Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for protecting against overloads in a telephone system. The telephone system includes a telephone exchange, a ringing device and an interface, coupled to receive input signals on subscriber lines. The input signals are forwarded to either the telephone exchange or the ringing device depending upon the operating mode of the telephone system. The telephone line supplies a signal indicating the operating mode. A single protection device is coupled between the input of the subscriber lines and the interface. The protection device is controlled by the operating mode signal, and includes logic for protecting both the ringing device and the telephone exchange.

Abstract: For use with a power supply having first and second circuit protection devices, a detection circuit, a method of monitoring the protection devices and a power supply employing the circuit or the method. In one embodiment, the detection circuit includes (1) a bridge circuit coupled to the first and second circuit protection devices, (2) a resistor parallel-coupled across one of the first and second circuit protection devices and (3) a sensing circuit, coupled to the bridge circuit and the resistor, that senses an imbalance in the bridge circuit and develops therefrom a failure signal when at least one of the first and second circuit protection devices becomes inoperable.

Abstract: An electrical power system includes an inverter having a plurality of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and capacitors for converting DC power to AC power and at least one power bus bar including an interconnecting bus bar and a plurality of extension bus bars. The area between the conductors of the interconnecting bus bar and the extension bus bars is minimized to reduce the inductance between the IGBTs and the capacitors. The extension bus bars are each coupled to the interconnecting bus bar and a respective one of the IGBTs and capacitors. An IGBT can be removed from the inverter without removing the interconnecting bus bar or any other IGBT. The capacitors can be positioned at ninety degree angles with respect to the interconnecting bus bar. In one embodiment, the IGBTs are additionally positioned at ninety degree angles with respect to the interconnecting bus bar. In an alternate embodiment, the IGBTs are positioned parallel with respect to the interconnecting bus bar.

Abstract: An current breaking device is interposed between a battery for a vehicle and an electric load. When a circuit cut-off signal is generated from a control unit due to an automobile's collision, the current breaking device allows respective capsules 40 in a power distributing box to be heated to melt a conductive resin plate 2. Therefore, it is possible to stop the power supply from a battery to an electric load.

Abstract: When transistors are switching-controlled by a microcomputer, on the basis of the absolute value of a value obtained by subtracting an actual opening angle value from an instruction value generated from the microcomputer for the opening angle of a throttle valve serving as a driven apparatus which is driven by a d.c. motor, a current flowing through each of resistors detected by comparators, and voltages at both ends of a resistor detected via each of the buffers, the microcomputer determines an abnormality in the d.c. motor and the throttle valve and an abnormality in the transistors or the power supply path while distinguishing those from each other.

Abstract: An auxiliary power port such as is found in an automotive vehicle passenger compartment has a receptacle connected with the vehicle electrical system and a tubular, removable sleeve which fits inside the receptacle and receives a standard adapter plug of the type intended for use with automotive power ports. The exterior surface of the sleeve is covered with a layer of positive temperature coefficient (positive temperature coefficient) material, and insertion of the sleeve into the receptacle places the positive temperature coefficient layer in contact with the inner surface of the receptacle. The inner surface of the receptacle, the outer surface of the sleeve, and the positive temperature coefficient layer sandwiched therebetween form a positive temperature coefficient circuit overcurrent protection device. A number of interchangeable sleeves having different hold currents are provided for use with different electrical devices.

Abstract: A self-powered multiple phase circuit protection device including a plurality of current transformers connected in parallel with each other and associated with one phase of a multiple phase load for providing signals representative of the current flowing in an associated phase. A first switch can be actuated to interrupt power to the multiple phase load, and a fault determining circuit is connected to the circuit transformers and to the first switch for actuating the switch during at least one predetermined condition of the current signals. A second switch can be automatically actuated to reconnect power to the multiple phase load. The fault determining circuit has a timer for delaying the actuation of the first switch, and a warning signal can be issued prior to actuation of the first switch so that the user can take corrective action.

