Abstract: A lighting device, particularly a motor vehicle light, having a primary reflector (2) composed of a hollow body that defines a pair of pointed elements (4, 5), which face opposite directions, between which a luminous source (1) is placed; and a secondary reflector composed of an elongated element (3) with steps (6), at whose centre the primary reflector (2) is placed with its relative pointed elements (4, 5) facing the steps (6).

Abstract: Improved linear illumination sources are disclosed which utilize external, highly reflective enclosures containing one or more linear openings and thereby achieve improved source efficiency, output irradiance and/or output radiance. Such improved illumination sources may be combined with additional optical elements to produce more complex illumination systems.

Abstract: A vehicular indicator lamp that provides an observer with a novel visual impression even when the point of observation is moved either horizontally or vertically while ensuring clarity of the lamp. A reflective surface of a reflector is divided in an orthogonal grid into a plurality of segments, each of which is allocated a reflective element. The reflective surface is formed as a two-dimensional wavy surface in which concave surface reflective elements and convex surface reflective elements are alternatingly repeated in each of two directions. As a result, in the case where the reflective surface of the lamp is viewed from the front, when the point of observation is moved horizontally or vertically, the brightness pattern of the reflective surface changes dynamically to accompany the movement of the point of observation, causing the observer to perceive a strong glittering sensation.

Abstract: A highly efficient luminaire. The luminaire includes a light source that emits light. The emitted light is redirected by a light transformer having a curved circular reflective interior surface, the reflective interior surface reflecting the light in a predetermined pattern. A substantial amount of light being may be reflected close to an axis coincident with a radial line defining a radius of the circular reflective interior surface. Additionally, a substantial amount of light may be reflected in a pattern with low divergency or parallel with an axis of the light transformer. The light is transmitted to the exterior of the luminaire by an optical window.

Abstract: A recessed luminaire (1), has a dome-shaped reflector (6), a light source (8) arranged therein, a mounting ring (9) which engages around the reflector (6) near to its edge. A holder ring (41) for additional components, such as a glass plate or the like, to be attached to the mounting ring (9), is also provided, the holder ring (41) having connection means for fastening it on the mounting ring (9). At least two plug-in elements (45) having plug-in pins (46a) and radially developing plug-in recesses (46a) are provided on the mounting ring (9), for plugging-in of the plug-in pins (46b).

Abstract: A fiber optic lamp includes a lamp housing having a stem section with a passageway therein and a reflector section having a reflective surface. The lamp housing also has first and second circular ledges for receiving and holding in place at least one lens within the lamp housing. A fiber optic cable is provided having a first end for insertion into the passageway of the lamp housing for transmitting light. The second end of the fiber optic cable is connected to a light pump having a light source therein for generating and transmitting light through the fiber optic cable. The fiber optic cable is connected to a socket member of a fixture housing for mounting the stem section of the lamp housing in the fixture housing.

Abstract: A highly efficient optical device comprises two opposing active non-spherical optical surfaces defined by a two-dimensional representation that is symmetrically extended to provide a three-dimensional device. A focal area, spaced apart from the optical surface and non-contiguous therewith, is defined by the two opposing active optical surfaces. The active optical surfaces each have a continuous second derivative, and the optical surfaces are defined by a polynomial with an order of at least about twenty. The optical device may comprise a transparent dielectric core, and the optical surfaces may be formed on the core. A receiver may be situated at the focal area to provide a concentrator. An extended light source such as an LED may be situated at the focal area, to provide a collimator. Faceted embodiments can provide a low aspect optical device. In some embodiments a diffuser may be used to transform incident radiation into a predetermined shape.

Abstract: A visible light source adapted to be mounted on the vehicle for generating visible light to be used to create warning signals which are viewed by observers remote from the vehicle. A dichroic element adapted to be mounted on the vehicle and adjacent to the visible light source transmits at least some of the visible light generated by the light source and reflects at least some of the visible light generated by the light source. The transmitted and reflected light provides warning light signals within different wavelength ranges when viewed by an observer remote from the vehicle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to luminaries or floodlights and more particularly to reflectors for such floodlights. The present invention is embodied in a reflector that has the one or more of the following features: a combination of two or more different types of reflecting sheet; spectral sheet in a band in a central portion of the reflector; concentrating or concave peened reflecting sheet in a band in a central portion of the reflector; three different parabolic curves forming the reflector all having a common focal line; a visor.

