Abstract: Depicted is an extruder (1), which converts preferably granular plastic material into the melted state and which comprises at least one

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided to process material contained in one or more drums. In one exemplary method, waste material is transferred from one or more drums to a first tank. Waste material in the first tank is agitated with an agitator contained in the first tank, and the waste material is passed from the first tank to a second tank on a mobile wheeled chassis. The method also includes transporting the second tank from a location where the first tank is located.

Abstract: This invention is directed to methods for quickly inverting and dispersing a flocculant in an aqueous slurry to achieve settlement of solids and clarification of the slurry water. In particular, this invention relates to methods for quickly inverting a flocculant-containing emulsion in-line without significantly destabilizing the emulsion. The methods comprise dosing water with at least one water-in-oil emulsion containing at least one of a flocculent polymer and a hydrophilic surfactant and subjecting the water and emulsion to a high shear, turbulent reverse flow, such that the combination of the surfactant and shear synergistically inverts the emulsion, so the flocculant may be directly injected into the slurry. In an alternative embodiment, the emulsion is fed directly to the slurry to be treated and subjected to high shear, such that the emulsion inverts in situ, releasing the flocculant into the slurry for solids/liquid separation.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for the structural agglomeration of aerogel particles. The method comprises the steps of feeding aerogel particles to a mixing apparatus. A binder also is added to the mixing apparatus. After thorough mixing agglomerates from the mixing apparatus optionally are separated according to their size.

Abstract: An improved blending tool with an enlarged collision profile and method of use by rotation in a blending machine. The improved blending tool comprises an enlarged collision surface fixed at the end of the tool's center shank wherein at least half of the trailing surface of the collision surface is negatively sloped.

Abstract: The invention proposes a process and an arrangement for dissolving albumin flakes in a liquid which is filled into a container. In the process according to the invention, it is intended that the flakes are moved relative to the liquid. The arrangement for carrying out the process has a constructional embodiment which permits a number of containers (6) to be treated simultaneously by the process according to the invention, the arrangement having one or more motors (10) for driving the construction elements (3, 4, 7, 8, 9), which move the containers (6 ) in a rotary or translational motion during the treatment.

Abstract: A novel electrokinetic instability (EKI) micromixer and method takes advantage of the EKI to effect active rapid stirring of confluent microstreams of biomolecules without moving parts or complex microfabrication processes. The EKI is induced using an alternating current (A/C) electric field. Within seconds, the randomly fluctuating, three-dimensional velocity field created by the EKI rapidly and effectively stirs an initially heterogeneous solution and generates a homogeneous solution that is useful in a variety of biochemical and bioanalytical systems. Microfabricated on a glass substrate, the inventive EKI micromixer can be easily and advantageously integrated in molecular diagnostics apparatuses and systems, such as a chip-based “Lab-on-a-Chip” microfluidic device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a mixer for mixing flows of a papermaking process. In the invention, a first flow is conveyed through a tube, and turbulence is generated in it by means of form parts located on the inner periphery of the tube. The mixing zone of the mixer comprises feed openings on the inner periphery of the tube for feeding a second flow from a feed channel outside the tube into the first flow, whereby the flows are mixed as a result of the turbulence generated by the form parts. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one form part comprises a feed opening.

Abstract: The invention includes a method of minimizing the delivery cost of a slurry. According to the invention, a mobile tank is incompletely loaded with an at least partially dehydrated component of the slurry. Sufficient room is left in the tank for a diluent to be later added and the slurry constituted in the mobile tank. The incompletely loaded mobile tank is transported to a destination, thereby obviating expense associated with transporting a diluent portion of the slurry. At the destination, diluent is added to the tank and the slurry is constituted by activating a mechanical agitator within the tank. Slurry is then off-loaded from the mobile tank.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for continuously preparing a medium formulation mixes a diluent with a plurality of chemically incompatible concentrate solutions in such a manner that none of the ingredients of the concentrate solutions chemically react in an adverse manner. The method utilizes a static mixing chamber to add the concentrate solutions to the diluent stream sufficiently in advance of one another so that adverse chemical reactions do not occur. The method also adjusts a pH level of the diluent prior to adding any of the concentrate solutions to the diluent.

