Abstract: A control method wherein sliding of a sliding door by a powered sliding device is started after sounding an annunciation buzzer when an operating switch is operated, but when a remote control transmitter integrally having an ignition key is operated, the sliding of the sliding door by the powered sliding device is started without operating the annunciation buzzer.

Abstract: A high-frequency relay includes: a base block having fixed terminals insert-molded to expose fixed contacts on the upper surface; an electromagnetic block having a coil wound around an iron core through a spool; and mounted on the base block, and movable blocks having movable contacts driven in accordance with excitation and demagnetization of the electromagnetic block so as to be connected with and disconnected from the fixed contacts of the base block. The movable blocks have movable iron pieces to be connected with and disconnected from the fixed contacts of the fixed terminals. A return spring is provided for elastically supporting each of the movable blocks so as to make the movable block accessible vertically to the upper surface of the base block. The return spring is disposed to be biased to one of the fixed terminals.

Abstract: A circuit (200) for protection against voltage or current spikes receives an initial clock signal (CI) and transmits at least one resultant clock signal (CN1, CN2, CP1, CP2) to a downstream circuit. This resultant clock signal is inactive if a random voltage or current spike appears upstream. This averts the possibility of disturbing the operation of the downstream circuit. Application to the protection of clock circuits for integrated circuits.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for protecting a thin film sensor such as a magnetoresistive head from damaging electrical transients, such as electrostatic discharge. A thin film sensor assembly includes a thin film sensor in electrical contact with a first and a second electrical contact. A shunting structure is deposited between and in electrical communication with the first and second electrical contacts such that the shunting structure as deposited is a high resistance path between the first and second electrical contacts and does not electrically short the first and second electrical contacts. Heat treating the shunting structure then forms a low resistance path between the first and second electrical contacts to provide protection of the sensor from electrostatic discharge.

Abstract: All integrated circuits (ICs) require a power supply having a potential difference for use in powering internal integrated circuit components to ensure their operation. In some cases it is possible to inadvertently reverse the bias of the applied potential difference, resulting in damage to the IC. For propagating large currents big pass transistors are used within the circuit. Reverse bias protection for these ICs is achieved by utilizing either a protection transistor in parallel with the big pass transistor, or a diode within the big pass transistor for protecting both analog and digital ICs.

Abstract: The apparatus is intended for disconnection of a live electrical conductor and has an enclosure (3) and two power connections (1, 2) which are passed out of the enclosure (3). A conductor section (7) which connects the two power connections (1, 2) to one another and a propellant means are arranged in the enclosure interior (4). The propellant means is used to produce an amount of compressed gas which is sufficient to disconnect the conductor section (7) when a fault current occurs. The propellant means is kept free of combustible substances and is chosen such that the amount of compressed gas which is required for disconnection can be thermally released from the propellant means by the electrical work produced by the fault current.

Abstract: A high-voltage power breaker includes two arcing contact pieces which are separated from one another when disconnected and between which an arc is struck in an arcing area. The arcing area is filled with a quenching gas, where the quenching gas has been heated by the arc flowing out from a constriction point of an insulating nozzle. The insulating nozzle surrounds the arcing area, through at least one outlet flow channel which has a number of areas which the quenching gas passes through successively. The first area which faces the constriction point of the nozzle has a specific flow resistance which is less than that of the constriction point. The first area in the outlet flow direction of the quenching gas is followed by at least one second area, one third area and one fourth area. The specific flow resistance of the second and fourth areas are each greater than the specific flow resistance of the immediately preceding area in the outlet flow direction.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for operating a solenoid actuator, for example, an electric motor provided in the form of a switched reluctance motor, permits operation of the motor in the event of malfunction or failure of part of an energy supply. The circuit arrangement advantageously includes an auxiliary battery serving as a redundance in addition to a main battery. The auxiliary battery is smaller and has a lower nominal voltage than the main battery. In order to permit continued operation of the electric motor in the event of failure, with a nominal operating voltage which is adapted to the nominal voltage of the main battery, a capacitor which can be switched on and off is connected in series to the batteries. An energy quantity can be accumulated in the capacitor by switching the current switching through an exciter winding of the electric motor in the manner of a switching regulator, whereby the nominal voltage of the capacitor finally exceeds the voltage in the auxiliary battery.

