Abstract: A card based telecommunications system, which includes a chassis. A plurality of card guides positioned in an operable relationship within said chassis. A tab member proximate to each of the card guides to occupy a substantial portion of a first space to prevent a first card from entering the first space and contacting a second card.

Abstract: A module holder is provided which includes a first foot for supporting one side of a module, a second foot for supporting the other side of the module, and slots detachably assembled between the first foot the second foot provided as many as are necessary corresponding to the number of modules to be mounted therein. An engaging unit may be formed between the first foot and the slot, between the adjacent slots, and between the slot and the second foot, for fixing each component detachably. Since the slots are formed as single products and engaging portions are formed between the slots, so that the slots can be separated or engaged, the slots can be assembled as many as are necessary corresponding to the number of modules to be mounted and modules may be added, if necessary. Accordingly, the space of the module holder occupying equipment can be minimized, improving the space utilization of the equipment.

Abstract: An expansion card mounting apparatus includes: a rear panel (10) defining an opening (11) and having a support plate (12) adjacent the opening for supporting slot covers (50) of expansion cards; a mounting frame (20) having a pressing portion (21), a mounting portion (28) engaging with a top flange (15) of the rear panel, and a connecting wall (25); a slide member (30) attached to the connecting wall; and a top panel (100). The slide member includes two slide portions (38) slidably engaging with the rear panel at opposite sides of the opening. When the top panel is attached to the top flange of the rear panel, the mounting portion of the mounting frame is positioned in place. The slot covers are thus secured between the support plate of the rear panel and the pressing portion of the mounting frame.

Abstract: A pressing member is provided in an accommodating section of a housing to suppress first connector terminals to press down contacts towards a bottom of the accommodating section; when a first card is inserted, a pressing member is not displaced but brings the contacts of the first connector terminals into contact with a contact terminal section of a first card; when a second card is inserted, a bottom face of the second card and the pressing member come into contact with each other to displace the pressing member; and the contacts of the first connector terminals are pressed down by that displacement to a position in which they do not come into contact with the bottom face of the second card.

Abstract: An attachment mechanism for retaining expansion circuit boards in the mounting panel of a computer is disclosed. The attachment mechanism comprises a span extending between two displaced fastener openings on the mounting panel of the computer and depending therefrom a plurality of the fingers or tabs to engage the mounting bracket of the expansion circuit boards. By engaging a plurality of the expansion circuit boards with the fingers or tabs, all of the circuit boards may be clamped and reliably retained in position with substantially uniform force and the use of a minimum number of fasteners. The tabs or fingers extend generally perpendicular to the span of the bracket such that the span of the bracket provides substantial rigidity and insures substantially equal force being exerted by the tabs or fingers onto the mounting brackets of the electronic circuit boards. The use of a minimum number of fasteners shortens the time necessary for assembly and reduces the part count.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved cardcage design. The improvements result from the formation of an integral cardcage side using a construction method involving precision punched sheet aluminum that is precision formed into final configuration. The integral cardcage side design provides ease of assembly for the cardcage while enhancing structural integrity, improves the alignment of circuit cards within the cardcage to the backplane, increases the airflow channels between the card guides, and adapts to incorporate additional features for airflow control. The manufacturability of the cardcage is greatly simplified by reducing the number of parts requiring assembly and by the use of simple and inexpensive tools and assembly techniques.

Abstract: A card-mounting rack for electronic part-mounting cards is disclosed by which a housing of a rack or the like produced in accordance with standard specifications can be used to mount a plurality of large cards in high density therein to achieve overall densification and miniaturization of a system such as a computer system. Cooling fans are provided on a front and rear faces of a housing of a rack. A mother board is horizontally placed at the center of the inside of the housing. A plurality of cards are mounted perpendicularly on top and bottom faces of the mother board using gondolas and driving mechanisms having a function for moving the cards upwardly or downwardly through a plurality of connector provided on the top and bottom faces of the motherboard. Further, spacers for stabilizing the cards are inserted on rear faces of the cards.