Abstract: A method for producing a colored adhesive caulking material by: (a) providing in a resealable container a caulk forming composition which can be thickened by contact with a pigmented composition; (b) adding a pigmented composition of a predetermined color to the container; and (c) shaking the container, thereby thickening the caulk forming composition to form a colored adhesive caulking material.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for the mixing of two or more fluid streams and creating streamwise vortices. The apparatus comprises of a chamber having a proximal end, a distal end, a corresponding frequency means for forcing the mixing of the two or more fluid streams, an inlet means for receiving the two or more fluid streams at the proximal end and a divider means for separating the two or more fluid streams mounted within the chamber at the proximal end.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for preparing a liquid concentrate for use in the manufacture of plastic parts (including without limitation, as part of the sampling, evaluation and approval process before a plastic part goes into production) comprising: (a) preparing one or more liquid intermediates, wherein the liquid intermediates comprise a liquid vehicle and at least one additive (which may include a pigment, dye or other additive); (b) standardizing the liquid intermediates; (c) transferring the standardized liquid intermediates to a remote location; and (d) dispensing the liquid intermediates to produce a liquid concentrate, wherein the quantity of each liquid intermediate dispensed is controlled according to a predetermined formula for the liquid concentrate.

Abstract: A process for the dynamic manufacture and packaging of gas mixtures containing a first component and a second component in predefined proportions, the first and second components being chosen from the group formed by O2, N2, He and N2O, in which predetermined proportions of the first and second components are dynamically mixed in order to obtain a gas mixture of the desired composition and the temperature of the mixture is adjusted in order to keep it above the demixing threshold temperature of the mixture. This process is particularly suitable for the production of analgesic gas mixtures that can be used in the medical field, particularly a mixture formed from 50% oxygen and 50% nitrous oxide.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for continuous production of pigment flushes and an apparatus for carrying out the process. In the process of the invention, the pigment press cake is first fluidized. The fluidized press cake and a hydrophobic liquid organic medium are fed into a twin screw extruder. The kneading of the organic medium and press cake between the twin screws flushes the pigment into the organic medium. The water phase and flushed pigment phase are separated by removing at least part of the water phase through a vent in the extruder. An impediment to the flow of material downstream of the water vent causes the flush to accumulate in the vented section for a period of time sufficient to remove the desired amount of the water phase. The flush works over the impediment and passes downstream to where vacuum is applied to remove residual water from the flush. The flush may be further combined with other ink ingredients to form an ink product.

Abstract: This method permits manufacturing EPDM rocket motor insulation in which carbon fibers are dispersed and immobilized in the EPDM polymeric matrix, but are not excessively fractured or fragmentized, i.e., broken into smaller fragments, when encountering degrees of shear necessary to homogeneously or otherwise distribute or disperse the carbon fibers in the EPDM polymeric matrix. The method is substantially solvent free, and is performed via distributive/reduced shear mixing to distribute the fragile carbon fibers into a rubber matrix without excessive damage. According to one embodiment, at least about 50% of the elastomer composition introduced into the mixing apparatus is liquid EPDM terpolymer having sufficiently low molecular weight and high diene content to permit dispersion of the carbon fibers in the EPDM without substantial fragmentation of the fibers.

Abstract: Acoustic energy is used to control motion in a fluid. According to one embodiment, the invention directs acoustic energy at selected naturally occurring nucleation features to control motion in the fluid. In another embodiment, the invention provides focussed or unfocussed acoustic energy to selectively placed nucleation features to control fluid motion. According to one embodiment, the invention includes an acoustic source, a controller for controlling operation of the acoustic source, and one or more nucleation features located proximate to or in the fluid to be controlled.

Abstract: A food blending apparatus and a method of blending food within a container (30) with the object of providing a hygienic system whereby disposable containers are charged with product at a location remote from consumption. After filling with ingredients the container is sealed and then cooled. Containers include an integral blender (35) which when connected to a drive enable the product to be blended at the point of consumption after location in driving connection with the drive means. Product is accessed through a sealed opening (31) of the container after opening the seal. After consumption the container is disposed of and is constructed to make disposal economical.

Abstract: A shipping method which reduces the potential hazards during shipment of manganese dioxide. The manganese dioxide is transported in suspension in a liquid contained in a container. The manganese dioxide is maintained in suspension by continuously agitating the manganese dioxide slurry in the container during shipment.