Abstract: A control system for a pool and spa. Main line voltage is provided through a single line voltage service and a single ground fault circuit interrupter circuit, facilitating a ground fault test and simplifying installation. The control system acts as a power distribution system for controlling the pool and spa equipment, with a circuit board assembly including individual fuse protection devices and switching circuits. A test algorithm is included, wherein the control system is disabled from normal operation if the GFCI test fails. The pool operator manually enters a water fill command, and the controller system automatically opens the fill valve for a predetermined time interval, and then automatically closes the valve. An emergency disconnect switch is mounted near the bathing area, connected by low voltage wiring to the controller system cabinet. The controller system senses the emergency switch closure and disconnects line voltage to the line voltage loads.

Abstract: First of all, a processing apparatus that is utilized in the semiconductor industry, a protecting circuit and an automatic running apparatus having the standardized mechanical interface (SMIF) are provided. The protecting circuit includes: a voltage-induction device, a logical device and two electric-lighting devices. The protecting circuit receives the signals from the processing apparatus by the voltage-induction device, and the protecting circuit utilizes the logical device to perform a logical calculation in accordance with the signals from the processing apparatus. Furthermore, the states of operating the processing apparatus are shown in two electric-lighting devices, and the logical signals are transported from the protecting circuit into the standardized mechanical interface (SMIF) to control the operation of the robotic arm in the automatic running apparatus.

Abstract: A bus assembly for a network protector, where the network protector includes a housing, and where the bus assembly includes a plurality of busses having laminations and a rack assembly. The plurality of busses are mounted in the rack assembly and the rack assembly is coupled to the housing.

Abstract: A method for detecting faults in an electrical system having a plurality of control lines and an error indicator line is disclosed. This method determines which of the plurality of control lines are active and whether the error flag line is indicating that a fault is present. One of the plurality of control lines is deactivated when the error flag line is indicating that a fault is present. Further, the method re-determines whether the error flag line is indicating a fault is present and then determines that a fault is present on the deactivated control line when the error flag line indicates that a fault is not present. In a further aspect of the present invention, the method re-activates the deactivated control line when the error flag line indicates that the fault is still present. These steps are repeated until the control line having a fault is identified.

Abstract: A remote control and power protection circuit installed in an electric outlet and adapted to control the operation of each electric socket of the electric outlet by means of a remote controller and to automatically trip off the circuit upon an overcurrent or overvoltage. The remote control and power protection circuit includes a CPU having voltage/current detector and amplifier circuit means and voltage/current judging circuit means adapted to detect the voltage/current value of inputted power supply, and to drive a red LCD to flash and a buzzer to buzz when inputted current value approaches the rated value, and to drive an overload switch element to trip off power supply upon an overcurrent or overvoltage.

Abstract: A power semiconductor circuit drives a load connected an output terminal. An output switch switches the output terminal to either one of an on-state and an off state. An internal state signal terminal produces an internal state of the circuit as a signal. An internal state signal switch switches the internal state signal terminal to either one of an on-state and an off-state. An internal state sensor detects the internal state of the circuit. A logic circuit is given with a control signal from an external control circuit, a detecting signal of the internal state sensor, and the signal from the internal state signal terminal, and switches the output switch and the internal state signal switch to either one of the on-state and the off-state on the basis of the given signals.

Abstract: A structure is designed with an external terminal (100) and a reference terminal (130). A first transistor (106) has a current path coupled to the external terminal and has a first control terminal (114). A second transistor (110) has a current path coupled between the current path of the first transistor and the reference terminal and has a second control terminal (126). A bias circuit comprises a third transistor (116) having a first conductivity type and a fourth transistor (124) having a second conductivity type. The third and fourth transistors have respective current paths coupled in series to the reference terminal. The bias circuit is arranged to produce a first voltage at the first control terminal and a second voltage different from the first voltage at the second control terminal.

Abstract: An overcurrent interrupting device includes a power MOSFET (10) for controlling an electric current flowing from a power supply to a load; a current detection circuit (30) for detecting a current value of an electric current flowing from the power MOSFET (10) to a load (L); a determination value selection circuit (50) for selecting a determination value used for determining an overcurrent; an overcurrent determination circuit (40) for determining whether or not the current value represents occurrence of an overcurrent, on the basis of the current value detected by the current detection circuit (30) and the determination value selected by the determination value selection circuit (50); and a boosting and switching circuit (20) for controlling activation/deactivation of the power MOSFET (10) on the basis of a result of determination rendered by the overcurrent determination circuit (40).