Abstract: A clamping assembly for use in conjunction with high voltage solid state devices. The clamping assembly includes a clamp frame having upper and lower clamping plates substantially composed of aluminum and joined together by four dielectric rods composed of glass laminate material. The clamping assembly further includes a compression assembly mounted in the upper clamping plate and including several spring washers disposed in a recess defined by the upper clamping plate. The position of a compression cap attached to the upper clamping plate by eight cap screws can by adjusted by way of the cap screws so as to compress, or deflect, the spring washers. The spring washers in turn exert a compressive force that is a function of the spring constant k of the spring washers as well as of the distance over which the spring washers are compressed by the compression cap. The compressive force thus generated is transmitted to a pivot ball seated in a recess collectively defined by the spring washers.

Abstract: A latch for selectively locking a bulkhead to a computer chassis. The latch includes a shoulder defining a longitudinal axis, a handle, an engagement body, and a biasing member. The handle extends outwardly from the shoulder and the engagement body extends from the handle opposite the shoulder. The biasing member extends outwardly from the shoulder and includes a compressible intermediate section and a trailing section. The latch is configured to be rotatable about the longitudinal axis between locked and unlocked positions. In the locked position, the engagement body locks the bulkhead to the chassis. Further, the intermediate section of the biasing member biases the trailing section to lodge against the chassis such that the biasing member resists movement from the locked position. In one preferred embodiment, the latch further includes a stop member extending outwardly from the shoulder and configured to contact the chassis in the locked position.

Abstract: A structure of the cassette with a card connector is disclosed. The cassette comprises a chassis, an upper metallic board, a lid, and a bottom metallic board. The upper metallic board is detachably mounted onto the top of the chassis by engaging a plurality of fitting elements of the upper metallic board with the receiving cavities and slots of the chassis. The slot of the lid is slid into the groove of the chassis, until the protruded shafts of the lid fits into the corresponding receiving cavities on the chassis, and a front part of the lid stacks on a distal plate of the upper metallic board for securely coupling the upper metallic board onto the chassis. Thus, the present invention not only allows the repair, or replacement of parts of the PCB, or the replacement of the PCB, but also reuse of the parts of the cassette.

Abstract: A method for detecting misalignment of layers of a multi-layer circuit board. A plurality of layers of electrically insulating material are formed. At least one artwork feature is formed on a surface of at least one of the layers of electrically insulating material in the vicinity of at least one edge of the at least one layer of electrically insulating material. At least one reference point is formed on the at least one layer of electrically insulating material. The layers of electrically insulating material are joined together. The at least one artwork feature is exposed by removing a portion of the at least one layer of electrically insulating material. A location of the at least one artwork feature relative to the at least one reference point is visually determined, thereby detecting misalignment of the layers of electrically insulating material.

Abstract: A method for forming alignment keys on the scribe line areas of a semiconductor wafer. An etch blocking layer is used to reduce the depth of the channels forming the alignment key. One of the layers of material deposited on the semiconductor wafer to form integrated circuit devices on the wafer may be used as the etch blocking layer. A portion of this layer of material may be left intact on the scribe line areas during the manufacturing process. The subsequently deposited layers have an etch selectivity with respect to the etch blocking layer and the subsequently deposited layers are etched down to the etch blocking layer to form the alignment keys.

Abstract: An apparatus in one example comprises a first card guide base portion and a card guide end portion. The first card guide base portion is connected with a second card guide base portion in a side-by-side relationship. The card guide end portion is employable with the first card guide base portion to comprise one or more portions of a card guide path. The card guide end portion comprises a face of a color that is different from a color of the first card guide base portion.

Abstract: A chassis controller can identify a blade that spans more than one power plane. If power is healthy and available on all power planes then the blade may be granted permission to power on. The chassis controller validates that when a blade spans multiple power planes that the necessary power is available before permitting the blade to go to fully power operation.

Abstract: Mezzanine boards can be added to and removed from a supporting base board mounted in a slot of a shelf adjacent other base boards while the base boards remain in electrical service. Guide rails allow a mezzanine board to be slid into position from the front edge of the base board. The guide rails themselves can be moved to provide a new spacing to accommodate a different width mezzanine board without having to take the supporting base board out of service. Openings in the sides of the guide rails promote the flow of air between the mezzanine board and the base board to provide cooling.