Abstract: A method for aerating wine comprises the steps of pouring wine into a container, placing the container on top of a stir plate, placing a stir bar inside the container, and changing a magnetic field within the stir plate so as to cause the stir bar to rotate within the container. The method may be used with either a flat bottomed bottle or decanter. In a preferred method, the stir plate is provided with a rotatable magnetic arm and a variable speed controller for controlling the speed at which the rotatable arm rotates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and apparatus that employ electrohydrodynamic flows in miscible, partially miscible and immiscible multiphase systems to induce mixing for dissolution and/or reaction processes.

Abstract: A method for improving extraction and separation of a component from a fluid. The method comprises forming a multi-phase fluid system, the multi-phase fluid system comprising at least a first phase having at least one extractable component and a second phase having an attraction for the extractable component, mixing the multi-phase fluid system at a first mixing intensity, mixing the multi-phase fluid system at least a second mixing intensity less than the first mixing intensity, and allowing the multi-phase fluid system to settle. In this process, the mixing intensity is reduced step-wise, resulting in lower entrainment of the extractable component in the fluid and faster separation of the phases.

Abstract: A stirring machine and method for automated mixing of multi-part encapsulants used for coating microelectronic devices such as integrated circuits. The stirring machine includes a variable speed motor; a stirring rod coupled to an output shaft of the motor; a lead screw for vertical adjustment of the stirring rod; a stirring head secured to the stirring rod, the stirring head including at least two spaced apart arms, each of the arms being radially equidistant form the axis of rotation; and a control system for varying the rotational rate and height of the stirring head and the duration of stirring. The stirring machine and method significantly reduce the amount of air entrained in encapsulants in accordance with existing manual methods of production, thereby reducing the time required for de-airing encapsulants.

Abstract: Combined extrusion/sonolation apparatus (10) which is designed to continuously and efficiently incorporate components (e.g., liquid lipids or fats or meltable solids) into heterogeneous materials in order to form stable products. The apparatus (10) includes an extruder (12) having a barrel (27) and restricted orifice outlet (38); a sonolation device (14) is directly coupled to the outlet (38). Preferably a monitoring unit (50) is located downstream of the sonolation device (14) and is connected via a controller (18) with the extruder (12) and device (14) so as to control the operation of the latter. In use, starting materials are fed into the extruder (12) and are initially mixed, whereupon a component is injected through a barrel-mounted injector pipe (41). The composite extrudate is treated within device (14) by subjecting it to acoustic vibrations.

Abstract: A slurry mixing apparatus has a mixing chamber, a rotatable bearing and several blades. The bearing is connected to one end of each of the blades and located in the center of the mixing chamber. Several kinds of the slurries can be mixed rapidly in the apparatus and flowed into the CMP polisher immediately to perform a CMP process. Being mixed by the mixing chamber, the slurry is supplied to the chemical mechanical polisher for polishing.

Abstract: Storage containers (4, 14) located in a first supply station (1) are provided for mixed constituents which are characteristic of a first product. Outflow lines (8, 18) which can be closed run out of the storage containers (4, 14) via first closing devices (61, 62). A second set of storage containers (24, 34) located in a second supply station (2) are provided for mixed constituents which are characteristic of an additional product. Second outflow lines (48, 58, 68) which can be closed run out of the second set of storage containers (24, 34) via second closing devices (63, 70). Storage containers (44, 54, 64) located in the third supply station (3) are provided for mixed constituents which are available in both products to be produced. Outflow lines (48, 58, 68) are permanently open when the system is in operation. The first outflow lines (8, 18) communicate with the outflow lines (48, 58, 68) of the third supply station (3) via a transport line (20) having a stop valve (21).

Abstract: The invented apparatus can be used to agitate the liquid contents of paint balls to mix and evenly distribute their liquid contents so that the paint balls will fly in a true trajectory when shot from a paint ball gun. The invented apparatus also helps to remove or prevent the formation of dimples on the outer shell of the paint balls caused by sitting for extended periods of time in storage boxes, for example. The invented apparatus can thus be used to repair defective paint balls and to extend the useful life of such paint balls. The apparatus includes a support member, a motor, and a container . The motor is mounted to the support member, and the container is supported for rotation by the support member and the motor's drive shaft. Paint balls are placed in the container which is rotated by the motor during operation of the apparatus to move the paint balls to agitate their liquid contents. The invention also includes a related method.