Abstract: To provide an electronic device starter that does not waste electric power while it is not being used and a vehicle tire monitoring system in which the starter is used for eliminating waste of electric power of batteries for its detectors. In a vehicle tire monitoring system according to the present invention, a monitor unit sends a start signal at time intervals T1 by using an electromagnetic wave, a rectifier circuit 33 in a detector 3 which received the start signal converts a high-frequency electromotive force caused by the start signal at an antenna 31 into electric energy, this electric energy operates a central processing section 34, a detector section 35, and a transmitting section 36, the central processing section 34 which started operating places an FET 382 in the on state to supply electric power from a battery 381 to a sensor section 37 to operate the sensor section 37.

Abstract: A control system for bathers with ground continuity and ground fault detection includes an electronic controller which controls operation of electrically powered devices such as an electric heater assembly connected in a water flow path for heating water. A solid state water temperature sensor apparatus provides electrical temperature signals to the controller indicative of water temperature at separated first and second locations on or within the heater housing. A solid state water presence sensor apparatus determines the presence of water within the heater housing, providing electrical water presence signals to the controller indicative of the presence or absence of a body of water within the heater housing. The system includes ground continuity detection, ground current detection and ground fault detection circuits. The ground continuity detector detects continuity of the electrical ground and provides an electrical detector signal to the controller indicative of a ground continuity status.

Abstract: A fast acting re-settable and low cost circuit breaker without moving parts. It has a magnetic amplification feature, and can also be used as a current limiter or current sensor. The fast acting switching function is provided by a Hall device with a binary output actuated by a coil. It is operating within microseconds and can be used to protect semiconductors from destruction by overloads. Integrated circuit fabrication processes can be used for manufacturing of this invention. This device can be used on both direct current and alternating current.

Abstract: The digital protection system for a high voltage electricity network to instruct circuit breakers to open in the event of faults being detected by current and/or voltage sensors on the network lines connected to the circuit breakers includes a radio link for transmitting data with a mobile telephone of the “Bluetooth” type.

Abstract: A multi-pole protective device and system for electrical power transmission and distribution systems is provided that operates a multi-pole tripping system at ground level from a line-potential tripping device contained within each pole of the multi-pole system. The system includes multiple pole-unit assemblies each of which is totally self-contained and generates a tripping signal in response to overcurrent conditions to operate a ground-potential operating mechanism. In one arrangement, the pole units each include an internal line-potential tripping arrangement that communicates a trip signal to a ground-potential operating mechanism of the pole unit and associated pole units of the protective device arrangement. In a preferred arrangement, the line-potential tripping arrangement includes an insulated member that is moved to transmit the trip signal from line potential to ground potential.

Abstract: Data input into an information input apparatus is uploaded to an application server on a network via a communications adapter and downloaded to the image input apparatus from the network application server via the communications adapter in response to a user request. The upload of data input to the image input apparatus to the network application server via the communications adapter involves small data size data (thumbnail data). Original data corresponding to the uploaded small data size data may then be uploaded to the network application server upon user request, the original data then being downloaded to the image input apparatus via the communications adapter from the network application server.

Abstract: A circuit breaker includes two movable contacts for electrical connection to a load and a power source, respectively, a movable contact holder holding the first contact, a first spring biassing the contact holder, and an actuator for moving the second contact into contact with the first contact. A locking frame locks the contact holder and, in turn, the first contact at a first position in the path of movement of the second contact, against the spring, for contact by the second contact. The locking frame pivots between a first locking position locking the contact holder in the first position and a second position releasing the contact holder from the first position. A second spring biasses the locking frame towards the second position. A solenoid holds the locking frame in the first position against the second spring. An electronic control circuit detects occurrence of a circuit fault and, in response to detecting a fault, disables the solenoid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a field bus arrangement with a field bus distributor (11) for mounting in the area (1) at risk of explosion, for feeding a plurality of field devices (121 to 12n), arranged in the area (1) at risk of explosion, via intrinsically safe electric circuits (13) from at least one high-energy voltage source (21) arranged in the area (2) not at risk of explosion. For this purpose, in the area (2) not at risk of explosion, a field bus coupler (22) arranged in the area (2) not at risk of an explosion and having three electric circuits which are DC-isolated from one another is provided.

Abstract: Based upon the results of an ID check with an ignition knob lock device which prevents rotational operation of an ignition knob which is used when stating an engine of a vehicle, and of an ID check with a portable unit, a passive control unit transmits to the ignition knob lock device a command to release prohibition of rotational operation of the ignition knob, and performs an ID check with the ignition knob lock device before detecting an operation of pushing in the ignition knob.