Abstract: A removable mechanical attachment system has first and second removable attachment members with each removable attachment member having first and second links. Each link has a base and at least a first extension member extending from one side of the base. The links are secured to respective surfaces of first and second electrical sections with at least one of the extension members of the first and second links of each of the first and second removable attachment members extending past open end faces of the first and second electrical sections. The electrical sections are positioned in a proximate abutting relationship at the open end faces with the extension members extending past the open end faces of the electrical sections overlapping the other extension members of the first and second removable attachment members. A bonding material is applied to the overlapping extension members to join the extension members together.

Abstract: A card guide system is provided. The card guide system comprises a chassis having a top and a bottom frame portion. The top and bottom frame portions each include a plurality of card guide members disposed thereon. The card guide members of the top frame portion are a mirror image of the card guide members of the bottom frame portion. In addition, the plurality of card guide members are adapted to receive a circuit card and secure the circuit card using tension, wherein when the circuit is received by the card guide members the circuit card is bowed.

Abstract: A card retention mechanism securely holds a card within a slot on a circuit board. The retention mechanism may include a carrier and a retainer. The carrier mounts to a chassis of the computer system adjacent to the card slot. The retainer may be pivotally mounted to the carrier. When the retainer is in a closed position, at least one surface of the retainer engages an endplate of the card, and the retainer engages the carrier. The engagement of the retainer and the carrier inhibits rotation of the retainer from the closed position to an open position. When the retainer is in the closed position, the retainer securely holds the card to the chassis of the computer system.

Abstract: The invention is to provide a motherboard assembly including a motherboard complying with a first industry standard specification and an expansion board for providing the motherboard with at least one slot. The expansion board is detachably connected to the motherboard. In particular, when the expansion board is connected to the motherboard, the motherboard assembly complies with a second industry standard specification. Moreover, the first and second industry standard specifications have a position compatibility. The expansion board also provides with the slot following an interface specification which the motherboard does not follows. The motherboard assembly, according to the invention, can reduce cost thereof during design, manufacture, maintain and test.

Abstract: A system is provided that may be used to mount mass storage devices so that they may be used in a mass storage system. The mass storage devices may include respective disk storage devices. Each of the disk storage devices may have a respective form factor that may be a respective one of two possible form factors (e.g., low profile or half-height form factor).

Abstract: A telecommunications device including a chassis having a card housing for containing a plurality of splitter cards. The housing includes front and back ends. The front end defines an access opening for allowing the splitter cards to be inserted into or removed from the card housing. The device also includes a plurality of card edge connectors for providing electrical connections with the splitter cards. The card edge connectors are located within the card housing adjacent to the back end of the housing. The device further includes LINE, POTS and DATA connectors electrically connected to the card edge connectors. Guide members are located adjacent the back end of the housing for directing the splitter cards into the card edge connectors as the splitter cards are inserted into the card housing. The guide members include ramps aligned at oblique angles relative to a direction of insertion of the splitter cards.

Abstract: The invention relates to a configuration for making EMC contact between a slot panel in a computer housing and a slot angle piece. The guide rails, into which the slot angle piece is inserted, are provided on perpendicular sections of the slot panel. EMC seals are additionally provided between the slot angle piece and slot panel.

Abstract: An electronics assembly comprises: (i) a frame (1); and (ii) a motherboard (16) that is removable from the frame. One or more motherboards (20) extend in a plane generally perpendicular to the plane of the motherboard; and a number of elongate guides (24) are provided for the daughterboards to enable each daughterboard to be moved toward the motherboard into engagement therewith and away from the motherboard out of engagement therefrom. The motherboard (16) has at least one location element (32) thereon, which can engage one of the elongate guides (24) in order to locate the guides and the motherboard with respect to one another. This assembly enables accurate positioning of the daughterboards and the motherboard for forming electrical connections between them even where large tolerances are present in other parts of the assembly.

Abstract: An expansion enclosure allows additional expansion cards to be used with a computer system. The enclosure exhibits a small footprint (e.g., one rack unit, or 1¾ inches) for installation in a rack or other area in which space is limited. The enclosure accepts one or more (e.g., four) expansion cards, which are connected to a removable expansion card cage. The removable cage forms part of the structure of the enclosure and provides strength and rigidity. A stabilizer may be removably but securely installed in the enclosure to stabilize or hold the removable cage as a card is installed in or removed from the cage.

