In example fiducial designs, optical features on glass substrates can re-direct light so as to present a bright image region. Such optical features can include surface relief patterns formed in a coating on the surface of glass substrates. An exemplary method for manufacturing the fiducial markers can involve transfers of a fiducial design across a master mold or plate, a submaster mold or plate, and a target glass substrate. A fiducial marker can facilitate the use of the substrate in a variety of applications, including machine vision systems that facilitate automated performance of manufacturing processes on input working material.

Abstract: A diffractive optical element includes a carrier and a plurality of nano- or micro-scale rods arranged above a top side of the carrier, wherein the rods are arranged parallel to one another in a regular grid arrangement. A method of producing a diffractive optical element includes providing a carrier and epitaxially growing a plurality of mutually parallel nano- or micro-scale rods in a regular gird arrangement above a top side of the carrier.

Abstract: An addressable vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array may generate structured light in dot patterns. The VCSEL array includes a plurality of traces that control different groups of VCSELs, such that each group of VCSELs may be individually controlled. The VCSEL groups are arranged such that they emit a dot pattern, and by modulating which groups of VCSELs are active a density of the dot pattern may be adjusted. The VCSEL array may be part of a depth projector that projects the dot pattern into a local area. A projection assembly may replicate the dot pattern in multiple tiles.

Abstract: A lithographic patterning of a resist is performed to create a mandrel over a substrate. A deposition of one or more functional materials on the mandrel is performed. And each functional material has a respective refractive index. A selective removal of the mandrel is performed to create a plurality of grating elements formed from the one or more functional materials. The plurality of grating elements are self-aligned and form a diffraction grating. Each grating element may have a heterogenous refractive index (e.g., substantial normal to and/or parallel to a surface of the substrate). The diffraction grating may be used in a near-eye display.

Abstract: Exemplary apparatus and optical systems for forward and side view apparatus are described. These apparatus include a light focusing element, a grating element inclined with respect to the optical axis of the apparatus, and a transparent element. The transparent element has a proximal surface in contact with the grating element and an inclined distal surface. Such apparatus can be used as spectrally encoded endoscopy (SEE) probes.

Abstract: A signal processing circuit is provided that generates output signals to be output from spatially different output ports based on bit combinations of an input word consisting of a plurality of bit signals. A distributed memory, a ROM and a DAC in which the signal processing circuit is used are also provided. A recognition circuit includes a serial port to which a bit signal is input and 2N output ports recognizing an input N-bit word and corresponding uniquely to 2N bit combinations. Output ports of the recognition circuit are connected to 2N input ports of an electric circuit. With no signal input to the recognition circuit, all outputs are constantly in a Low level state. In a case where a bit signal is input to the serial port of the recognition circuit, only one of the output ports corresponding to the bit combinations turns to a High level state.

Abstract: A method of dispersion compensation in an optical device is disclosed. The method may include identifying a first hologram grating vector of a grating medium of the optical device. The first hologram grating vector may correspond to a first wavelength of light. The method may include determining a probe hologram grating vector corresponding to a second wavelength of light different from the first wavelength of light. The method may also include determining a dispersion-compensated second hologram grating vector based at least in part on the probe hologram grating vector and the first hologram grating vector. A device for reflecting light is disclosed. The device may include a grating medium and a grating structure within the grating medium. The grating medium may include a dispersion compensated hologram.

Abstract: The optical element has transmissivity in a first direction, and includes a plurality of first members each having a first surface that forms an element of first information. The first surface faces a second direction orthogonal to the first direction.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a semiconductor storage device includes a stacked body, a first columnar body, and a second columnar body. In the stacked body, a plurality of conductive layers and a plurality of insulating layers are alternately stacked along a first direction. The first columnar body extends through the stacked body. The second columnar body extends through the stacked body, and is aligned with the first columnar body along the first direction. The second columnar body includes a second channel film. The first columnar body includes a first channel film, a core surrounded by the first channel film, and a conductive layer. The conductive layer is in contact with the second channel film of the second columnar body and the first channel film of the first columnar body.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for dynamic and reversible patterning of mask layers and manipulation and redistribution of energy sources such as laser beams. An embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus including a mirror-like thin film comprising a front surface and a back surface configured to reflect a laser beam; a layer of a mask material on top of the front surface of the mirror-like thin film, wherein the mask material is transparent to the laser beam and is dewetted by a heat source to create a height profile in the mask material.