Abstract: A bowl for a lead frame in a light emitting diode has a room with inner wall and the inner wall has a curved surface concave toward the center of the room. The light emitted can be concentrated as a beam of light by way of being reflected by the curved surface.

Abstract: A reflector substrate (1) adapted for use in illumination device (8) comprises an a molded aromatic polyimide film wherein the film has a glass transition temperature from 210 to 290° C. and said polyimide film has structural units of general formula (I) and (II): wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of: wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of: and said polyimide film has the molar ratio X:Y from 100:0 to 20:80.

Abstract: A reflector can be applicable to an operation lamp for providing light beams from a bulb through different paths and focusing along a centerline to an illuminated patch to provide a shadowless lighting. The reflector is composed of a plurality of three-dimensional curvy reflecting strips connected with one another circularly around the centerline of the lamp. The cross sections taken perpendicularly to the centerline are polygons. The sides of the polygon can be curves. The vertical sections taken along the centerline are symmetric continuous curves each composed of two to five curve portions linked together. Each curve portion is a high order mathematical function with multiple factors. The curve portions can provide light beams through different paths to the illuminated patch.

Abstract: A luminaire has two oppositely positioned rows with reflectors made of separate sectors. The individual reflectors are separated by edge portions, which are positioned transversely to the longitudinal axis of the luminaire and transversely to a light emission window. The edge portions are spaced apart by a distance D, measured transversely to the longitudinal axis, of between 1 and 2 times the diameter of an associated lamp.

Abstract: A method of setting adjusting displacement for surgical light illuminating field comprises the steps of: (a) setting an illumination plane below the surgical light head for a selected distance; (b) setting a first height of the filament such that the light emitting from the filament will be reflected by the reflector of the surgical light and projected onto the illumination plane to form a minimum illuminating field; and (c) setting a second height of the filament to enable light passing over the upper rim of the lamp cup and projecting to the lowest position of the housing of the surgical light head (or between the lowest effective reflection point of the reflector and the lowest position of the housing of the surgical light head).

Abstract: A focused floodlight is designed to provide uniform illumination throughout an emergency scene including a work area and an action area. The floodlight includes a light line and a reflector specially configured so that half the light illuminates the work area and half the light illuminates the action area. The reflector has four sections, each of which is shaped to reflect impinging light rays in a desired direction. Each of the four sections comprises a multitude of minute, individually aimed reflector elements which are designed so that the flux increases progressively as distance from the floodlight increases.

Abstract: A vehicle lamp can include a tube-like lamp element that has an aperture, a reflector having a focus located approximately at the aperture, and a front lens. The lamp can be disposed in a vehicle body space that has a small width from the front view and a small depth from a side view of the vehicle body. A blind or shade is not necessary to cover non-aesthetic portions of the lamp. The lamp can be tube-like in shape and can include an optical system that has at least two ellipse group reflecting surfaces that are combined to form a multi-reflex optical system. An aperture can be formed by the reflecting surfaces to allow light rays to be guided outside of the lamp. A light source is preferably located on a common first focus of the at least two ellipse group reflecting surfaces. One of the ellipse group reflecting surfaces can have a longer focal distance than, and a different longitudinal direction from, those of other ellipse group reflecting surface(s).

Abstract: A reflector comprising a concave body having a first region, a second region and a third region. The first region includes first facets and the second region includes second facets. The third region has a smooth surface. The first region is separated from the second region by the third region.

Abstract: Light distribution characteristics are defined which define a correspondence relation between the position of a reflection point on a reference plane and the position of an image of a light source. In accordance with the light distribution characteristics, a path line in the reference plane is determined. A profile curve for each of a plurality of sampling points dispersibly distributed on the path line, is determined in accordance with the light distribution characteristics, the profile curve passing through the sampling point and corresponding to the topological shape of a reflecting surface to be determined. As the reflection point moves along the profile curve, the image of the light source moves in the direction crossing the reference plane in accordance with the light distribution characteristics. The topological shape of the reflecting surface is determined in accordance with the profile curve determined for each sampling point.