Abstract: A keyed filler panel with integrated recessed region for attaching device is disclosed. In one embodiment, the present invention is comprised of a filler panel body. The present embodiment is further comprised of a recessed portion integral with the filler panel body. The recessed portion is fixedly coupled with the filler panel body, and adapted to receive an attaching device for removably coupling the filler panel body with respect to a chassis.

Abstract: In a slow-make type circuit breaker for opening and closing a main circuit contact in synchronism with the manual operation of a rotary operation handle, a ratchet unit 12 as an artificial quick-make means for forcibly increasing the operating force of the operation handle in the middle of a stroke for ON operation of the contact is constituted by a convex cam 11 made of metal and coupled with the operation handle 5, a ratchet 12b made of metal and disposed at a point close to an ON position of the operation handle so as to face the cam, a driving spring 12c for pressing the ratchet toward a rotary movement path of the cam, and a ratchet case 12a in which these parts are incorporated. The unit is fabricated inside a cover 1b of a circuit breaker body. Here, the cam and the ratchet are formed as common parts, and the driving spring is selected in accordance with the kind of circuit breaker.

Abstract: A crush type pressure detecting device less in occurrence of malfunction, simple in structure, and inexpensive to manufacture is presented. On a crush plate 120 made of ceramics or the like, a conductor path 130 is formed, for example, in linear or U-shape, and electrodes 131 are provided at both ends. Both ends of the crush plate 120 are inserted into a holder 110 made of plastic or printed board so as to support at both sides. An opening 111 is provided in the holder 110 to expose the electrode 131, thereby obtaining a crush type pressure detecting device 100 of the invention. Terminal plates 140 are connected to the electrodes 131 of this detecting device 100, and the terminal plates 140 are used as mounting members, and are disposed in contact with the object to be detected, for example, the outer wall of a housing 210 of a rechargeable battery 200.

Abstract: This invention includes a circuit that approximates the thermal behavior of a fuse or other electronic device that is coupled in series with the circuit. In one preferred embodiment, the circuit protects a fuse coupled in series with a rechargeable battery from clearing during soft short conditions. Thus, when the instantaneous current is temporarily above the current rating of the fuse, yet the root mean squared current is below the current rating of the fuse, the circuit works to estimate the heating of the fuse element and limit the current to a root mean squared value that is less than the current rating of the fuse. One embodiment includes a programmable comparator that actuates a counter which, in turn, increments to estimate heating of the element when the current exceeds a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A display device includes a plurality of scanning lines, a plurality of signal lines, current-driven elements provided corresponding to portion where the scanning lines and the signal lines cross one another, and performs a display operating in response to the mount of a driving current supplied to the current-driven elements. The amount of tho driving current is defined by the value of the driving current and the length of a period in which the driving current, which is periodically repeated, is supplied to the current-driven elements. This definition of the amount of the driving current can realize accurate gray scale control in a minute current region and a reduction in power consumption of the display device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus generates an enhanced trip time curve capable of capturing both the non-sinusoidal energy and series effects. Relevant data including time, current, and energy is plotted on a three-dimensional set of axes. The resultant three-dimensional representation is useful for representing trip times for a protection device accounting for energy effects, and for determining selectivity in a multi-tier electrical distribution system.

Abstract: Remote activation mechanism for equipment hold down and release, composed of a fixed base (1); a disk with capacity to rotate (2); a ring (3) subdivided in independent segments; a helical torsion spring (4) mounted around the segmented, being in one end joined to the fixed base (1) and the other end to the disk (2); a retainer (5) to attach the hardware, that passes through the fixed base (1) and has means to be blocked by the segmented ring (3); a disk blocking system; and a disk liberation system (2). The disk (2) can potentially rotate from a position in which the helical torsion spring (4) is loaded hugging radially the segmented ring (3), up to a position in which the helical torsion spring (4) is unloaded, allowing the ring segments move radially away to release the retainer (5). The disk blocking system can be based on rollers or balls (12) with possibility of being inserted partially in disk grooves or in crown grooves.

Abstract: A fuse cutout for connection to a power source, includes a mounting having upper and lower support members extending from opposing ends of the mounting. A holder member is fixedly attached to the lower support member of the mounting and a pivot member is received in the holder member at a first pivot point. The pivot member is movable between first and second positions. A lever member, movable between non-release and release positions, has unitary first and second portions. The first portion is pivotally coupled to the pivot member. A fuseholder, movable between closed and open positions, has upper and lower ends, the lower end being pivotally coupled to the pivot member at a second pivot point. The first and second positions of the pivot member and each of the closed and open positions of the fuseholder, correspond to each of the non-release and release positions of the lever member.