Abstract: A method for obtaining a power system phasor includes sampling a power system signal at instants determined by a nominal power system frequency to provide a plurality of data samples; using the data samples to estimate a phasor having an elliptical trajectory; generating a deviation formula representing a frequency deviation between actual and nominal power system frequencies; and using the deviation formula to perform a coordinate transform of the estimated phasor to provide a scaled phasor having a substantially circular trajectory. If the data samples are unevenly spaced, a method in another embodiment includes minimizing squares of errors between the unevenly spaced data samples and an approximating sinusoidal function of the data samples.

Abstract: A laminar sensor for detecting changes on a laminar substrate. The sensor includes a laminar sheet which has a first surface and a second opposite surface, and is made from a conductive polymer composition which exhibits PTC behavior. A plurality of sensing elements are electrically connected in series on the sensor. Each sensing element is formed as an electrode pair containing a first electrode and a second electrode. The first and second electrodes may be on the same surface of the laminar sheet or on opposite surfaces of the sheet. Two electrical leads are present for connecting the sensing elements into a circuit, which may be used to detect changes in resistance which occur when a sensing element is exposed to an elevated temperature, a change in pressure, or a solvent.

Abstract: An electric discharge machining apparatus for machining a workpiece by supplying a series of voltage pulses to a machining gap formed between the workpiece being machined and a tool electrode, comprises a machining power supply for supplying voltage to the machine gap; a switching transistor connected between the machining power supply and the machining gap for pulsing the output voltage of the machining power supply; a gate pulse generator is provided for generating a gate pulse signal having an ON time and an OFF time to control on/off switching operation of the switching transistor so that switching transistor is in non-conducting state when the gate pulse signal is OFF, a monitoring power supply is connected in parallel with the switching transistor, and; a faulty transistor determination circuit is provided which determines if a switching transistor has failed when current flows from the monitoring power supply through the switching transistor even though the gate pulse signal is OFF.

Abstract: A circuit breaker receptacle is provided in which there is a circuit breaker to be used to protect a sub-circuit in an alternating current electrical circuit. A range plug is connected to the circuit breaker range processor to set an ampere value to be detected and interrupted by the circuit breaker. A variety of differently valued range plugs can be available so that the sub-circuit can be protected at various amperage values, thus permitting a plurality of individually protected sub-circuits to extend from a single main circuit. The sub-circuits will each be protected at a lower amperage value than the main circuit.

Abstract: A solid state power controller for switching power on and off to an electrical load which also serves as a circuit protection device protecting the load and/or the wire connected between the load output terminal of the controller and ground from thermal damage due to current overload is shown. Upon current overload the controller interrupts current to the load in a time inversely proportional to the square of the magnitude of the overload. The controller also limits the load current to a selected maximum level by controlling the drain-source resistance of power MOSFETs (PS1-7) used for switching power. A secondary interrupt is provided in the event that the junction temperature of the MOSFETs has risen to a selected maximum level. A thermal memory feature is included for both interrupt signals. The controller is controlled by a single on/off input line (COMMAND) and provides both a status (STATUS) and trip (TRIP) output line. The status can be configured to monitor load voltage or load current flow.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device to neutralize an electronic circuit when it is being powered or disconnected. It can be applied more particularly to electronic circuits powered by low voltages on the order of 1.8 volts. The device of the invention is not significantly affected by variations, due to manufacturing conditions, in the values of its components. The invention may be applied to the field of programmable electrical memories.

Abstract: A communication system (10) includes a central office (16) that provides communication services to a plurality of subscribers (18) using differential transmission line pairs (21). The differential transmission line pairs are vulnerable to lightning strikes that may damage equipment coupled to the differential transmission line pairs. A protection circuit (51A) protects equipment from damage from a lightning strike and allows for continued operation after the lightning strike. The protection circuit involves automatically resettable fuses (66, 81) in parallel with non-resettable fuses (67, 82). Continued operation is effected at a normal level after a weak lightning strike, and at a reduced level after a strong strike.