Abstract: An overhead lighting appliance having a longitudinally extending and horizontally disposed lamp tube (4) housed within a reflector assembly of opposed downwardly diverging side reflectors (6) and cross blades (10) which divide the reflector assembly into cells and determine cut-off angles thus to reduce glare. Each cross blade (10) has an outer region (10a) to prevent ladder flash, which is of reduced or tapering thickness outwardly of a line C being a plane extending from the bottom of the reflector assembly to a tangent to an upper region of the lamp tube (4). The reduced width portion (10a) thus minimises obstruction of light output in the upper outer edge region of the cross blade.

Abstract: A light source system in which light scattered inside a chamber (2) exits from a hole (3) to provide a light output from the system. The interior wall of the chamber (2) consists of a material which is very efficient at scattering incident light. Light emitted from a light source (1) undergoes at least one scattering event within the chamber (2) before escaping from the chamber (2) through the exit hole (3). Any geometrical attributes of the light from the source (1) are removed before the light exists from the chamber (2). The exit hole (3) can have a tube inside (4) and/or outside (5) the chamber (2) for collimating the light output. A mechanical shutter (7, 8) can be used as a simple dimmer mechanism for the light output from the system. The light source (1) can be positioned inside or outside the chamber (2).

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a roadway luminaire is provided which includes the steps of molding a two part upper housing from a composite material and applying a reflective substance directly to an inner surface of a domed portion of the housing to create a reflector. The luminaire further includes a lower housing hingedly attached to the upper housing which supports a lens therein and is pivotable into an open position and latched to the upper housing in a closed position. Means are provided for mounting the luminaire to a pole.

Abstract: A lighting fixture having a fixture housing, a transformer housing, and a locking means is suitable for installation in non-accessible areas. The transformer housing includes a first stop and second stop, and is pivotally engaged with an access aperture that is part of the fixture housing. The locking means serves to prevent pivotal movement of the transformer housing in relation to the access aperture. The lighting fixture may also have a fixture housing, a transformer recess, and a locking means. In this embodiment, the fixture housing includes an inner stop with which a transformer is pivotally engaged, and the transformer is retained in the recess by the locking means. The lighting fixture also includes a trim assembly.

Abstract: A lighting system includes a housing with a rear plate and upper and lower plates extending forwardly and with side plates extending forward coupling the upper and lower plats and with a cover essentially parallel with the rear plate to define a chamber there within. A light source is formed in a generally cylindrical configuration within the chamber. The light source has an axis within a horizontal plane. A reflector includes a lower component in a semi-circular configuration with an axis of rotation coextensive with the xis of the light source. The lower component also has upper ends terminating at the horizontal plane, a forward edge adjacent to the cover, and a rearward edge adjacent to the rear plate. The reflector has an upper component extending upwardly and forwardly from the rearward edge of the lower component in a parabolic configuration and terminating above and forwardly of the forward edge.

Abstract: A lighting unit with a reflecting mirror to prevent irradiation nonuniformity on an irradiated surface, produced by arranging a bulb as a light source in a funnel-shaped reflecting mirror having a reflecting surface and by arranging a plurality of fine reflecting surfaces on the reflecting surface non-radially and non-concentrically without clearance. Preferably the fine reflecting surfaces appear to be a honeycomb, and are formed substantially the same size of 0.01-5 mm long, 0.01-5 mm wide.

Abstract: An method and apparatus that generates light at various up-angles. A planar surface having a plurality of LEDs equally spaced in a circular arc directs light at a conical reflector, which redirects the generated light in a 360-degree arc of light (i.e., light beam) that is then concentrated by a magnifying lens. The light beam has a small vertical angle of divergence and appears to originate from a point light source in the center of the conical reflector. A base assembly has mounting positions to which the planar surface, conical reflector and magnifying lens are secured and maintains the lantern in an up-right position. The base assembly includes a plurality of mounting positions for securing the planar surface at various predetermined distances from the conical reflector, thereby directing the generated light beam at a corresponding predetermined up-angle.