Abstract: The aircraft applicable ground fault circuit interrupter interrupts a circuit when a current imbalance is sensed. The circuit interrupter includes a power supply, a sensor for sensing a current imbalance at the line side of the circuit, a logic controller, and a power controller. The power supply provides power to the sensor, logic controller, and the power controller. The logic controller receives input from the sensor, and the power controller receives input from the logic controller, and interrupts power to the load side of the circuit when the sensor senses a current imbalance. Power interruption due to a sensed current imbalance is maintained until the power source is cycled. The circuit interrupter is preferably autonomous, requiring no additional signals, inputs, or sources of power.

Abstract: A switchgear having a primary circuit breaker and a secondary circuit breaker respectively arranged on the primary side and secondary side of a load switch or a voltage and current transformer for an instrument, a primary grounding switch arranged between the load switch or voltage and current transformer for an instrument and the primary circuit breaker, and a secondary grounding switch arranged between the load switch or voltage and current transformer for an instrument and the secondary circuit breaker, wherein to the primary and secondary circuit breakers and grounding switches, connection means are respectively connected so as to move the moving electrodes of the circuit breakers and grounding switches and an operation device for operating the moving electrodes in connection with each other via the connection bars is included and a receiving transformation apparatus using it.

Abstract: A fuseless power supply regulator circuit is provided for a gate security system. The circuit has sub-circuitry and components to monitor current levels of current from an unregulated power supply and to stop the follow of current into the circuit when the unregulated supply is providing an excessive amount of current and/or the gate security system is drawing an excessive amount of current as a result of a short or otherwise. The sub-circuitry continues to monitor current levels of current coming from the unregulated power supply and when the current levels drop to acceptable levels reopens the main circuit and allows current to flow into the power supply regulation circuit and on into the power supply circuit.

Abstract: A user input having a first mode of operation relating to the entry of a command is indicated on a display device prior to the actual execution of the command, after which a second mode of operation may be entered wherein the command is actually executed using the displayed information for confirmation purposes. In a preferred embodiment, the user input device takes the form of a hand-held remote-control unit, and the display is a television monitor. In this case, the invention is operative to determine the position of a user's finger relative to one or more keys of the keypad on the remote-control unit, and display, on the TV monitor, information relating to the user's relative position.

Abstract: In a light-emitting-diode lamp, there is provided an input impedance-changing circuit for establishing a low input impedance circuit when the light-emitting-diode lamp is missingline turned off. This input impedance-changing circuiting comprises Shunt circuit section, and a detector circuit section. The shunt circuit section includes a low impedance element and a controllable switching device connected in series. The detector circuit section detects turning off of the light-emitting-diode lamp and, in response to such detection, close the switching device to thereby cause electric current to flow through the shunt circuit section in order to simulate lower input impedance of the light-emitting-diode lamp. When the light-emitting-diode lamp replaces a conventional traffic signal incandescent lamp, the input impedance-changing circuitry prevents the conflict monitor of the already installed traffic-light lamp system to detect a high lamp impedance and accordingly a faulty lamp.

Abstract: A micromechanical electrical systems (MEMS) metallic micromachined multiple ported electrical switch receivable on the die of an integrated circuit and within the integrated circuit package for controlling radio frequency signal paths among a plurality of switch-enabled different path choices. The switch provides desirably small signal losses in both the switch open and switch closed conditions. The switch is primarily of the single pole multiple throw mechanical type with possible use as a single input pole, multiple output poles device and provision for grounding open nodes in the interest of limiting capacitance coupling across the switch in its open condition. Cantilever beam switch element suspension is included along with normally open and normally closed switch embodiments, electrostatic switch actuation and signal coupling through the closed switch by way of increased inter electrode capacitance coupling. Switch operation from direct current to a frequency above ten gigahertz is accommodated.

Abstract: A transfer switch includes a miniature circuit breaker housing, a first line terminal, a second line terminal, a load terminal, and separable contacts electrically connected to the first line terminal. A transfer arm is electrically connected to the load terminal and is adapted to move between a first position in which the transfer arm is electrically connected to the separable contacts and a second position in which the transfer arm is electrically connected to the second line terminal. A solenoid having a first coil, a second coil and a plunger moves the transfer arm between the first and second positions thereof. An operating mechanism opens and closes the separable contacts.