Abstract: There is provided a power supply system which is capable of eliminating inconvenience affecting a storage device in the event of a power failure. Monitoring control means monitors supply voltage provided by a DC power supply connected to a power-supplied device and outputs a warning signal to transition means when the absolute value of the supply voltage becomes equal to or smaller than a predetermined voltage value. The transition means causes transition of the operative state of a storage device included in the power-supplied device to an operation terminated state. More specifically, if the storage device is a hard disk drive and the hard disk drive is performing write operation, the hard disk drive is caused to undergo operative state transition to a stable state in which the write operation has been terminated.

Abstract: An intelligent circuit interrupt system is electrically connected between an AC source and a load for interrupting a flow of AC from the source to the load upon detection of an interrupt condition. A circuit interrupter electrically connected to phase and neutral terminals of the AC source defines the interrupt condition. A relay switch with a relay coil and phase and neutral contacts is included such that line and load ends of the phase contact are electrically connected, respectively, between the interrupt means load side phase port and a phase terminal of the load. Line and load ends of the neutral contact are electrically connected, respectively, between the interrupt neutral port and a neutral terminal of the load. The relay coil is electrically coupled between load sides of said phase and neutral contacts for controlling the contacts in response to the interrupt signal.

Abstract: The load lugs electrically connecting circuit breakers employing electronic trip units with associated electrical distribution circuits are shaped to provide magnetic flux concentration to Hall effect current sensors within the electronic trip unit circuit. The Hall effect sensor is positioned within the shaped region of the load lug for optimum focus of the magnetic flux within each phase of a multi-phase electrical distribution system.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a game machine having communication terminals wherein an integrated circuit portion is reliably protected from static electricity or a surge voltage input through the communication terminals without using communication terminals in a special configuration or providing an openable cap while reducing the overall cost. There is provided an integrated circuit portion 3 which includes communication terminals TA1 and TA2 provided such that they are exposed at one side of a game machine main body 1 and which transmits and receives data to and from another game machine through the communication terminals when the communication terminals TA1 and TA2 are connected to the communication terminals of another game machine. A protection circuit is provided between the integrated circuit portion 3 and communication terminals TA1 and TA2.

Abstract: The system first identifies the existence of a fault involving ground using the phase angle difference between negative sequence and zero sequence current on the power line. Phase angle differences within three specific ranges provide an indication of the presence of particular faults. Once a particular fault has been identified, such as a BC-to-ground fault, the fault condition is monitored to determine if the fault evolves, such as to a C-to-ground fault from the BC-to-ground fault. If an evolution is recognized, the protective relay is reset so as to coordinate its operation with downstream protective elements for the evolved fault.

Abstract: An electromagnetic safety (EMS) enhancement circuit is provided for a USB (Universal Serial Bus) system, which can simulate an unplugging and replugging action so as to ensure continuous operation of the USB device after being disconnected from the USB interface due to electromagnetic interferences. The EMS enhancement circuit utilizes an EMS detection unit to detect the EMS condition of the data communication between the USB device and the USB interface; if abnormal, the EMS detection unit will output an overflow signal to a resume-control unit.

Abstract: An electrostatic chuck 20 for holding a substrate 25 in a process chamber 30 comprises an electrostatic member 115 comprising a polymer 120 covering an electrode 125, the polymer 120 having a receiving surface 135 for receiving the substrate 25. A heater 130 abutting the polymer 120 is provided to heat the substrate 25 during processing of the substrate 25. The heater 130 has a resistance that is sufficiently low to heat the substrate 25 without causing excessive thermal degradation of the polymer 120.

Abstract: The arrangement connects at least one module (M) to a power supply unit (SV) in an apparatus in such a way that a connection is provided when the power supply unit (SV) is switched on. In the apparatus is a contact element (KG, VE) which is located outside the module and has leading contacts and a device for current limitation (AS) of an initial current flow.