Abstract: Disclosed is an agitator assembly which comprises an agitator and means for mounting the agitator assembly on top of a tank. The agitator comprises a shaft, a propeller fixed to one end of the shaft, and means for rotating the shaft to provide an axial discharge from the propeller of at least 4.0 m/sec with a flow equivalent of at least 0.2 tank volumes/minute. The agitator is mounted on top of the tank so that the shaft enters the tank at an angle a to the longitudinal axis of the tank of between about 30 and about 60 degrees and at an angle &bgr; to the transverse vertical axis of the tank of less than about 50 degrees. Also disclosed is a method of shipping solids that are soluble in a solvent. The solids are placed in a tank on which the agitator assembly has been mounted. The quantity of solids placed in the tank exceeds the amount that will dissolve when the tank is filled with the solvent. The tank is transported to the location where the solids are to be removed from the tank.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for continuous production of pigment flushes and an apparatus for carrying out the process. In the process of the invention, the pigment press cake is first fluidized. The fluidized press cake and a hydrophobic liquid organic medium are fed into a twin screw extruder. The kneading of the organic medium and press cake between the twin screws flushes the pigment into the organic medium. The water phase and flushed pigment phase are separated by removing at least part of the water phase through a vent in the extruder. An impediment to the flow of material downstream of the water vent causes the flush to accumulate in the vented section for a period of time sufficient to remove the desired amount of the water phase. The flush works over the impediment and passes downstream to where vacuum is applied to remove residual water from the flush. The flush may be further combined with other ink ingredients to form an ink product.

Abstract: In a method of producing a coating composition for magnetic recording, first, a magnetic layer forming material, or the like, containing ferromagnetic powder is put, together with a binder and an organic solvent, into a kneader. The kneader is operated to produce a kneaded mixture. Then, a valve is opened and kneading is continued while a diluent is sprayed by an atomizer for addition to the kneaded mixture. Both diluent spraying and kneading are continued until the kneaded mixture has a viscosity adapted for the next dispersion step. The kneaded mixture kneaded/diluted by a kneading/dilution equipment is then poured into a dispersion equipment through a tank and a connection pipe, which pipe is opened/closed by means of a valve. Then, the kneaded mixture K is dispersed.

Abstract: A method for continuously preparing a medium formulation mixes a diluent with a plurality of chemically incompatible concentrate solutions in such a manner that none of the ingredients of the concentrate solutions chemically react in an adverse manner. The method utilizes a static mixing chamber to add the concentrate solutions to the diluent stream sufficiently in advance of one another so that adverse chemical reactions do not occur. The method also adjusts a pH level of the diluent prior to adding any of the concentrate solutions to the diluent.

Abstract: A process for producing powder coating materials comprising lustre pigment comprises starting materials consisting of customary powder coating components and one or more lustre pigments. The starting materials are first introduced into the filling chamber of a first vessel which has a mixing element and is provided, if desired, with a thermostat. Subsequently, a supercritical fluid is admitted to the filling chamber, and finally the starting materials are mixed in the presence of the supercritical fluid. The mixture of the customary powder coating components, one or more lustre pigments and the supercritical fluid is transferred by a distributor into a second vessel. The distributor has a plurality of nozzles with an aperture diameter of from 0.025 cm to 2.5 cm. During transfer, the second vessel is maintained at an internal pressure of from 0 bar to 350 bar and at a temperature of from −85° C. to 200° C.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing an aqueous dispersion of a polymer substance, wherein a mill is used as a mixing apparatus, the mill comprises a disk-type rotor serving as a rotational body and a stator serving as a non-rotational body, the rotor and the stator are disposed oppositely, a protrusion is formed on at least one of the opposed surfaces of the rotor and the stator, the rotor and the stator are disposed such that the distance therebetween becomes narrower, a polymer substance serving as a raw material which is melted in advance so as to assume a liquid state and an aqueous poval solution are fed to the narrow space in the mill, and the rotor is rotated at high speed, to thereby produce an aqueous dispersion. The process may provide downsized producing equipment while saving space and reducing equipment cost.