Abstract: A mother board retaining bracket is mounted to an outer circuit board housing and supports an edge of a mother board. The mother board retaining bracket prevents the mother board from moving, e.g., during transportation, and prevents the associated failure of the computer system. The computer system further includes single and double locker belt retaining brackets. The single locker belt retaining bracket extends across a retaining clip on one side of a circuit board and locks the retaining clip in place. The double locker belt retaining bracket extends across retaining clips on both sides of a circuit board and locks the retaining clips in place. In this manner, the single and double locker belt retaining brackets prevent the retaining clips from becoming shook loose.

Abstract: An integrated bulkhead handle assembly for reducing misalignment of a substrate coupled with a bulkhead is disclosed. In one embodiment, the present invention is comprised of a handle element adapted to be removably coupled with a bulkhead. The present embodiment is further comprised of a retaining element fixedly coupled with the handle element. Beneficially, the retaining element is adapted too removably couple a substrate such that misalignment of the substrate with respect to the bulkhead is reduced.

Abstract: The present invention protects a thin wire connection from oscillation of a resin protecting an electronic circuit module from vibration, impact, and corrosion. An electronic control unit including an electronic circuit module in which a bare chip is mounted on a circuit board and a case for housing the module, is provided, wherein the case is filled with a potting gel to protect the module. The bare chip, including its wire connection to the circuit board, is sealed in advance with a gelatinous resin having thixotropy prior to hardening. The gelatinous substance cures to form a hardened inner layer which has a penetration that is lower than that of the filled potting gel after hardening, and functions to eliminate or substantially reduce the affect of viscoelastic oscillation of the outer layer on the bare chip and the wire connection.

Abstract: An adjustable tray for a semiconductor device, and method of using the tray for handling the device, are provided. Each tray comprises a front frame segment and a back frame segment opposing the front frame segment, and a pair of opposing side frame segments secured to the front and back frame segments to form right angles, each side frame segment containing a longitudinal channel. Each tray further includes a fixed locator segment and an adjustable locator segment, each having a plurality of slots for receiving semiconductor devices therein. The distal ends of the locator segments are secured to the pair of opposing side frame segments at right angles. The adjustable locator segment can be manipulated such that the fixed and adjustable locator segments are spaced apart a distance commensurate with the width of the semiconductor device. The device is friction fit into a slot such that the device is only contacted at keep-out areas on the device.

Abstract: An electronic printed board assembly comprises a printed circuit board which employs printed circuit card connectors electrically connected to components mounted on the board. The printed circuit board includes board level guides with slots for receiving correspondingly shaped ridges disposed on outer, lower portions of printed circuit card-bearing cartridges. The guides are preferably provided on only one side for each cartridge to improve packaging density. The surface guides, together with the cartridge design, eliminate the need for physical contact with surrounding enclosures or cabinets.

Abstract: A holder for one or more electronic circuit cards, such as very small non-volatile memory cards, allows one or more such cards to be easily inserted and removed by hand. The holder, with a card inserted, may conveniently be carried on the person such as by attachment to a key ring or chain.

Abstract: A heat dissipation device is mounted to a light emitting diode device for removing heat from the light emitting diode which includes a substrate having a top side on which a light-emitting unit is formed and an opposite bottom side from which terminals extend. The heat dissipation device includes a plate made of heat conductive material and forming a receptacle for receiving and at least partially enclosing and physically engaging the substrate of the light emitting diode device for enhancing heat removal from the light emitting diode device.

Abstract: A container case for a card type memory comprises a storage space having an inserting entrance for inserting the card type memory, a resilient engaging pawl provided inside of the storage space for engaging with the card type memory, a leaf spring for ejecting the card type memory out of the storage space by resilient power, and a rotation supporting projection provided inside of the storage space for rotating the card type memory at said rotation supporting projection in the storage space to be easily ejected from the storage space with a comfortable mechanical feeling.

Abstract: A card cage having a series of circuit board slots may be modified using various components of a circuit board adapter. The card cage has a series of slots, each slot having common dimensions and including card guides adapted to house a full height circuit board card by holding a top end and a bottom end of the full height circuit board card. Each modified slot also includes a set of cooperating vertical support member guides located within the slot which cooperate to house the vertical support member within the slot by holding the top end and the bottom end thereof. The vertical support member supports an intermediate card guide which cooperates with at least one of the card guides to house a smaller circuit board within the slot by holding a top end and a bottom end therebetween. Thus, when the intermediate card guide is removed from the slot, a full vertical height circuit board card may be inserted within the slot.

