Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and computer program products are disclosed for facilitating decoding a communication received from a wireless terminal. Encoded bits are received from the wireless terminal via a shared uplink channel, and a plurality of acknowledgment tones are identified within the encoded bits. A correlation value is ascertained corresponding to a correlation between detected bits within the plurality of acknowledgment tones and valid bits corresponding to any of a plurality of valid acknowledgment codewords. A determination is then made as to whether the plurality of acknowledgment tones includes information corresponding to a discontinuous transmission by comparing the correlation value to a threshold value.

Abstract: Provided are a channel information generation apparatus and a method for spatial division multiplexing in a wireless communication system and a data transmission apparatus and a method using generated channel information. The channel information generation apparatus performs spatial division multiplexing in an OFDM-based wireless communication system. The channel information generation apparatus includes a codebook storage unit for storing a predefined codebook, a channel correlation information unit that receives channel information corresponding to each of a plurality of sub-carriers and calculates channel correlation coefficient information between the sub-carriers based on the received channel information, and an index calculation unit that calculates an index of an optimal matrix of matrices stored in the codebook storage unit based on the channel information, the channel correlation coefficient information, and the codebook.

Abstract: Techniques for multiplexing and transmitting multiple data streams are described. Transmission of the multiple data streams occurs in “super-frames”. Each super-frame has a predetermined time duration and is further divided into multiple (e.g., four) frames. Each data block for each data stream is outer encoded to generate a corresponding code block. Each code block is partitioned into multiple subblocks, and each data packet in each code block is inner encoded and modulated to generate modulation symbols for the packet. The multiple subblocks for each code block are transmitted in the multiple frames of the same super-frame, one subblock per frame. Each data stream is allocated a number of transmission units in each super-frame and is assigned specific transmission units to achieve efficient packing. A wireless device can select and receive individual data streams.

Abstract: Advantageous underwater acoustic (UWA) apparatus, systems and methods are provided according to the present disclosure. The apparatus, systems and methods employ nonbinary low density parity check (LDPC) codes that achieve excellent performance and match well with the underlying modulation. The nonbinary LDPC codes of the proposed apparatus, systems and methods are formed, at least in part, from a generator matrix that has a high density to reduce the peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) with minimal overhead. The disclosed apparatus, systems and methods employ nonbinary regular LDPC cycle codes if the constellation is large and nonbinary irregular LDPC codes if the constellation is small or moderate. The nonbinary irregular and regular LDPC codes enable: i) parallel processing in linear-time encoding; ii) parallel processing in sequential belief propagation decoding; and iii) considerable resource reduction on the code storage for encoding and decoding.

Abstract: A signal detection apparatus 23 for determining whether a detection target signal is included in a received radio signal, includes: a waveform feature amount calculation unit 31 configured to calculate a waveform feature amount Rx? representing a waveform feature; a test statistic calculation unit 32 configured to calculate test statistic Zx? of each detection target signal by using the waveform feature amount; and a signal decision unit 33 configured to determine presence or absence of each detection target signal by comparing the test statistic Zx? of each detection target signal with a threshold ?, wherein, under a condition where a specific detection target signal is removed, the test statistic calculation unit calculates a test statistic for a detection target signal which is not removed, and the signal decision unit determines presence or absence of the detection target signal by comparing the calculated test statistic with the threshold.

Abstract: It is possible to provide a radio communication terminal device and a radio transmission method which can improve reception performance of a CQI and a reference signal. A phase table storage unit (112) stores a phase table which correlates the amount of cyclic shift to complex coefficients {w1, W2} to be multiplied on the reference signal. A complex coefficient multiplication unit (113) reads out a complex coefficient corresponding to the amount of cyclic shift indicated by resource allocation information, from the phase table storage unit (112) and multiplies the read-out complex coefficient on the reference signal so as to change the phase relationship between the reference signals in a slot.

Abstract: A method of transmitting control signals in a wireless communication system includes multiplexing a first control signal with a second control signal in a slot, the slot comprising a plurality of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols in time domain, the plurality of OFDM symbols being divided into a plurality of data OFDM symbols and a plurality of reference signal (RS) OFDM symbols, wherein the first control signal is mapped to the plurality of data OFDM symbols after the first control signal is spread by a base sequence in the frequency domain, the RS is mapped to the plurality of RS OFDM symbols, the second control signal is mapped to at least one of the plurality of RS OFDM symbols, and transmitting the first control signal and the second control signal in the slot.