Abstract: A method for the production of an intermediate product which can be injection moulded, from a dry, pasty or fluid raw material and at least one binding agent can be carried out in a mixing container (4). The raw materials and the at least one binding agent can be initially processed into a pourable powder mixture using rapidly rotating mixing elements (18, 18′, 8″, 18′″) which is subsequently warmed and processed into the intermediate product with the assistance of mechanical processing of the powder mixture by the mixing elements (18 through 18′″) and/or additional components. The method facilitates as effective a manufacture as possible of a high quality intermediate product, in a substantially reduced processing time, which can be injection-moulded.

Abstract: A method for continuously preparing a medium formulation mixes a diluent with a plurality of chemically incompatible concentrate solutions in such a manner that none of the ingredients of the concentrate solutions chemically react in an adverse manner. The method utilizes a static mixing chamber to add the concentrate solutions to the diluent stream sufficiently in advance of one another so that adverse chemical reactions do not occur. The method also adjusts a pH level of the diluent prior to adding any of the concentrate solutions to the diluent.

Abstract: The present invention is an apparatus and process for blending high purity chemicals to produce a high purity chemical mixture with circulation, purification and sensing of said chemical mixture between blending of said high purity chemicals and storage of said high purity chemicals for use, ultimately to produce a high purity chemical mixture for on-site use in treating semiconductor materials, such as at a semiconductor fabrication facility that processes silicon wafers.

Abstract: There are provided a method for uniform mixing of materials, which comprises arranging two or more droplet-discharging means of piezoelectricity-controlled type, discharging fine droplets from respective droplet-discharging means, and colliding them with each other to achieve uniform mixing, and an apparatus therefor. The directions of discharging from these droplet-discharging means are set so that the fine droplets discharged from respective droplet-discharging means are collided with each other at an angle of about 90° or 0 to 20°. The method and apparatus enables mixing and reaction of very small amounts of materials.

Abstract: The invented apparatus can be used to agitate the liquid contents of paint balls to mix and evenly distribute their liquid contents so that the paint balls will fly in a true trajectory when shot from a paint ball gun. The invented apparatus also helps to remove or prevent the formation of dimples on the outer shell of the paint balls caused by sitting for extended periods of time in storage boxes, for example. The invented apparatus can thus be used to repair defective paint balls and to extend the useful life of such paint balls. The apparatus includes a support member, a motor, and a container. The motor is mounted to the support member, and the container is supported for rotation by the support member and the motor's drive shaft. Paint balls are placed in the container which is rotated by the motor during operation of the apparatus to move the paint balls to agitate their liquid contents. The invention also includes a related method.

Abstract: A composition of a hydrocarbon in water colloidal dispersion including hydrocarbon particles having a mean softening point exceeding 95° C., a water soluble dispersion agent and water, process and apparatus for the production thereof are disclosed. These dispersions have a median particle size below about 4.5 microns and 90% of the hydrocarbon particles have a size less than about 60 microns. These dispersions are storage stable, stable towards transportation, and can be pumped without destabilizing.

Abstract: The method and apparatus according to the invention relate to conducting the dispersion of two phases, created in the mixing unit (1) of liquid—liquid extraction, from the mixing unit to the separation part (2), in which case the flow direction of the dispersion discharged from the mixing unit asymmetrically with respect to the separation part is turned to be symmetrical with respect to the separation part. In the last mixer (4) of the mixing unit, the orientation of the dispersion is turned to be parallel to the lengthwise axis of the separation part, by means of flow-turning members (9), the dispersion flow is discharged from the mixing unit at the height of the mixer bottom (10) and conducted to an uptake shaft (11) parallel to the lengthwise axis of the separation part, where the dispersion flow is turned upwards and made to be discharged symmetrically into the separation part.

Abstract: A blending device for mixing the contents of a plastic bag comprises a casing defining a mixing chamber in which are disposed paddles or the like for acting on the bag and mix the contents thereof, and having a pivotable door for providing access to the chamber and positioning a bag and its contents in this chamber. The door includes a lower container which extends inwardly towards the casing such as to be located in the casing's mixing chamber when the door is a closed position such that spillage resulting from a rupture of the bag in the blending machine is collected in the door's bottom container. Preferably, the door can be easily and completely disconnected from the casing for facilitating the cleaning thereof, for instance following a collection by the container thereof of a spillage.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for efficiently and rapidly mixing liquids in a system operating in the creeping flow regime such as would be encountered in capillary-based systems. By applying an electric field to each liquid, the present invention is capable of mixing together fluid streams in capillary-based systems, where mechanical or turbulent stirring cannot be used, to produce a homogeneous liquid.