Abstract: A power source unit can be miniaturized with increases in power consumption suppressed. A rectifier means (201) is used to prevent a direct current supplied via a second input terminal (VDD or VSS) from being supplied reversely to a first input terminal (CP or CM) and thereby to eliminate the conventional necessity to a separate dispose means for preventing the direct current supplied via the second input terminal from being supplied reversely to the first input terminal, thereby permitting simplifying a configuration and reducing useless power consumption, and thereby miniaturizing the unit with increases in power consumption suppressed.

Abstract: In order to drive it with compatible electromagnetic interference, a circuit breaker is charged with a high charging current until the drain current exceeds a current threshold. The circuit breaker is then charged further with a smaller charging current associated with the desired rate of rise, until the drain voltage falls below a predefined voltage threshold. The circuit breaker is then charged further with the high charging current for a predefined period. In order to close the circuit breaker, a nearly reverse sequence is followed.

Abstract: Electrical distribution equipment generally includes a housing defining an enclosed space and a conductor in the enclosed space. A current transformer utilizing current in the conductor induces current in a secondary winding thereof, and a fan assembly is electrically connected to the secondary winding. The fan assembly includes a fan motor in driving relation to a fan.

Abstract: A polymer material comprising channels whose temperature-independent conductivity exceeds 106 S/cm is used to form conductive films and various devices containing such films. Conduction takes place through threads and channels passing through the film which is otherwise a dielectric. The film is produced by first depositing a macromolecular polymer substance on a substrate. During preparation, the substance is preferably in a viscous liquid state. Stable free electrons (polarons) are then created by ionizing the substance. This is assisted by exposure to UV radiation and the presence of strong polar groups in the polymer. Various enrichment techniques, such as applying a strong electric field, are then used to join the superpolarons together into conducting threads within the medium. To stabilize the positions of the threads, the medium is then solidified, preferably by cooling it below its glass transition point or inducing cross-linking between the macromolecules. The film may be a membrane.

Abstract: A push-button switch having an overload protection function and a circular type actuation mechanism is disclosed. The switch comprises a conduction lead to be actuated by circularly rotating actuators. The actuators rotate in response of each sliding cycle of the button. Thus, a switch that occupies least space, reduces wearing and increases lifetime, is obtained.

Abstract: A wiring pattern of a circuit board comprises two reference voltage lines holding a signal line therebetween, whereas the reference voltage lines on both ends are electrically connected to a conductive bracket. The bracket covers and electrically shields lead pins connecting a light-receiving device unit or light-emitting device unit to the circuit board.

Abstract: An apparatus for protecting electronic equipment includes an electrical ground connection in soil and connected to the electronic equipment, and a sensor for sensing an electrical resistance of the electrical ground connection. A dispenser is connected to the sensor for dispensing a liquid into the soil adjacent the electrical ground connection responsive to the sensed electrical resistance being higher than a first threshold to thereby decrease the electrical resistance. The electronic equipment may also be disconnected from a power source based on the resistance of the electrical ground connection.

Abstract: An external device can generate data file in a predetermined data format by using editing capabilities. The contents of the file are transferred to the mobile telephone together with a control data depending on a format. A mobile telephone performs a new mail generation and transmission/storage processes according to the received command and code. The code of an ‘on-hook’ key can be transmitted at a start and an end of the code transmission to completely return the mobile telephone to the wait state. The mobile telephone performs the new mail generation and transmission/storage processes according to the received command and code.

Abstract: An electrostatic chuck 55 for holding a substrate 30 comprises an electrostatic member 100 made from a dielectric 115 covering an electrode 105 that is chargeable to electrostatically hold the substrate 30. A base 175 that includes a heater 235 is joined to the electrostatic member 100. The base may be made from a composite material, such as a porous ceramic infiltrated with the metal, and may be joined to the electrostatic member by a bond layer.

Abstract: A protection switch architecture is disclosed for a digital cross-connect system having a main controller, a command interface, and at least one digital signal processing unit. The digital signal processing unit includes one or more signal processing service devices and one or more signal processing protection devices that correspond to the service devices. A unit controller includes the protection switch for switching signal processing responsibilities between the service devices and the protection devices. Advantageously, the protection switch is adapted to act independently of the main controller in reponse to autonomous switching requests from the service devices by completing all protection switching related to such protection requests without main controller involvement. The protection switch also acts in response to manual switching requests from the main controller.