Abstract: Headlamp for motor vehicles, which can generate selectively a full light beam and a dipped/fog light beam, including a reflector which is subdivided into an upper reflective area, and a lower reflective area, and has an optical axis, along which there is disposed a single fixed light source consisting of a bulb with a single filament, a lens, which is disposed in a front position and at right-angles relative to the optical axis, and can converge the dipped/fog light beam, intermediate screens which are partially mobile, and can assume selectively a first position, in which they can intercept part of the said full light beam, in order to convert the latter into the said dipped/fog light beam, and a second position, in which the said full beam is not intercepted, and movement means in order to displace the said intermediate screens between the said first and second positions, which means are disposed on the exterior of a casing, which contains the reflector, the light source, the lens and the intermediate scree

Abstract: A sheet-like light source device of side-light type comprising a light-conducting plate, at least one rod-like light source disposed proximate to a light-incident surface, a tubular reflecting member covering portions other than a surface facing the light-conducting plate of the rod-like light source, and a planar reflecting member disposed proximate to a position facing a rear surface of the light-conducting plate. An end portion of the planar reflecting member is projecting out from an end portion of the light-conducting plate within the tubular reflecting member, and the projecting end portion of the planar reflecting member is bent in a parting direction from the rod-like light source. It is possible to prevent degradations in display qualities owing to anomalous emission without degrading the brightness thereof.

Abstract: A reflector for use in an ultraviolet or other type of lamp system having a plasma bulb. The reflector includes one or more longitudinally extending reflector panels having a characteristic shape that advantageously reflects ultraviolet radiation emanating from the bulb to provide a uniform irradiance over a relatively large surface area of a substrate. A substantial portion of each reflector panel has a characteristic shape described by the equation (x/a)(2+n)+(y/b)(2+m)=1, where a and b are constants and n and m are exponents that range between 0 and 2.

Abstract: A lamp unit (3) for use with digital micromirror devices has a direct current short arc discharge lamp (1) in which at least 0.15 mg/mm3 of mercury is sealed.

Abstract: A reflecting mirror, for a vehicle headlamp, which provides a sufficient amount of light near a slant cutoff line in downward-beam light distribution, thereby improving visibility in a long-distance region and a medium-distance region. The reflecting mirror has at least a first reflecting area and a second reflecting area. For a first reflecting area (10B)—close to a horizontal reference face (x-y plane) when a reflecting face (10) is viewed from an optical axis direction—a reference curve is set in a slant reference face inclined to the horizontal reference face at an angle equal to an angle (&thgr;col) of a slant cutoff line with a horizontal line.

Abstract: An illumination system and method for providing wide angle illumination to objects to be inspected. The illumination system includes a dome light array having a plurality of rows where each row includes a plurality of lamps arranged in an arc about an imaging area (so that each lamp in the row is approximately the same distance from the imaging area) and all of the lamps in a row point to and illuminate the same point within the image area. The illumination system can include an aperture in the top of the dome light array through which a camera can image the object. Positioning each row of lamps in an arc about the image point provides various illumination angles to give a relatively uniform wide angle, yet intense, illumination to enhance automated PWB defect inspection.

Abstract: A light source device includes a lamp for emitting light and a concave mirror for reflecting the light emitted from the lamp. The concave mirror has a reflection surface substantially rotationally symmetric with respect to an optical axis of the concave mirror. A shadow of the lamp is projected in a direction inclined with respect to the optical axis of the concave mirror.

Abstract: In a method of determining the shape of reflective surface 10a of reflector 1 in the structure in which the basic shape is a free-formed surface 20 satisfying shape constraints or the like and in which reflective surface elements are assigned to an array of segments obtained by dividing the free-formed surface 20, evaluation and selection of the surface shape is carried out at two stages; i.e., evaluation and selection according to light incidence angles at the stage of creation of the free-formed surface 20 and evaluation and selection according to light reflecting regions at the stage of creation of a reflective surface consisting of a plurality of reflective surface elements. This reduces nonuniformity of in-surface light distribution during on periods of a lamp, in the reflective surface obtained, and thus improves design efficiency thereof.

Abstract: A two-dimensional area tilted illumination system has a long light source for emitting a light flux and a reflecting mirror having a generating line generally parallel to a longitudinal axis of the light source. A surface of the reflecting mirror has a first area for illuminating an illumination area after the light flux is first reflected and converged. The first area is shaped such that an intersection point of the light rays, reflected at two ends of the first area, is a position which results in the light rays impinging a center of the illumination area.