Abstract: An apparatus and method capable of diluting nasal sprays containing addictive compounds. The user can safely and gradually withdraw from use of nasal sprays with successive dilutions using the apparatus having at least one indicia and a pre-selected level on the container. The spray is administered by the user using the method by depleting the nasal spray to the pre-selected level and replenishing with a diluent. The method steps are repeated until the concentration of the nasal spray is substantially reduced.

Abstract: A method and a plant for processing problematic, organic, chemical wastes for the disposal thereof. The different types of waste are collected in separate portions and the liquid waste portions are pooled, and the resulting liquid mixture is left to separate into a number of fractions. Each viscous or solid waste portions is subjected to a compatibility test with a liquid fraction. The waste portions are admixed with an amount of a compatible liquid fraction, ensuring that a workable mixture is obtained. The different mixtures are gradually mixed and a mixed and workable buffer portion is obtained. The buffer portion or a portion thereof is subjected to grinding at a high shear. A pumpable, combustible dispersion is obtained, which can be incinerated without any risk of explosions.

Abstract: A process for homogeneously dispersing at least one reactant in a fluid matrix, characterized in that capsules of a first type containing the reactant(s) are prepared with a first encapsulation product and capsules of a second type containing the fluid matrix are prepared with a second encapsulation product which is compatible with the first, these two types of capsules bearing electric charges of opposite polarity, the capsules of the two types are combined by electric attraction and the first and second encapsulation products are removed so as to obtain a composite material consisting of the fluid matrix containing the reactant(s) in homogeneous dispersion form, and products obtained according to this process.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for efficiently achieving a homogeneous mixture of fluid components by introducing said components having a Reynolds number of between about .ltoreq.1 to about 500 into a vessel and continuously perturbing the mixing flow by altering the flow speed and mixing time until homogeniety is reached. This method prevents the components from aggregating into non-homogeneous segregated regions within said vessel during mixing and substantially reduces the time the admixed components reach homogeneity.

Abstract: A micromachined, high Reynolds number, sub-millisecond liquid mixer for the study of chemical reaction kinetics. This bulk micromachined silicon mixer is capable of initiating and quenching chemical reactions in intervals as short as 100 .mu.s. The mixer chip contains two tee mixers connected by one channel which serves as a reaction chamber. Each tee mixer consists of opposing channels where liquids meet head-on and exit into a third channel forming the base of a "T".

Abstract: A method and product to replace asbestos in brake pads and other molded friction materials. Conductive fibers and non-conductive fibers, both of small diameter and an average length less than two inches (5 cm), are mixed together in predetermined ratio to facilitate uniform suspension of friction materials in a moldable mixture. Steel, copper, or brass are preferred for the conductive fibers; aramid and acrylic resins are preferred for the non-conductive fibers.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for transportation and agitation of a substance having solid and liquid constituents. The method includes the steps of loading an intermodal pressure vessel onto an over-land intermodal carrier, the intermodal pressure vessel having a plurality of agitators located at therein, at least one of the plurality of agitators including an electric motor located entirely within the pressure vessel and being capable of operation within the pressure vessel when pressurized. The substance to be transported is conveyed into the intermodal pressure vessel which is then transported to a shipping port. At the shipping port, the intermodal pressure vessel is loaded from the over-land intermodal carrier onto a ship for overseas transportation. During transportation, at least some of the solids to settle and form a sediment on a floor portion of the intermodal pressure vessel.

Abstract: Shear mixing apparatuses and associated methods are disclosed for producing small gas bubbles of a diameter of less than about 0.1 millimeters in a liquid, whereby mass transfer of the gas into the liquid is improved (as compared to the mass transfer achieved by conventional large bubble generators under the same circumstances) in applications benefiting by such improved mass transfer, involving injecting a gas under pressure via one or more orifices into a liquid that is flowing at a velocity sufficient to cause bubbles formed at the orifice(s) to subdivide to the desired small bubble size.