Abstract: A back-to-back semiconductor device module including two semiconductor devices, the backs of each being secured to one another. The bond pads of both semiconductor devices are disposed adjacent a single, mutual edge of the device module. The device module may be secured to a carrier substrate in a substantially perpendicular orientation relative to the former. Solder reflow or a module-securing device can secure the device module to the carrier substrate. An embodiment of a module-securing device comprises an alignment device having one or more receptacles formed therein and intermediate conductive elements that are disposed within the receptacles to establish an electrical connection between the semiconductor devices and the carrier substrate. Another module-securing device comprises a clip-on lead, where one end resiliently biases against a lead of at least one of the semiconductor devices, while the other end connects electrically to a carrier substrate terminal.

Abstract: A method for supporting a wall-like structure by forming a serpentine shaped slot on a substantially planar surface. The serpentine slot includes an area of central clearance such that a wall-like structure having a width narrower than the width of the serpentine slot can be inserted into the area of central clearance and be supported by the inner sides of the serpentine slot.

Abstract: A bracket assembly includes a bracket which readily and easily couples with a printed circuit board. The bracket includes at least one tab assembly foldably attached with a support flange for supporting the printed circuit board. The bracket also includes an outer flange which is coupled with the computer chassis. Alignment apertures on the support flange and the printed circuit board facilitate the alignment of the printed circuit board, and allow for rework of the printed circuit board. Each tab assembly is adapted to frictionally engage with corresponding features on the printed circuit board.

Abstract: A card guide apparatus for retaining a PCI or ISA computer add-on card within a computer chassis frame. The card guide includes a bracket fixed to the computer chassis frame and a shuttle that is moveable between a first position disengaged with edges of the card to a second position engaged with the edges of the card for support during transport. The shuttle is slidably retained along at least one track defined within the bracket and includes an upper and lower panel defining a channel therebetween in which the card edge is received.

Abstract: A retaining device for a card slot assembly, the retaining device comprising; a retaining portion, a connection element operable to permit angular movement of the retaining portion between an opened position and a closed position, and a releasable locking element operable to maintain the retaining portion in a closed position.

Abstract: A device for supporting and fixing bus-bars in cabinets for switchboards, comprising: a first element, constituted by a body made of insulating material, which has a first side provided with means for direct engagement to a supporting frame and a second side provided with a plurality of first seats for coupling to corresponding bus-bars; a second element, constituted by a body made of insulating material which has a shaped side along which a plurality of second seats are provided for coupling to the bus-bars, the first and second elements being mutually connected in order to geometrically couple the first and second seats and to clamp the bus-bars inside the seats.

Abstract: A connection interface system for providing an interface between a unit under test and testing equipment includes a receiver having an upper mounting bar associated with an upper mounting rail to define an upper channel and a lower mounting bar associated with a lower mounting rail to define a lower channel, and at least one receiver connector module releasably mounted on the top panel frame. The receiver connector module includes an upper shoulder mounted within the upper channel, a lower shoulder mounted within the lower channel, an upper positioning member coupled with the upper shoulder that positions the upper shoulder relative to the upper channel and a lower positioning member coupled with the lower shoulder that positions the lower shoulder relative to the lower channel.

Abstract: A transmission apparatus with flexible structure for introducing external cables that controls signal transmission efficiently. A cable connector for introducing a cable from the outside is fixed on a sub-printed circuit board. A main printed circuit board has a guide rail along which the sub-printed circuit board can be inserted reversely to change the direction from which the cable is introduced at the time of the sub-printed circuit board being housed. An enclosure has ducts for bunching cables. Transmission units are mounted in the enclosure.

Abstract: A system and method for use in a computer system that includes a circuit board having a slot, a system processor, a card having tabs positionable in the slot, a computer bus operably connected between the system processor and the slot, a retaining module including a handle portion and a supporting frame, and a wall portion substantially covering one side of the supporting frame. The supporting frame is sized to support the card during insertion and removal of the tabs in the slot. The supporting frame includes an edge that may be used as the handle portion. The retaining module may also include a mounting platform for the card. Fastening structure may be positioned on the mounting platform, on the supporting frame, or on the edge of the supporting frame. Various types of fastening structure may be utilized including a peg that engages a hole in the card and a flexible clip that retains the card in the retaining module.