Abstract: Method, apparatus, and computer program product embodiments are disclosed to enable an access point in a wireless network to use Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) reserve subcarriers of OFDM symbols for transmitting high priority voice data and video data to particular wireless devices, while the access point allocates the remaining available subcarriers for contention-based access by other wireless devices.

Abstract: A quantized multi-rank beamforming scheme for multiple-antenna systems such as a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless downlink. User equipment (UE) estimates downlink channel and transmit power and determines rank and power allocations. A quantized beamforming matrix is then determined by the UE using successive beamforming. The UE also determines channel quality indices (CQI) which it feeds-back to the wireless downlink base station along with the index of the quantized beamforming matrix. The base station uses the CQI information to select a UE for scheduling of downlink transmission and the quantized beamforming matrix index received from the selected UE to beamform the downlink transmission to the UE. Base station overhead and is minimized while providing near-optimal performance given the constraints of a limited feed-back channel and computational complexity of the UE.

Abstract: A method for resource allocation. The method includes signaling a set of SRS subframes in which an SRS can be transmitted, wherein a UE not capable of aperiodic SRS transmission can be instructed to transmit periodic SRS in any of the SRS subframes. The method further includes signaling which of the SRS subframes are to be used for periodic SRS transmissions and which are to be used for aperiodic SRS transmissions, wherein a periodic SRS transmission is an SRS transmission that is transmitted by a UE in a first subframe, the first subframe being determined at least by the subframe in which the UE transmitted a previous SRS and an SRS periodicity, and wherein an aperiodic SRS transmission is an SRS transmission that is transmitted by a UE in a second subframe, the second subframe being determined at least by a transmission on a physical control channel to the UE.

Abstract: A digital communications receiver includes an input configured to receive, via a communications channel, a received first signal representing a sequence of symbols, each symbol being encoded to be representative of a plurality of data bits. A processor adjusts a magnitude and filters the received signal. An equalizer applies a cyclic prefix restoration to the adjusted and filtered signal, producing a second signal, converts the second signal from time domain to frequency domain to produce a frequency domain signal, and determines a first quantity of values representing a first portion of the symbols by evaluating a relationship of channel values representing characteristics of the communications channel and a second quantity of values representing a portion of the frequency domain signal, the first quantity being smaller than the second quantity.

Abstract: A wireless radio transceiver system configured to transmit and receive a communications signal waveform having a time division multiple access physical layer structure and which includes a sequence of orthogonal frequency division multiple access symbols. The transceiver provides transmit diversity through space-time coding and the use of orthogonal channel probes from each transmitter. The waveform is packet based and contains a packet header definition that supports local receiver synchronization. Examples of the waveform also incorporate transmission security features.

Abstract: Transmission acknowledgement within multi-user wireless communication systems. Within multi-access wireless communication systems such as those operating in accordance with multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), and/or MU-MIMO/OFDMA, acknowledgement of receipt (e.g., using ACKs) is provided back to the sending or transmitting wireless communication device from each (or a subset) of the intended recipient wireless communication devices. Appropriate coordination of these ACKs from the respective, receiving wireless communication devices may be performed using instructions embedded within a multi-user packet that is provided to the receiving wireless communication devices.

Abstract: Spatial pilot to support MIMO receivers in a multi-antenna and multi-layer transmission communication system. A first layer pilot for a single layer transmission is repeated across subbands in a first OFDM symbol and the first layer pilot is also repeated offset from the first OFDM symbol in an adjacent second OFDM symbol. Additional transmission layers may also be transmitted each include a separate pilot generated and repeated in the first symbol and repeated offset form the separate pilot in an adjacent second symbol. The first and second OFDM symbols are then transmitted and received to characterize the receive channels.

Abstract: A method for controlling uplink power is provided, which is used for implementing the uplink power control of the virtual multiple input multiple output system, so as to save the system resource. The method includes: determining at least two user equipments being paired in a virtual multiple input multiple output system; and in accordance with the orthogonality of the at least two user equipments, adjusting at least the power of one of the user equipments. In addition, a device for implementing the method is provided.

Abstract: This invention comprises a method of little complexity for selection of an optimized number of subscribers for transmission in wire-free message transmission systems having a plurality of antennas at the base station and having one or more antennas at the receivers, as well as space-division multiple access (SDMA) in conjunction with multiple access in the time domain or frequency domain. Subscribers with channels with little spatial correlation are selected for operation in the same time slot or frequency slot, in order to increase the throughput of the SDMA transmission method, with the relationship between the group size and the mean transmission power being taken into account. The invention interacts both with SDMA methods which do not allow any interference (Zero Forcing) and with methods with residual interference.