Abstract: A resonator is provided having a waveguide with a first boundary, a second boundary parallel to the first boundary, a first end, a second end, and a waveguide cavity at least partly between the first boundary and the second boundary. A first grating, having a period of distance a, is at the first boundary of the waveguide, and a second grating, having a period of distance a, is at the second boundary of the waveguide. The first and second boundaries are separated by a constant distance d. The first boundary may have a periodic profile aligned with a periodic profile of the second boundary. The periodic profile of the first boundary and the second boundary may be a sinusoidal profile, a square profile, or profile of another shape. The resonator may be suitable for use in a distributed feedback laser.

Abstract: Embodiments are disclosed for an optical waveguide display configured for use with a near-eye display (NED) device. In an embodiment the waveguide display includes a light-transmissive substrate and an optical coupling element configured to input light rays to the substrate or output light rays from the substrate, the optical coupling element configured to deflect a plurality of wavelengths of an incident light ray collinearly for propagation within the light-transmissive substrate through total internal reflection (TIR). The optical coupling element can include a pattern of nano-structures that collectively form a metasurface on the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a nanostructure pixel sensor and a method for use thereof. A nanostructure pixel sensor includes a plurality of nanostructure pixels comprising periodic nanostructures. Every nanostructure pixel is designed to achieve a specific optical response at a given wavelength illuminated by a light beam. A nanostructure pixel sensor generates a wavelength-dependent image pattern, which is sensitive to the surrounding environment. The sensor described in the present invention utilizes image patterns to detect analytes and/or determine amount of analytes on the sensor surface or in the vicinity of the sensor surface.

Abstract: A method including forming a substrate to form a template which includes areas of high relief and areas of low relief; and forming a high refractive index diffraction grating in the template by adding high refractive index material to the template to form a continuous low relief surface. The high refractive index material fills the areas of low relief and covers the areas of high relief of the template to form a high refractive index diffraction grating. The high refractive index diffraction grating includes the high refractive index material configured to have a low relief side corresponding to the continuous low relief surface and configured by the template to have a periodic side including areas of high relief and areas of low relief which periodically alternate in the first direction with the first periodicity and are interconnected by the high refractive index material.

Abstract: An optical device including a waveguide microresonator, laid out to guide a light beam along a closed loop optical path; and at least one injection and/or extraction waveguide, optically coupled to the microresonator for injection and/or extraction of the light beam. The microresonator is composed of a plurality of elementary waveguides with a spacing between them, and located one after the other to form a loop-shaped layout. Among other things, the invention increases the sensitivity of the microresonator to the surrounding medium.

Abstract: A photo-detection apparatus includes a light-shielding film, an optically-coupled layer, a photodetector, and an optical system. In the light-shielding film, light-transmitting regions and light-shielding regions are alternately arranged in at least a first direction within a plane. The optically-coupled layer faces the light-shielding film and includes a grating that propagates light in the first direction. The photodetector includes first photo-detection cells and second photo-detection cells arranged on an imaging area. The optical system is disposed between the optically-coupled layer and the photodetector. An image of light transmitted by parts of the optically-coupled layer that face each of the light-transmitting regions and light-shielding regions is enlarged or reduced by the optical system and formed on a corresponding one of the first and second photo-detection cells.

Abstract: A polarization grating for diffractive light deflection, having at least one liquid crystal layer on a substrate, wherein the liquid crystal molecules having a periodic change in orientation. The invention further relates to a light deflection device and a method for deflecting light. A polarization grating for an oblique incidence angle of the light is specified, in particular having high diffraction efficiency for the +1st order for a specifiable or variable incidence angle in a wide range of incidence angles. A polarization grating has at least one additional orientation change of the liquid crystal molecules such a way such that light of a specified polarization has a controllable angle of incidence and experiences a specifiable phase retardation upon passing through the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate to augmented waveguide regions. The augmented waveguide regions generally include pluralities of gratings having duty cycles and refractive indices. In certain embodiments, the duty cycles are different, the refractive indices are different, or both the duty cycles and the refractive indices are different. Also described herein are methods for forming the augmented waveguide regions.