Abstract: An equipment rack includes a shelf and a backplane which supports and receives an electronic module having a rear connector. The backplane includes a complementary connector for engaging the rear connector along an insertion axis. An extraction tool is coupled to the shelf and to the module for disengaging the rear connector from the complementary connector while producing an extraction force having a first component substantially along the insertion axis and a second component substantially perpendicular to the insertion axis. A hold-down bracket is coupled to the module and slidably engages the shelf to counteract the second component of the extraction force until the rear connector disengages from the complementary connector and thus avoids upward movement of the module.

Abstract: A Method and system of routing noise current from noise generating devices in an electronic or electrical system is disclosed. The method and system includes dielectric structures that route noise current from noise generating devices back to the noise generating device in which the noise originates by way of a return path. The dielectric structures provide for the return paths.

Abstract: An interconnect structure interconnects electronic modules and includes a backplane assembly formed from a substantially rigid backplane plate that carries RF connectors and a digital motherboard having digital connectors for mating with digital connectors of electronic modules. A controlled impedance interconnect circuit is positioned on the rear surface of the backplane plate and interconnects the RF connectors carried by the backplane plate and digital connectors of the digital motherboard. A rack receives the backplane assembly and supports a plurality of electronic modules that are interconnected to each other via the backplane assembly.

Abstract: The present invention provides for an apparatus and method for retaining a first circuit board on a second circuit board. Embodiments of the invention use a clip attached to uprights to exert a biasing force on the first circuit board. The uprights are also coupled to the second circuit board. In embodiments of the invention, the first circuit board is a processor package such as a processor package for use in a Slot 1 or Slot 2 connector, and the second circuit board is a motherboard of a computer system. Embodiments of the invention also include a memory module and a power supply.

Abstract: A railing system for printed circuit boards, an apparatus and method advantageously allow modular arrangements of printed circuit boards (PCBs) in a shelf and maximize space in a shelf by providing rails on the PCBs that are slidably connectable with card guides in the shelf. The railing system includes a PCB having two sides, at least one of the sides with electronic components disposed thereon, and at least one rail secured to the PCB, the rail being perpendicular to the sides of the PCB, wherein the rail permits insertion of the PCB into a shelf outfitted with one or more guides for securing the rail and the PCB within the shelf by suspension from the rail and independent of further support. The rail in combination with the one or more card guides provide a crude alignment for mating the electrical components on the PCB with connectors disposed in the shelf.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus that prevents/minimizes cracking in the ceramic body of processors. The ability to prevent/minimize cracking can ensure successful operation and substantially increase processor lifetime. The present invention discloses a device for maintaining a microprocessor in a desired relationship with a printed wiring board while limiting the transmission of shock and vibrational motion to and from the processor includes a printed wiring board, a processor, and a dynamic isolating mount compressed between the printed wiring board and the processor, wherein the processor maintains the dynamic isolating mount in a compressed state such that the dynamic isolating mount bears on the printed wiring board.

Abstract: A screw-less fixing structure is provided for users to mount the add-on card onto a PC. The screw-less fixing structure comprises a support plate, a rotational pressing plate, a positioning device, and a spring wire. When a user attempts to replace an old add-on card with a new one, he needs only to release the screw-less fixing structure by grasping and pulling the handling portion of the spring wire, replace the old add in card with the new one, and finally tighten the screw-less fixing structure by grasping and pushing the spring wire to reach the tightening state. In the above procedures for replacing the add-on card, the user does not need any additional tool nor screw so that the present invention has the advantages of safe, fast, easy and convenient to use.

Abstract: An electronic chassis providing front access for printed circuit board insertion and removal and for cable connectors. The electronic chassis includes a backplane assembly and a shelf assembly. The backplane assembly includes a motherboard having a first plurality of connectors for receiving respective daughter cards and/or modules and a second plurality of connectors for receiving signal and/or power cables. Both the first and second pluralities of connectors are mounted on the same side of the motherboard. The shelf assembly includes a housing with opposing sidewalls, a top cover, a bottom support section, and a front cover. The backplane assembly is coupled to the shelf assembly such that the first plurality of connectors is disposed in the housing of the shelf assembly opposite the front cover, and the second plurality of connectors is external to the shelf housing.