Abstract: An Ordered Reduced Set Successive Detector (RSSD) for the V-BLAST spatial multiplexing scheme that uses a general two-dimensional non-uniform set partitioning for different symbols. The detector provides improved diversity and SNR gains at reduced complexity compared to a uniform set partitioning based detector. The detector can be used to reduce the complexity, with a small tradeoff in performance. Further, it is possible to obtain a quasi-ML performance using the disclosed detector at a reduced, yet fixed, complexity.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for transmitting a downlink reference signal in a wireless communication system supporting multiple antennas is disclosed. A method for transmitting Channel State Information-Reference Signals (CSI-RSs) for eight or less antenna ports includes selecting one of a plurality of CSI-RS Resource Element (RE) groups defined on a data region of a downlink subframe and mapping CSI-RSs for the eight or less antenna ports to the selected CSI-RS RE group, and transmitting the downlink subframe in which the CSI-RSs for the eight or less antenna ports are mapped. The plurality of CSI-RS RE groups is defined such that a transmission diversity RE pair for data transmitted on the downlink subframe is not broken.

Abstract: Aspects relate to a flexible interleaving scheme that provides frequency diversity to randomizes interference Frequency diversity groups can be utilized, wherein control channel elements (CCEs) gain greater frequency diversity for a given number of mini-CCEs (e.g., subset of CCEs). A frequency diversity group index is permuted according to a bit reversed scheme to facilitate control channel elements with a small number of mini-CCEs to also gain sufficient frequency diversity.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for performing a wireless reception performance test between a wireless device and a base station emulator. The method comprises generating a path loss correction factor. The path loss correction factor compensates for path loss from an antenna port of the base station emulator to an antenna port of the wireless device. The method further comprises transmitting from the base station emulator at least a further signal transmission. The further signal transmission includes the path loss correction factor such that the transmission power of the further signal transmission removes the effect of path loss from the wireless reception performance test.

Abstract: Provided are a network communication method and a network device using a preamble. According to the network communication method and the network device, network coexistence is easily achieved by using network identification transmitted in the preamble, and an unknown terminal, which has a low reception signal to noise ratio (SNR) and has not yet been connected to an existing network, is easily connected to the existing network.

Abstract: Systems and methods for scheduling multiple user equipments such as mobiles for transmission in the downlink of a cellular communications system. At each scheduling instant the systems and methods return a set of users who should be scheduled based on the past scheduling history of the users, the current individual link gains of the users to the base station, and how the simultaneous scheduling of multiple users affect each other's performance. Since optimal scheduling for communication systems require high computational complexity, low complexity systems and methods are utilized with a performance that is close to the theoretical optimal solution.

Abstract: A method of channel estimation and a channel estimator for a multiple carrier radio transmission system is described. The method comprises receiving a signal comprising a symbol-carrier matrix, the symbol-carrier matrix comprising a pre-determined pattern of pilot symbols, and determining first channel estimates at pilot symbol positions of the pilot symbols in the symbol-carrier matrix. The method further comprises determining second channel estimates at intermediate positions of the symbol-carrier matrix, wherein the intermediate positions are separated from the pilot symbol positions of the pilot symbols by positions associated with non-determined channel estimates and determining third channel estimates at further positions of the symbol-carrier matrix.

Abstract: A transmitting device for transmitting data and pilot symbols in an OFDM transmission system having transmission antennas. The device includes symbol generating means for generating data said pilot symbols, means for transmitting the data and pilot symbols using subcarriers of the OFDM system. The symbol generating means generates a first and second type pilot symbol, the second having an inverted value of the first so that a first pilot symbol pattern to be transmitted by using one of said plurality of transmission antennas has a different pattern in the frequency and time dimension from a second pilot symbol pattern to be transmitted by using another transmission antenna. First and second pilot symbols are comprised in respective first and second pilot symbol patterns, where at least some of the first and second pilot symbols have the same time allocation and being alternately identical and inverted to each other.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a communication channel with a low inter-cell interference while suppressing variation in the amount of inter-cell interference. Provided is a base station arranged in a radio communication system configured to implement a frequency division multiple access method by using a frequency division multiplexing method as a modulation method, and configured of cells each divided into an inner region and an outer region. The base station includes an allocation controller configured to perform subchannelization using a perfectly-orthogonal channel in the outer region of the cell, and to perform subchannelization using a quasi-orthogonal channel in the inner region of the cell.