Abstract: A fiber optic lamp includes a lamp housing having a stem section with a passageway therein and a reflector section having a reflective surface. The lamp housing also has first and second circular ledges for receiving and holding in place at least one lens within the lamp housing. A fiber optic cable is provided having a first end for insertion into the passageway of the lamp housing for transmitting light. The second end of the fiber optic cable is connected to a light pump having a light source therein for generating and transmitting light through the fiber optic cable. The fiber optic cable is connected to a socket member of a fixture housing for mounting the stem section of the lamp housing in the fixture housing.

Abstract: A cyclorama light includes a housing having generally opaque rear, bottom and side walls and an open front wall defining a window that extends from a region proximate to the upper end of the rear wall and a region proximate to the front end of the bottom wall and generally extending between the side walls. The housing defines a housing axis generally parallel to the rear and bottom walls and normal to the side walls. An elongate reflector essentially extends between the side walls and is mounted for rotary movements about the housing axis. An elongate lamp having a lamp axis is mounted on the reflector to maintain the lamp axis substantially coextensively with the housing axis, the reflector being configured to direct light generated by the elongate lamp with a predetermined intensity distribution through the window formed in the open front wall in a direction which is a function of the rotational position of the reflector about the housing axis.

Abstract: A light reflector for use in a lighting device including a light bulb having a filament. The reflector includes a cup-shaped body having a parabolic internal reflective surface divided transversely into an inner portion surrounding the light bulb to focus light from the light bulb into a parallel light beam to produce a bright spot and an outer portion adjoining the inner portion. The outer portion is faceted to smooth blurring around the bright spot.

Abstract: A reflector includes a reflecting surface provided on a display cell, and fine concave surfaces are formed on the surface of the reflector. When the cross sections of the concave surfaces are formed in the shape of circular curves, the frequency of tilt angles &thgr;1, &thgr;2, . . . &thgr;n formed between tangents to the concave surfaces and horizontal lines H can be set to predetermined angle range &thgr;1 to &thgr;n, an angle range in which luminance of reflected light increases can be determined, and the reflected light can be allowed to have a directivity within the angle range. By designing &thgr;1 and &thgr;n in accordance with an effective viewing angle of the display cell, display contrast can be increased.

Abstract: Improved linear illumination sources are disclosed which utilize external, highly reflective enclosures containing one or more linear openings and thereby achieve improved source efficiency, output irradiance and/or output radiance. Such improved illumination sources may be combined with additional optical elements to produce more complex illumination systems.

Abstract: An electromagnetic radiation source, such as an arc lamp, is located at a point displaced from the optical axis of a concave toroidal reflecting surface. The concave primary reflector focuses the radiation from the source at an off-axis image point that is displaced from the optical axis. The use of a toroidal reflecting surface enhances the collection efficiency into a small target, such as an optical fiber, relative to a spherical reflecting surface by substantially reducing aberrations caused by the off-axis geometry. A second concave reflector is placed opposite to the first reflector to enhance further the total flux collected by a small target. In accordance with one embodiment, the present invention is directed to devices in which the square of the off-axis distance divided by the radius of curvature is equal to or less than the extent of the source of electromagnetic radiation (y02/r≦s0).

Abstract: A specular dual compound reflector having a cross section in the form of hyperbolas is disclosed. This reflector is combined with energy saving fluorescent tubes and ballast, forming a fluorescent light fixture for the purpose of providing adequate and uniform illumination to a surface, subdue shadows, provide agreeable illumination, and resulting in substantial energy savings. Two similar configurations are disclosed.

Abstract: A reflector lamp (10) has a forward parabolic section (58) and a rear concave section (60), which may be parabolic, ellipsoidal, or spherical. A light source (24), such as the filament of a halogen lamp, is axially aligned with the axis of the reflector (LA) and is centered at the focal point of the forward and rear sections. The parabolic forward section is fluted to spread the light reflected therefrom smoothly in a beam of light, minimizing the center hot spot. The rear section, which is not fluted, directs the light reflected therefrom within the desired beam angle, resulting in little wasted light being emitted outside the desired beam angle.

Abstract: An illumination system and method for providing wide angle illumination to objects to be inspected. The illumination system includes a dome light array having a plurality of rows where each row includes a plurality of lamps arranged in an arc about an imaging area (so that each lamp in the row is approximately the same distance from the imaging area) and all of the lamps in a row point to and illuminate the same point within the image area. The illumination system can include an aperture in the top of the dome light array through which a camera can image the object. Positioning each row of lamps in an arc about the image point provides various illumination angles to give a relatively uniform wide angle, yet intense, illumination to enhance automated PWB defect inspection.