Abstract: A control method allowing stable operation of a refrigerator conduction cooling type superconducting coil employing an oxide high temperature superconductor is provided. Thermal resistance between a refrigerator and a superconducting coil connected to a cooling stage of the refrigerator is obtained. From the obtained thermal resistance and the rated cooling capacity of the refrigerator, an effective cooling curve representing the relation between the temperature and calorific value is obtained. Operation of the superconducting coil which is energized while being cooled by the refrigerator is controlled such that the calorific value of the superconducting coil at a prescribed temperature does not exceed the effective cooling curve.

Abstract: An improved structure of an electric shock device includes a handle, and a plurality of retractable rod portions. The handle has an interior accommodating therein a high voltage generator and a battery unit. The handle further has a control switch at a lower rim thereof. The retractable rod portions are arranged and assembled in order of size, and equipped with a retractable function by utilizing springs and retaining rods disposed therein. The rod portions are made of insulating materials and respectively provided with parallel positive and negative electrode plates on both sides thereof. The electrode plates nearest to the handle are connected to positive and negative terminals of the high voltage generator so as to supply the rod portions with the required high voltages. The permittivity of dielectrics on the rod portions that have different diameters is caused to be equivalent so that the conductance conditions of the rod portions are the same, and the rod portions can all generate electric arcs.

Abstract: A semiconductive ceramic composition having negative resistance-temperature characteristics, wherein the composition comprises lanthanum cobalt oxide as the primary component, and, as secondary components, at least one oxide of an element selected from B, Fe and Al and at least one oxide of an element selected from Si, Zr, Hf, Ta, Sn, Sb, W, Mo, Te, Ce, Nb, Mn, Th and P. A semiconductive ceramic composition having a resistivity of approximately 10 .OMEGA..multidot.cm to 100 .OMEGA..multidot.cm at room temperature is obtained by controlling the amount of additives. Since the resistivity at room temperature can be enhanced to several times or more that of the conventional compositions while characteristics of the conventional compositions are maintained, the composition may be widely applied to control heavy current.

Abstract: Electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection is provided for NMOS pull up transistors 700A-H and 702A-H of a 5.0 volt compatible output buffer using 2.5 volt process transistors. The ESD protection includes a p+ guard ring region 901-903 surrounding each pair of NMOS pull up transistors such as 700A, 702A. The p+ guard ring enables pull up of the p- epitaxical region supporting the NMOS pull up transistors during an ESD event. With a first set of series connected NMOS transistors turning on during an ESD event, its surrounding p+ guard ring will pull up the p- epitaxical region around other sets of series connected NMOS transistors to prevent secondary breakdown in the first NMOS pair. Further, ballast resistors 701A-H and 703A-H are included to separate individual pairs of NMOS pull up transistors 700A-H and 702A-H from the pad and from a power supply connection NV3.

Abstract: A protective impedance for a mains voltage supplied electronic circuit has ohmic resistors which are applied to a substrate as film. At least two resistors form a series connection. At least two series connections are connected in parallel. This permits relatively large operating currents with relatively short series connections.

Abstract: A DC monitoring system is provided in each protective relay in an electric power substation to detect DC grounds on the DC supply system. The DC monitoring system includes a first portion which indicates the presence of a DC ground. In a second portion of the system, the voltages at the contact inputs of the relay are recognized and compared against a standard voltage value range. An indication is provided when the recognized voltage is within said range. The combination of the indications from the first and second portions is useful in determining the location of DC grounds in the substation DC supply system.

Abstract: A connection system for providing a consumer-friendly connection between an expansion card and a host device. The host device includes a male connection while the expansion card includes a female connection. The male and female connections are arranged in a pattern that allows a combination of keyed voltage connections between the host device and expansion card when the supply voltage of the host and operating voltage of the card are compatible. The male connection includes six different supply voltage combinations that include a first voltage only, a second voltage only, a third voltage only, a first and second voltage only, a second and third voltage only, and a first, second and third voltage combination. In addition, the female connection includes six different expansion card operating voltage combinations that include a first voltage only, a second voltage only, a third voltage only, a first and second voltage only, a second and third voltage only, and a first, second and third voltage combination.