Abstract: Provided is a constellation rotation relay system and constellation rotation relay method which can acquire full diversity gain by performing constellation rotation for a channel matrix in a relay network when configuring a virtual MIMO channel. The constellation rotation system includes a matrix creator for creating a symbol matrix by configuring a symbol transmitted in parallel from a source of a relay network; and a constellation rotation unit constellation rotating the symbol in the symbol matrix by adding a constellation rotation matrix to the created symbol matrix.

Abstract: A system and method for wireless communications with codebook quantization are provided. A method for communications device operations includes estimating a channel between a controller and a mobile device, generating channel state information from the channel estimate, quantizing the channel state information by selecting a codeword from a rank n codebook based on a codeword selection mechanism, where n is a non-negative integer value, transmitting an index corresponding to the selected codeword and receiving a transmission from the controller. The transmission is precoded based on the index. The rank n codebook includes 2K codewords with each codeword comprising n columns of a transformed base matrix of dimension Nt×Nt, where K is a positive integer number representing a number of bits in the rank n codebook, and Nt is a number of transmit antennas at the controller.

Abstract: A control apparatus of a communication system that uses a plurality of communication paths from a transmission node to a reception node to redundantly transmit data is provided. The apparatus comprises: a setting unit for setting priorities to a plurality of partial data; a calculation unit for calculating the time slot number which is required to transmit the partial data on the communication paths; a selection unit for selecting one or more combinations of the partial data and the communication path. The selection unit selects the one or more combinations in descending order of the priorities of the partial data and selects the one or more combinations in ascending order of the required time slot number if the priorities of the partial data are equal.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus (a) generates a transmission symbol; (b) assigns, to the transmission symbol, a given number of units each formed of a symbol and a subcarrier in a frame which is formed of M (M is a positive integer) symbols and N (N is a positive integer) subcarriers and includes M×N units, and the given number being not more than M×N, to obtain the given number of identical transmission symbols; (c) multiplies the identical transmission symbols by a code sequence including a plurality of different elements; and (d) transmits the identical transmission symbols multiplied by the code sequence.

Abstract: A method allocates bandwidth to channels in an orthogonal frequency division multiple access and time division multiple access (TDMA) network. The network includes a master device (master) communicating with a set of slave devices (slaves). The master defines a set ?m of logical indices ? of a set of N physical subcarriers for a set of M data streams to be allocated to a set of Nd logical data subcarriers according to ?m={?|?=iM+m, i=0,1,2, . . . , d?1}, where d=Nd/M. The set of N data subcarriers is mapped to the set of Nd logical subcarriers according to the logical indices, and the data subcarriers are allocated to the logical subcarriers.

Abstract: Aspects of a method and system for predicting CQI values for ML detection in a 2×2 MIMO system are presented. In one aspect of the system, a CQI value for a MIMO communication system may be computed based on a computed channel realization by reverse mapping the computed channel realization to a corresponding CQI value. Based on the computed CQI value, a coding rate may be selected. The coding rate may be selected from a lookup table, wherein the computed CQI value is utilized as an index to the lookup table. The reverse mapping may utilize a function, which is computed using radial basis function networks. In another aspect of the system, a joint mutual information value may be computed for the MIMO communication system. The joint mutual information value may be computed based on a Shannon mutual information value and a matched filter mutual information value.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for using code-division multiple access (CDMA) via orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to convey information from user terminals to an access point (AP) in a wireless local area network (WLAN), for example, are provided. Employed in an effort to support a large number of user terminals while avoiding collisions, this CDMA-based scheme may offer a number of advantages when compared to conventional techniques for transmitting UL signals from a large number of user terminals. First, efficiency with respect to the number of slots used may be increased. In addition, this scheme may be scalable to a high number of user terminals and may have a soft limit as to the number of users that can be supported. Furthermore, this CDMA-based scheme may offer greater tolerance to frequency offsets and may be utilized for ranging and power control.

Abstract: The disclosure discloses a method and terminal for transmitting uplink control information. The method includes: coding the uplink control information required to be transmitted and data information corresponding to one or two transport blocks respectively, obtaining an encoded sequence according to a target length, and forming a corresponding coded modulation sequence from the encoded sequence according to a modulation mode (401); interleaving the obtained coded modulation sequence, and transmitting the interleaved coded modulation sequence on a layer corresponding to a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) (402). By adopting the method and terminal according to the disclosure the transmission of uplink control information with greater bits on the PUSCH is realized.