Abstract: The intensity of an infra-red light source has substantially increased uniformity over an illuminated area. A reflector of specific size and shape reflects and focuses infra-red light emissions over a given area. Increased uniformity of intensity permits greater clarity in a given field of vision, particularly in a far field of vision. Greater uniformity allows surveillance systems, such as those using closed circuit television, to receive high quality images throughout a field of view. Images received from a far field of view are particularly enhanced.

Abstract: A deconcentrating optic has an input aperture positioned near a point of minimum focus of a reflector, and has an output aperture which is larger than the input aperture. An inner surface connects the two apertures of the optic. The surface is reflective to visible light, and is shaped to decrease the angles of incident light rays from the reflector so that an emerging light beam is bounded by a cone the angle of which is less than or equal to the acceptance cone of a projection lens. The size and shape of the output beam is such that the object lying in the projection plane of the lens is fully illuminated but not overfilled. The inner surface of the reflecting optic may be selectively perturbed so that the object plane of the projection lens is uniformly illuminated. The general shape of the reflecting optic's inner surface may be parabolic, elliptical, hyperbolic, circular, conical, or combinations of these shapes.

Abstract: An illumination device having a light-emitting tube and a reflector for reflecting rays of light irradiated from the light-emitting tube is designed so that the cross-sectional shape of at least one section of the reflector in a plane perpendicular to the axis direction of the light-emitting tube is different from the cross-sectional shapes of the other sections in the axis direction of the light-emitting tube.

Abstract: An improved reflective mirror for floodlights that can diffuse and reflect a beam of light from a light source in uniform brightness in a given floodlight area is provided. A concave reflecting mirror is provided with an aperture at the axis center of the mirror for inserting a light source such as a bulb, so that the inner periphery of the reflecting mirror is on the side and behind the light source. A plurality of reflectors are formed in the inner periphery of the reflecting mirror in a spiral profile when viewed from the front. The reflectors spiral out from the axis center of the reflecting mirror. Each of the reflectors has a convex or concave profile surface, so that a cross section of the reflective mirror inner periphery surface appears to be ribbed.

Abstract: Direct/indirect lighting fixtures particularly intended for recessed applications of fluorescent lighting as wall sconces or the like, the lighting fixtures of the invention combine the efficient lighting capabilities of parabolic fluorescent lighting with the aesthetic appeal of indirect lighting to produce a visually appealing effect. The luminaires of the invention combine an arcuate reflector with an illumination source mounted near one end of the reflector with an arcuate diffuser disposed over the illumination source. Both direct and indirect light thus emanates from the luminaire. The diffuser is mounted within the luminaire to mechanical light trap elements located at either end of the diffuser, the light trap elements serving the dual purposes of minimizing light leakage and mounting the diffuser. In one embodiment of the invention, the light trap elements are integrally formed with the reflector by injection molding of a polymeric material.

Abstract: An adjustable reflector device is disclosed. The device consists of an adjustable double parabolic reflective skin (1,2) with an adjustable lamp mount (12), incorporating a V-shaped perforated heat shield (17), attached. The two part reflective skin (1,2) forms a double parabolic shape when flexed back against a reinforced spine (3). This flexible shape is secured by lengthwise adjustable chain retainers (4) attached at both ends of the skin (1,2). The lamp mount (12) slides onto a pair of threaded bolts (6,7) secured to the skin and adjustment is achieved by tightening or loosening the appropriate nuts (15,16). The heat shield (17) slides onto the lamp fitting (18) and is positioned appropriately to deflect incident heat and light. This device can be used to provide variable conditions of artificial illumination.

Abstract: An arrangement for two side-by-side elongated lamps in a lighting fixture in which lampholders are alternately mounted on opposite sideplates or brackets of the lighting fixture. The lighting fixture has an inside dimension that is longer than the length of each lamp/lampholder combination by a length sufficient to prevent the distal end of each lamp from overlapping the exposed plug portion and the lampholder of any of the adjacent lamps. The lamps are tightly gathered, and are close enough together to simulate a hairline light source having an optical centerline coincident with the optical centerline of the fixture.