Abstract: A motor operator with a continuity sensor has a test current injector and a voltage sensor arranged to determine if a loss of AC voltage is due to a discontinuity, such as a blown fuse, in the circuit of a transformer powering the motor operator rather than a loss of voltage from an AC power line. A line voltage detector, such as a resistive or capacitive voltage divider, can also be used with a continuity sensor to distinguish between a discontinuity in the voltage detector and a loss of line voltage. Based on the cause determined by the continuity sensor, signals are generated either to motor operate a disconnect switch or not to.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a speed protection system for monitoring the speed of a rotating shaft in a machine. The speed protection system includes a first speed detection system, a first time delay system, and a first time delay system. The first speed detection system determines a first rotational speed of the shaft in the machine. The first tripping system is coupled to the first speed detection system and to the machine. The first tripping system trips the machine to stop the rotation of the shaft when the first rotational speed is either less than a minimum speed or is more than a maximum speed. The first time delay system is coupled to the first tripping system. The first time delay system prevents the first tripping system from tripping the machine if the first rotational speed is less than the minimum speed until either a first period time has expired or the first rotational speed exceeds a first enabling speed.

Abstract: The operation of an electric drill is inhibited when it is interrupted by an abrupt fault such as power failure and then the fault is recovered, or when the coil of an electromagnet has a trouble such as disconnection.After the fault is eliminated with a power switch 50 remaining closed for energizing the electromagnet and the electric drill, a photocoupler 38 turns on a thyristor 31 to disable the conduction of a transistor 35. As the result, a drill motor 16 will not start before the magnetization of the electromagnet. The trouble in the coil 27 is detected by a potential examining circuit 30 measuring a potential difference across a resistor 31. The detection of the trouble causes the thyristor 31 to interrupt the conduction of the transistor 35. Accordingly, the electric drill will not start again unless it is securely anchored by the electromagnet.

Abstract: A safeguard feature prevents supply of voltage to an electrical device in the event a protective element is no longer reliably connected in a circuit arrangement for protecting a susceptible component from inadmissible voltage values. The protective element in the circuit arrangement is often conveniently provided in the form of a suppressor diode, which is connected in parallel with the susceptible component to be protected, and which experiences breakdown in case of excessive voltage, thereby causing a short-circuit in the power supply. In the event of such protective response, the suppressor diode may heat up considerably, and that the solder used for electrical and mechanical attachment may liquefy or evaporate. As a result the suppressor diode may become completely or partially unsoldered, so that a reliable protection of the susceptible component is no longer ensured by the shorting of the circuit thereacross.

Abstract: A power cut-off device comprises first and second electronic switching devices (FETs T2 and T1) which are cross-coupled so that when one switching device is on the other is off and vice versa, and a load (11) to be protected is connectable in series with the first switching device (FET T2). If the current through the first switching device (FET T2) exceeds a certain value, caused for example by a short circuit at the load, the second switching device (FET T1) is turned on to turn the first switching device off.

Abstract: A power switching circuit is provided, which automatically performs the necessary power switching, and by which the power specifications of external devices in a network can be uniformly determined. The power switching circuit comprises, for each external device, (i) a first diode for transmitting the power from the main device to the network, and for preventing power from reversely flowing from the network to the main device; (ii) a second diode for transmitting power from the external device to the main device, and for preventing power from reversely flowing from the main device to the external device; and (iii) a port for physically connecting the main device and the external device. The connection between the external devices is maintained regardless of the state of the power of the main device.