Abstract: In an aspect, a method for transmitting data in a wireless communication system is provided. A wireless device determines a subcarrier and a subcarrier group to which a data sequence is allocated. The wireless device modulates the data sequence by a transmit filter to generate a data stream. A waveform of the transmit filter is determined based on the subcarrier and the subcarrier group. The wireless device generates a transmission signal based on the data stream. The wireless device transmits the transmission signal through the subcarrier. The transmission signal is cyclostationary.

Abstract: A technique for channel sounding in a wireless communication system includes determining respective geometries of multiple subscriber stations with respect to a serving base station. Respective time periods for sounding a channel between the multiple subscriber stations and the serving base station are then set based on the respective geometries of the multiple subscriber stations.

Abstract: The present invention provides an Offset Modulation Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and multi-access transmission method with a Cyclic Prefix (CP), including a generating method of the sent signal in the sending terminal and a processing method of the received signal in the receiving terminal, the method includes: in the sending terminal, performing generalized discrete Fourier Transform on real-value digital baseband modulated symbols and obtaining the frequency-domain signal; performing conjugate symmetric extension, frequency-domain filtering, sub-carrier mapping on the frequency-domain signal; performing Inverse Fast Fourier Transform on the frequency-domain signal after sub-carrier mapping; inserting a CP and obtaining the time-domain sent signal; in the receiving terminal, including: removing the CP, performing Fast Fourier Transform on CP removed symbols and obtaining the frequency-domain received signal; and based on multiple user joint frequency-domain equalization performing iterat

Abstract: A method of transmitting data symbols via an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) symbols that includes forming data symbols into pairs and generating a first pair of modulation symbols for each of the pairs of data symbols, where the first pair of modulation symbols form first and second modulation symbols of an Alamouti cell. The method further includes forming a first version of the OFDM symbols by modulating the sub-carriers allocated for carrying the data with the first and second modulation symbols of the Alamouti cells, and modulating the one or more pilot carriers of the first version of the OFDM symbol according to a predetermined pattern.

Abstract: Carrier aggregation in a radio communication system is disclosed, in which at least two Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) carriers are aggregated, each of the at least two OFDM carriers comprising subcarriers being spaced in accordance with a subcarrier spacing of the radio communication system, transmission on the at least two OFDM carriers being synchronized in time.

Abstract: An adaptable orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing system (OFDM) that uses a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) to having OFDM signals transmitted either in accordance with time diversity to reducing signal fading or in accordance with spatial diversity to increase the data rate. Sub-carriers are classified for spatial diversity transmission or for time diversity transmission based on the result of a comparison between threshold values and at least one of three criteria. The criteria includes a calculation of a smallest eigen value of a frequency channel response matrix and a smallest element of a diagonal of the matrix and a ratio of the largest and smallest eigen values of the matrix.

Abstract: Determining a frequency offset of a received signal utilizing two or more multipath components of the received signal is provided herein. By way of example, the received signal can be correlated with a synchronization sequence in a time domain or a frequency domain, resulting in separation of the two or more multipath components of the received signal. Analysis of at least one of the multipath components can provide a frequency offset of the received signal. Furthermore, by analyzing the multipath components, estimation of the frequency offset can be improved as compared with single-signal analysis techniques.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a preamble in a scalable bandwidth system is disclosed. The method includes transmitting a primary synchronization channel to which symbols are allocated at intervals of two or more subcarriers, through a specific bandwidth out of an entire system bandwidth at a start time point of a synchronization period, and transmitting a secondary synchronization channel through the specific bandwidth with a prescribed time difference from the primary synchronization channel at the synchronization period. A mobile station can use the same search routine irrespective of a system bandwidth, does not experience any difficulty at a cell edge in establishing signal timing synchronization, can simply perform preamble search, and can transmit a signal in a maximum usable bandwidth, thereby improving the accuracy of location measurement.