Abstract: This apparatus is a device that connects to electrical or electronic equipment that is to be protected from lightning. The device detects amplitude modulation radio frequency signals (electrostatic energy) emitted from an electrial storm, lightning, by a detector (2) which sends energy to signal a trigger relay (4) to activate an interval timer (6) and one of four alternate relay systems to disconnect the device and the equipment sought to be protected from a power source, antenna or other equipment. The device then provides power from a battery (16), thereby isolating the equipment sought to be protected from lightning damage for a predetermined interval of time. When the threat of lightnng damage has past, the device automatically reconnects and restores the device and the electrical or electronic equipment to the original power source.

Abstract: A solenoid driver circuit includes an input terminal for receiving a solenoid actuation pulse, an output terminal for connection to a terminal of a solenoid coil, a pull-in current adjustment terminal, and a hold-in current duty cycle adjustment terminal. A pull-in current duration circuit includes a first input coupled to the input terminal, an output producing a pull-in current duration pulse, and a second input coupled to the pull-in current adjustment terminal. A hold-in current duty cycle control circuit includes a first input coupled to receive a triangular waveform signal, a second input coupled to the hold-in current duty cycle adjustment terminal, and a third input coupled to the output of the pull-in current duration circuit. An output transistor includes a control electrode coupled to an output terminal of the hold-in current duty cycle control circuit, and a current carrying terminal coupled to the output terminal.

Abstract: Device for preventing generation of X-ray and overvoltage, in which abnormal voltages at voltage output terminals are detected to control a power supply part and a horizontal deflection outputting part directly, for assuring a stability of a power supply, reducing a power consumption, and prevent burning of peripheral circuits due to the abnormal high voltage in advance, the device including a power supply part for dropping an AC power supply voltage to provide as DC power supply voltages, a high voltage generating part for providing a high voltage in response to an external horizontal deflection pulse, an X-ray detecting part for detecting an X-ray signal as the high voltage from the high voltage generating part rises, an over voltage detecting part for detecting an over voltage from each of a plurality of power supply voltages from the power supply part, a first, and a second comparing parts each for providing a preset power supply voltage when a voltage detected by the X-ray detecting part or the over volt

Abstract: A circuit breaker system designed for three-phase, four-wire, delta-connected electric panelboards or loadcenters allows users to derive 120 volts from vacant full size higher voltage leg bus spaces. Two independently operating circuit breakers arranged side by side, in a "side-car" configuration, allows both breakers to electrically connect with a 120 volt bus while positioning one breaker in a vacant full size high leg bus space. The use of an electrically conductive bridge running between the breakers allows the second breaker to be positioned in a vacant high leg pole or full size space while receiving 120 volts from the first breaker. The result provides the user with a breaker in a full size vacant high leg space that can be used to power 120 volt to neutral circuits. This system is capable of providing additional 120 volt circuits in a cost-effective manner without violating the National Electric Code.

Abstract: There is disclosed a semiconductor apparatus such as a power MOSFET, an IGBT, or the like having therein a control circuit such as an over-heating protection circuit and an over-current protection circuit, which realizes both of high-speed operation and prevention of erroneous operation caused by a parasitic device.In order to prevent erroneous operation of a power MOSFET 30 and a protection circuit 21 caused by a parasitic npn transistor 29 of an MOSFET 32, a control circuit 20 controls so that when the voltage of a gate terminal 2 is positive relative to that of a source terminal 3, a switch circuit SW3 is turned on, when the voltage of the gate terminal 2 is negative relative to that of the source terminal 3, a switch circuit SW2 is turned on, and when the gate terminal 2 and the source terminal 3 have an almost same potential and a drain terminal 1 has a high potential, the switch circuit SW2 is turned on.

Abstract: A leakage current alarming/blocking apparatus using an antiphase transformer for detecting the leakage of current from an electric appliance.

Abstract: A hand held machine tool has a protective electrode (1; 1a, 1b, 1c) located within a housing with a leakage current protective switch (2; 2a, 2b, 2c) triggered by a fixed leakage current (.SIGMA.1.sub..DELTA.), for example, 10 mA, for interrupting power supply leads (4, 5) of the machine tool with a protective conductor (3) connected to the protective electrode (1; 1a, 1b, 1c) and not being switched off.