Abstract: In the disclosed system and method phase (and optionally amplitude) shifts are applied at an OFDM transmitter to resource blocks within a given slot to implement Crest Factor Reduction (CFR). The phase shifts may differ between resource blocks and are selected to reduce the peaks in the OFDM waveform. The resource block phase shifts do not affect the demodulation process when the equalization at the receiver is performed on individual blocks separately. As a result, the crest factor reduction is achieved without increasing the EVM or BER in the received signal. In addition, a computational efficient algorithm for determining the resource block phase shifts needed for CFR is disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus for setting a pilot subcarrier in an antenna selects candidates of power value variables of a pilot subcarrier existing within a predetermined range, and calculates and extracts pilot subcarriers of a predetermined number on the basis of a nonlinear function among the candidates of the selected power value variables. Next, the apparatus removes pilot subcarriers of a predetermined number from the extracted pilot subcarriers of a predetermined number in accordance with a rule and configures the antenna on the basis of position values of final pilot subcarriers except for a virtual subcarrier among the removal result. Further, the apparatus configures the antenna on the basis of the power value by determining the sum total of the power values corresponding to the position values of the final pilot subcarriers to correspond to the number of pilot subcarriers.

Abstract: A radio communication system according to the present invention has a plurality of radio communication devices that transmit and receive subframes one by one. Each of the plurality of radio communication devices includes a subframe generation unit that generates the subframe with a plurality of symbols and causes an effective symbol length of a last symbol of the subframe to be 1/X (where X is an integer equal to or greater than 2) and a transmission unit that transmits the subframe to another radio communication device.

Abstract: A storage unit stores a preamble signal defined in a legacy system and a preamble signal defined in a MIMO system. A monitoring unit in a transmitting apparatus monitors the existence of any communication apparatus which is not compatible with the MIMO system but accepts the legacy system. A channel characteristics acquiring unit derives the characteristics of a radio channel between the transmitting apparatus and a receiving apparatus. A selector selects a packet format based on a monitoring result obtained by the monitoring unit. The selector also selects where to place LTS, based on the characteristics of wireless channel derived by the channel characteristics acquiring unit.

Abstract: Methods and systems for subpacket generation using a convolutional turbo code in hybrid automatic repeat request re-transmissions that includes separating a codeword into subblocks of bits, interleaving the subblocks, and performing a permutation to group the bit streams and rearrange a symbol constellation such that bits are assigned to bit positions based on a number of re-transmissions.

Abstract: A receiver detects and recovers data from Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) symbols. The receiver includes a correlator operable to correlate the time domain samples at a separation determined in accordance with the useful samples of the OFDM symbols and for each of a plurality of possible guard intervals combining the correlated samples for a period equal to the guard interval, for a plurality of consecutively received OFDM symbols, to form for each of the possible guard intervals a correlation output value, and a guard interval identifier arranged to receive the output from the correlator and to identify one of the guard intervals used for the received OFDM symbols from the correlation output value for each of the plurality of possible guard intervals.

Abstract: Control bits for switches of a butterfly network are directly solved iteratively for each successive functional column of switches to route data values in parallel according to a multiple access scheme through the butterfly network to memory spaces. A memory space address and appended bus index leading into the butterfly network are generated. A linear order bus index and a physical address are determined for a switch having an unsolved control bit. The solved control bits are applied to solve control bits to a next functional column in a linear and an interleaved order by starting from the bus index and physical address. The linear order is moved to the interleaved order by a reduced turbo de-interleaver and the interleaved order is moved to the linear order by a reduced turbo interleaver until solving a sequence of control bits related to the start bus index and the start physical address.

Abstract: In a radio communication system in which multiple bands or a plurality of different radio frequencies are used, a different radio transmission method is used in each band or at each radio frequency. For example, by transmitting data using radio formats which are different in each band or at each radio frequency, the radio transmission method is made different in each band or at each radio frequency. In order to vary the radio format, (1) the pilot length is varied at each radio frequency; or (2) the pilot interval is varied at each radio frequency; or (3) the guard interval length is varied in each band or at each radio frequency; or (4) when multicarrier modulation is used for radio communication in each band, the subcarrier interval for multicarrier transmission is varied in each band.

Abstract: A base station is provided for receiving an acknowledgement or negative acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) signal, including a transmitting unit configured to transmit a control signal using one or a plurality of CCE(s). The base station also includes a receiving unit configured to receive an ACK/NACK signal, the ACK/NACK signal being multiplied by an orthogonal sequence, by a sequence defined by a cyclic shift, and by either a first value or a second value, wherein the first value rotates a constellation of the ACK/NACK signal by 0 degrees and the second value rotates the constellation of the ACK/NACK signal by N degrees, which is different from 0 degrees.