Abstract: A microprocessor based overcurrent trip unit which generates trip signals as an adjustable function of current and time, has a visual representation of the trip function on a front panel with 2-color LEDs associated with the trip function serving as indicators of trip conditions when red, and of a selected programmable parameter when green. The green LEDs flash to indicate parameter selected for modification in a program mode and illuminate steady in a view mode.

Abstract: A thermally protected power device is disclosed and includes a semiconductor package having at least five pins. One of the pins comprises a ground pin for connecting to a ground connection, and another one of the five pins comprises a power pin for connecting to a source of a temperature stable reference voltage. A field effect transistor is formed within the semiconductor package and has a source, drain and gate connected to three of the output pins and forms respective source, drain and gate pins. A parasitic bipolar transistor is formed within the package and has a base, collector and emitter. The collector is connected to the gate of the field effect transistor.

Abstract: An electric circuit protection device comprising an interruptable current path for interrupting current flow to a load including trip means for tripping the interruptable current path upon occurrence of a load fault, the interruptable current path comprising first and second electrically conductive parts that have been joined by ultrasonic welding to establish electric conductivity between them, the first part comprising non-alloying material, the second part comprising non-ferrous material, and a brazing material that has been acted upon by the ultrasonic welding to join the parts, the brazing material being selected to comprise at least two materials, one of the two materials being elemental copper, and the elemental copper being the largest single constituent of the brazing material.

Abstract: A circuit having reverse battery protection includes a combination of an electrical load and an N-channel MOSFET inversely coupled in series with the load. The gate of the MOSFET is coupled to the high potential side of the electrical load. The series combination is powered by a DC voltage source. Positive polarity voltages enhance the MOSFET and provide for low loss conduction thus completing the series circuit whereas negative polarity voltages bias the MOSFET off thus providing a DC block by way of the intrinsic diode of the inversely coupled MOSFET. Gate to source voltage may be limited or controlled to prevent damage due to punch through effects at high positive voltages and to ensure turn-off of the MOSFET at negative polarity voltages.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a high voltage driving circuit for preventing an transient current. The high voltage driving circuit including a non-overlap signal generator for generating the first and second non-overlap signals in response to the logic level signal, a satge for generating a first driving signal in response to the logic level signal and the first and second non-overlap signals, a pre-driving circuit which is driven in response to the first non-overlap signal and the first driving signal, and a complementary output circuit for controlling a current flowing toward the output terminal in response to the output signal of the pre-driving circuit and the second non-overlap signal.

Abstract: An interrupter unit of a high-voltage circuit breaker has two arcing contacts, between which an arc is formed in the event of switch-off. A nozzle made of insulating material is provided for blowing out the arc. The nozzle made of insulating material is screwed together with a cylindrical component of the interrupter unit using a thread. In order to secure the thread, a connection piece is provided, which can be inserted in or set on the nozzle made of insulating material, and has a knurling, which can be pressed into the nozzle made of insulating material.

Abstract: A socket-outlet, in which, only in response to preselected loads, voltage from the supply-side is connected through by a switching device to the load side. A voltage-supplied measuring device has a D.C. testing circuit and an A.C. testing circuit. Both testing circuits attempt to drive measuring currents across a connected load. The A.C. testing circuit operates at higher frequencies than the power-line frequency. An evaluation circuit is designed, on the basis of preselected criteria and on the basis of measuring values, in logical AND-connection, to determine whether switching contacts of the switching device should be closed.

Abstract: A method of recognizing the contact of an armature in an electromagnetic actuator for activating a setting member that can be brought out of a first set position, counter to the force of a restoring spring, and brought into contact with the pole surface of the electromagnet and held when the electromagnet is supplied with current. The controlled (clocked) current course for the holding phase is detected during the time provided for armature contact, and is converted into a current-proportional voltage, and the converted voltage is differentiated and detected as a recognition signal, both for the normal condition of "armature in contact" and the fault condition of "armature is not in contact.